Kelainan/Penyakit/Gangguan
pada Susunan Saraf Tepi
Motorik
Positif
Sensitisasi
Negatif
Denervasi
Spasm
Dystonia
Cramp
Sensorik
Nyeri
Paraesthesia
Hyperaesthes
ia
Muscle wasting Hypoaesthesia
Weakness
Anaesthesia
Hyporeflexia
Tipe Denervasi
Bentuk/jenis kelainan
Mononeuropati
Multiplex mononeuropati
Polineuropati
Neuritis
Neuralgia
Seddon and
Sunderlands
classification of nerve
injuries
Severity
Description
Demyelination
with
restoration in
weeks
1s
t
Neurapraxi
a
2n
d
Disruption of
axon
Axonotmesi With
s
regeneration
and full
recovery
3r
d
Disruption of
axon
and
endoneurium
causing
disorganized
regeneration
4t
h
Disruption of
axon,
Endoneurium &
perineurium,
with
Progr
Tinel
es
Sign Distall
y
Recover
y
Pattern
Rate of
Recover
y
Surger
y
Fast
Complet
e
Fast
(days
to 12
wk)
None
Complet
e
Slow
(3cm/m
o)
None
Varies
Yes
Varies*
Slow
(3cm/m
o)
None
None
1. Neuropraksia /neurapraksia
(grade I)
Neurapraxia
Character of injury
Motor fibers the first lost and the last regained, (while pain and
sympathetic fibers are the opposite.
Causes :
pressure palsies in tourniquet, crutch palsy/from sleeping with
pressure on a nerve in Saturday night palsy
2. Aksonotmesis
Axonotmesis
Character of injury
Causes:
Traction in closed # and dislocation
3. Neuronotmesis/neurotmesis
(grade V)
Paling berat (diskontinuitas batang saraf
atau batang saraf terputus seluruhnya)
Kerusakan pada akson dan seluruh
selubung saraf
Terjadi proses degenerasi wallerian
Penyebab sajatan, tusukan, traksi ataupun
penyuntikan saraf yang diikuti
pembentukan skar
Respon berubah/tak normal pd stimulasi
listrik
Waktu pemulihan 4-9 bulan
Neurotmesis
Character of injury:
regeneration from the proximal end is unlikely to reach the distal end
Causes:
open wound
severe traction injury
crushing injury
Pathology
Nerve degeneration
Part of neurone distal to the injury undergoes Wallerian
degeneration
Axons disintegrate and are resorbed by phagocytes
Nerve regeneration
Proximal stump begins to grow distally
Rate of recovery = 1 mm/day
Endoneural tube intact axonal sprout readily pass along its
primary route and reinnervate the end organ
Endoneural tube interrupted the sprout may migrate aimlessly
(through out damage area) to form neuroma at site of injury
Wallerian Degenerasi
Regenerasi
Neurofibril di proksimal lesi tumbuh ke distal
Proliferasi sel schwan, dikelilingi plasma ->
selubung myelin
Proses perlahan-lahan; awal: 1,5 mm/hr,
makin lama makin pelan dan mungkin
berhenti/tidak regenerasi lagi.
Tergantung:
Tes tinel
Usia
Pasien lebih muda memiliki kapasitas intrinsik yang lebih besar untuk reedukasi sensibilitas dan adaptabilitas motor dibanding pasien lebih tua.
Mekanisme cedera
Cedera saraf yang berhubungan dengan traksi atau regangan mempunyai
prognosis lebih buruk dibanding akibat fraktura, Laserasi, injeksi dan
tusukan merupakan cedera kecepatan rendah yang sering tidak
memperlihatkan pemulihan spontan setelah cedera inisial
Faktor tropik
Berbagai faktor trofik yang memperngaruhi regenerasi saraf telah
diketahui. Diantaranya faktor pertumbuhan saraf (nerve growth factor)
serta faktor penumbuh akson (akson outgrowth factor)
Demyelinisasi segmental
Selubung
Tipe Sensitisasi
Jenis Nyeri
Nyeri akut
Nyeri kronik
Nyeri Kronik
Nyeri nociceptif
Nyeri Neuropathic
Product Development
Rationale
Mixed Pain Concept
Nyeri akut
Nyeri nosiseptif
nyeri kronik
nyeri neuropatik
Mixed Pain
Tempat cedera
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jenis cedera
Impairment
Functional limitation
Participation restriction
Impairment
Direct :
px sensorik (px derajat nyeri, rasa sentuhan ringan, rasa nyeri,
rasa temperatur, rasa sikap, diskriminasi 2 titik, getar, sensorik
tangan: stereognosis, barognosis, dll),
px kekuatan otot (MMT, dinamometer, metode Holten), px
tonus
px reflek fisiologis mungkin reflek patologis
Indirect :
atrofi/oedem dengan anthropometri
Kontraktur dengan tes panjang otot
kaku sendi px ROM dengan goniometer
Combine :
Px postur, keseimbangan, koordinasi, pola gerak, analisa jalan
Functional limitation
Participation restriction
Pemeriksaan khusus
EMG (electromyography)
Kelistrikan saraf (NCT nerve conduction test,
NCVT nerve conduction velocity test, SDC
strength duration curve)
Biofeedback
Management
Nerve exploration
Indication
Primary repair
Is best repaired as soon as this can be done safely
Suture at epineurium with fine (10/0) suture
Limb splinted in a position for minimal tension on nerve
for 3-6 week
Delayed repair
Indication
Nerve grafting
Bridge gaps too large for direct suture
Nerve transfer
Tendon transfer