Kelompok
ALDO RIZKY
ERWYN SAPUTRA
FAJAR PUTRA NUGRAHA
KUSDIAJI
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
DISPLACEMENT
Pendesakan yang terjadi pada kegiatan EOR
dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu :
MICROSCOPIC DISPLACEMENT
MACROSCOPIC DISPLACEMENT
Yang membedakan antara 2 jenis tersebut
adalah bagaimana sudut pandang dalam
pendesakan tersebut.
Efficiency of a Displacement Process
Production
Trapped Oil
EM
Injection
E = EM (Microscopic Efficiency) EV (Volumetric Efficiency)
Overall Displacement Efficiency
E EV * ED
Where;
E =overall hydrocarbon displacement efficiency ,the volume
of hydrocarbon displaced divided by the volume of
hydrocarbon in place at the start of the process measured at
the same conditions of pressure and temperature
EV =Macroscopic (Volumetric) displacement efficiency
ED =Microscopic (Volumetric) hydrocarbon displacement efficiency.
MACROSCOPIC
DISPLACEMENT
Introduction
Proses perpindahan tergantung pada volume reservoir yang
dihubungi oleh cairan yang diinjeksikan. Ukuran kuantitatif dari
kontak ini adalah efisiensi pemindahan volumetrik (sweep) yang
dipengaruhi oleh fluida injeksi.
Efisiensi perpindahan keseluruhan dalam suatu proses dapat
dilihat secara konseptual sebagai gabungan efisiensi volumetrik
dan efisiensi mikroskopis.
Volumetric Displacement Efficiency and Material Balance
Pemindahan volumetrik, atau efisiensi penmindahan, sering
digunakan untuk memperkirakan perolehan minyak dengan
menggunakan konsep material balance. misalnya,
mempertimbangkan proses perpindahan yang mengurangi
saturasi oli awal ke saturasi residual di wilayah yang dihubungi
oleh fluida injeksi. maka minyak yang terdorong :
S o1 S o 2
Np ( )V p EV
Bo1 Bo 2
Where ;
N p = oil displaced , S o1 = oil saturation at the beginning of the
displacement process, S o 2 = residual oil saturation at the end of the process in
the volume of reservoir contacted by the displacing fluid, Bo1 = FVF at initial
conditions, Bo 2 = FVF at the end of the process, and V p = reservoir PV
9
Faktor yang mempengaruhi
Mobilitas fluida
Titik injeksi dan titik produksi
Heterogeneitis
Effisiensi volumetrik
Effisiensi areal injeksi
Volumetric Displacement Efficiency and Material Balance
Np
RF ED EV
N1
Where;
N1 = OOIP at the beginning of the displacement process. if displacement
performance data are available, above Eq. also can be used to estimate
volumetric sweep. For example, if waterflood recovery data are available, the
equation can be rearranged to solve for
Np
EV
S o1 So 2
Vp ( )
Bo1 Bo 2
Volumetric Displacement Efficiency
Efisiensi Pemindahan Volumetrik Dinyatakan
sebagai produk dari Efisiensi Pemindahan Areal
dan Vertikal Efisiensi
Pertimbangkan reservoir yang memiliki porositas,
ketebalan, dan kejenuhan hidrokarbon yang
seragam, namun terdiri dari beberapa lapisan.
EV E A * EL
Volumetric Displacement Efficiency
Area contacted by displacing agent
EA
Total area
Length contacted by displacing agent
EL
Total vertical length
This figure illustrates the concept of the vertical and
areal sweep efficiency
The following figure illustrate the definition
of areal sweep efficiency
Areal contacted by displacing agent
EA
Total area
AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY
Bila minyak dihasilkan dari pola injector dan production, alirannya
sedemikian rupa sehingga hanya sebagian area yang tersapu pada proses
injeksi. Ekspansi fluida injeksi pada mulanya bersifat radial dari titik injeksi
namun pada akhirnya terfokus pada sumur produksi.
Mobility Definition
Mekanisme perpindahan satu fluida dengan
cairan lainnya dikendalikan oleh perbedaan rasio
permeabilitas dan viskositas efektif
Pelepasan aliran luas penampang melintang
untuk setiap fase fluida tergantung pada
mobilitas fluida
Mobility Control
kO
W
kW O
W O
Mobility controls the relative ease with which fluids can flow
through a porous medium.
M D / d
D = mobility of the displacing fluid phase
d = mobility of the displaced fluid phase
Mobility ratio
Rasio mobilitas merupakan parameter yang sangat penting
dalam proses perpindahan. Ini mempengaruhi baik areal dan
sapuan vertikal, dengan menyapu menurun saat M meningkat
untuk volume cairan yang diinjeksikan
M <1 then perpindahan yang menguntungkan
M >1 then perpindahan yang tidak menguntungkan
Flooding Patterns
Flooding Patterns
Flooding Patterns
Example: Performance Calculations Based on
Physical Modeling Results
A waterflood is conducted in a five-spot pattern in which the pattern
area is 20 acres. Reservoir properties are:
h 20 ft
0.2
S oi 0.8
S or 0.25
o 10 cp
w 1 cp
Bo 1.0 RB / STB
k 50 md
k rw 0.27( at ROS )
k ro 0.94( at S wi )
p 1250 psi
rw 0.5 ft
Required
Use the method of Caudle and Witte to calculate:
(1) the barrels of oil recovered at the point in time
at which the producing WOR=20 ,
(2) the volume of water injected at the same point
(3) the rate of water injection at the same point in time
(4) the initial rate of water injection at the start of
waterflood
Solution
Apply the correlations in Figs 7 through 9
1. Calculate oil recovered
M=2.9, fD=20/21=.95 From Fig 8, EA=.94
Np=321000 STB
2. Calculate total water injected. From Fig 7, Vi/Vpd=2.5 (at EA=.94)
Vpd = Vp (Soi Sor) = 341300 bbl
Vi = Vpd x 2.5 = 853300 bbl
3. Calculate water injection rate at the same point in time. From
0.001538k k rd hp
i
d
d (log 0.2688)
rw
i=63.4 B/D
From Fig. 9, =2.7, from q i = 63.4x2.7 = 171 B/D
4. Calculate initial water injection rate
i=63.4 B/D
Calculation of EA with Mathematical Modeling
Models are based on Numerical analysis
methods and digital computers
Douglas et al-2D immiscible displacement. This method is
based on the numerical solution of the PDEs that describe
the flow of two immiscible phases in two dimensions
Higgins and Leighton mathematical model is based on
frontal advance theory
Comparison of calculated and experimental results, 5
spot pattern (Douglas et al.)
Action on Sweep & Displacement Efficiency
By increasing water Polymer
viscosity flooding
Action on Sweep Steam drive
Efficiency at the
Macroscopic Scale In-situ combustion
By decreasing the oil
viscosity
Carbon dioxide drive
By using a miscible Miscible hydrocarbon
displacing fluid gas flooding
Action on Displacement
By reducing the Surfactant flooding
Efficiency at the
Microscopic/Pore Scale interfacial tension
Alkaline flooding
By action on the
rock wettability
SELESAI
TERIMA KASIH
