Oleh
Athina Mardatillah
Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Analysis
• Baku pembanding adalah senyawa kimia atau senyawa obat yang memiliki
kemurnian tertentu.
• Baku pembanding merupakan hal vital dalam proses pemastian mutu obat
baik dalam evaluasi mutu produk dan keamanan produk.
• Baku pembanding (reference material) adalah suatu bahan dengan
kemurnian tertentu yang digunakan sebagai pembanding untuk
mendapatkan kadar suatu analit sampel.
Baku pembanding berdasarkan pembuatnya
• Baku pembanding yang dibuat sebagai penyerta monografi pada
Farmakope, misalnya USP, FI, dll.
• Working standard atau baku kerja: merupakan baku pembanding
yang ditetapkan berdasarkan baku pembanding utama.
• Baku pembanding dengan komposisi matriks tertentu: misalnya CRM
(certified Reference Material atau SRM (standard Reference Material),
bahan ini dibuat oleh badan yang diberi tugas khusus yaitu NIST. Baku
pembanding ini dibuat dengan matriks seperti keadaan sampel pada
umumnya, misalnya kecap yang mengandung natrium benzoat 1%
dan kalium sorbat 1%.
SUMBER BAKU PEMBANDING
5
Definition As per
USP-NF
6
Other Definitions:
Quantitative analysis
• HPLC
• Limit tests
Specific Uses
• Method validation
• Calibration of Instruments
1) Identification
2) Purity analysis
3) Assay of sample.
Hasil analisis dibandingkan dengan baku pembanding dan sampel harus memenuhi persyaratan standar
baku pembanding.
Metode analisis yang digunakan salah satu nya adalah spectroscopic & chromatographic.
Ketika suatu instrumen memberikan hasil yang tidak relevan maka dapat dikalibrasi
dengan menggunakan Baku pembanding. Jika hasil nya dekat dengan kriteria
penerimaan dapat disimpulkan bahwa instrumen bekerja dengan benar.
Analytical Reference
Standards (ARS)/ Primary Working / Secondary
Standard Standard (WS)
USES:
Mainly for Research & Drug development purpose
To characterize WS
14
Working Standard
(WS)
Definition:
Merupakan baku pembanding yang ditetapkan berdasarkan baku pembanding
utama.
USES:
Mainly for Laboratory purpose.
15
Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authentic Material
• Baku pembanding dengan komposisi matriks tertentu: Baku
pembanding ini dibuat dengan matriks seperti keadaan sampel pada
umumnya, misalnya kecap yang mengandung natrium benzoat 1%
dan kalium sorbat 1%. Manfaat baku pembanding ini adalah untuk
menguji akurasi (kecermatan) metode. Metode hasil pengembangan
dicobakan pada baku ini, hasil yang diperoleh dikurangai hasil yang
tertera disertifikat merupakan ukuran bias metode
Comparison Among ARS, WS & AM
CATEGORY ARS WS AM
Synonym Primary (1˚) / Gold standard Secondary(2˚) standard Authentic Visual Reference
Purity NLT 99.5% NLT 95% NLT 80%
Quality Highly Characterized Not so as ARS Not so as WS
Characterization Acceptable without comparison Requires comparison with 1˚
standard
Purpose For industrial purpose in As visual images to
Drug development process compare certain test articles
R&D For Laboratory purpose & in to meet requirements
Calibration of apparatus, QC
methods and materials
Calibration of 2˚ standard
Not Used As drug or cosmetic for For research purpose Not for chemical analysis
consumption
Availability Synthesized independently & Procures from Bulk Available in small quantity
available in very less quantity. manufacturer or prepared in
laboratory itself
Cost Very expensive Low cost Low cost 17
Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Classification According To ISO & USP
20
Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Basic Requirements For Qualification
Should understand Physico chemical Profile of RS
ARS should have good chemical stability on wide range of storage
Requirements for characterization should be cross-checked to avoid Analytical errors.
The validity (i.e., accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity) of the analytical methods used
for purity determination should be demonstrated
Highly pure (i.e., ≥99.5%)
In total the degradation and by-products should not be more then 0.5%
The levels of all impurities found (including those not chemically identified, isolated, and
characterized) should be provided as a summary tabulation
Content of enantiomer in case of chiral compound is not taken into account as by- products
and degradation products by normalized area percent
Proof of structure
Physical Description
• U.V. spectroscopy
• Optical microscopy
• I.R. Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectroscopy
• NMR Spectroscopy
• Raman Spectroscopy
Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Analysis 22
Contd…
Purity
• Loss On Drying (LOD)
• Karl Fisher Titration
• Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
• Residue On Ignition (ROI)
• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
• High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
• Gas Chromatography (GC)
Assay
• Titration
• Phase - Solubility Analysis
Dept. Of Pharmaceutical Analysis 23
Proof Of Structure:
Mass spectroscopy
• Transfer should be done with clean stainless steel spatula. The spatula used should
be cleaned after use.
• Codes should be given to reference standards for easy identification and handling.
• A log book should be maintained in order to keep the record of the reference drugs used.
• The personnel handling reference standards should take utmost care while maintaining these
records.
• The log book should have compulsorily have the details like date, name of standard taken,
purpose for which it is issued, amount issued, amount remaining, signature.