O O
X biasanya Cl atau Br
R OR' R X
Ester Asil Halida
O O O
C
R O R R NH2
Amida primer
Anhidrida asam
HALIDA ASAM
TATA NAMA
Klorida asam diberi nama menurut nama asam
karboksilat induknya, dengan imbuhan asam-at
diubah menjadi –il klorida.
O O O
H2
H3C Cl H3C C Cl H3C C C Cl
H2 H2
IUPAC : Etanoil klorida Propanoil klorida Butanoil klorida
Trivial : Asetil klorida Propionil klorida Butiril klorida
O O O
H3C Cl Br Cl
O SOCl2 O PBr3 O
R Cl R OH R Br
O O O O O
SO2 Cl-
S S
Cl- R O Cl R Cl
R O Cl
Cl
klorosulfit klorida asam
REAKSI PADA ASIL HALIDA
Mekanisme umum untuk reaksi substitusi
nukleofil asil dari asam halida :
1. ASILASI FRIEDEL-CRAFTS TERHADAP SENYAWA AROMATIS
O
AlCl3 CH3
HCl
H3C Cl
O O
Cl H2O OH
HCl
piridin
piridin
O2N O2N
asam p.nitrobenzoat N Cl
p.nitrobenzoil klorida H
piridinium klorida
3. Alkoholisis ( RCOCl RCOOR’ )
Perlu ditambah basa NaOH atau piridin atau amina
tersier agar bereaksi dengan HCl yang terbentuk selama
reaksi.
O OH O
Cl O
piridin HCl
Cl N(CH3)2
2 NH(CH3)2
H2N(CH3)2 Cl
O
H2
C C
1. LiAlH4, eter OH
Cl
2. H3O+
O O CH3
C C C CH3
Cl CH3MgBr CH3 CH3MgBr
OH
H3O+
eter
16
Hydrolysis: Conversion of Acid
Halides into Acids
Acid chlorides react with water to yield carboxylic
acids
HCl is generated during the hydrolysis: a base is
added to remove the HCl
17
Conversion of Acid Halides to
Esters
Esters are produced in the reaction of acid chlorides
with alcohols in the presence of pyridine or NaOH.
This is called Alcoholysis
The reaction is better with less steric bulk
18
Aminolysis: Conversion of Acid
Halides into Amides
Amides result from the reaction of acid chlorides with
NH3, primary (RNH2) and secondary amines (R2NH)
The reaction with tertiary amines (R3N) gives an
unstable species that cannot be isolated
HCl is neutralized by the amine or an added base
19
Reduction: Conversion of Acid
Chlorides into Alcohols
LiAlH4 reduces acid chlorides to yield aldehydes and
then primary alcohols
20
Reaction of Acid Chlorides with
Organometallic Reagents
Grignard reagents react with acid chlorides to yield
tertiary alcohols in which two of the substituents are
the same
21
Formation of Ketones from Acid
Chlorides
Reaction of an acid chloride with a lithium
diorganocopper (Gilman) reagent, Li+ R2Cu
Addition produces an acyl diorganocopper
intermediate, followed by loss of RCu and formation
of the ketone
22
ANHIDRIDA ASAM
TATA NAMA
Anhidrida asam mempunyai 2 molekul asam karboksilat,
dimana sebuah molekul airnya dihilangkan. (Anhidrid
berarti “suatu senyawa tanpa air”).
Dinamakan sesuai dengan nama asam karboksilat
dengan menambah awalan anhidrida tanpa kata asam.
O O O O O
H3C O CH3 O
O
anhidrida asetat
anhidrida benzoat O
(anhidrida monokaroksilat
tak tersubstitusi) (anhidrida simetris)
anhidrida suksinat
(anhidrida siklis)
ANHIDRIDA ASAM
TATA NAMA
Apabila 2 asam karboksilat yang berbeda
membentuk anhidrid, nama kedua asam tersebut
dipakai pada nama anhidridnya.
dari asam asetat dari asam benzoat
O O
H3C O
O O O
O O O
O O O
Succinic Maleic Phthalic
anhydride anhydride anhydride
Chemistry of Acid Anhydrides
Prepared by nucleophilic acyl substitution of a
carboxylate with an acid chloride
26
Pembuatan anhidrida asam
Metode paling umum melalui SN-asil antara halida asam dan ion
karboksilat (baik untuk anhidrida simetris maupun tak-simetris)
O O O
C O eter C C
O Na O CH3
C 0
25
Cl CH3 NaCl
C C
H2C 200 0 H2C
OH H2O
O
H2C OH H2C
C C
O O
28
Anhidrida asam sering dipakai untuk asetilasi terhadap gugus –
OH (menghasilkan ester) atau terhadap gugus –NH2
(menghasilkan amida)
O O
C O O NaOH C O
OH OH
C C C
H3C O CH3 H2O
H3C O Na
OH O
H
O O N O O
NH2 NaOH C
C C C
H2O CH3
H 3C O CH3 H3C O Na
HO
HO
N-asetil p.aminofenol
p.aminofenol anhidrida asetat
Reactions of Acid Anhydrides
Similar to acid chlorides in reactivity
30