TIM BIOKIMIA
JURUSAN BIOLOGI
UNESA
2008
CIRI-CIRI ASAM AMINO
2. Merupakan atom C
asimetrik kecuali
GLISIN
Primer
Sekunder
Tersier
Kuartener
Struktur Primer:
Ikatan peptida bentuk rantai panjang
A diagram showing a generic amino acid structure. All amino acids have
an alpha carbon, an amino group, and a carboxyl group, but each of the
20 amino acids has a different side chain or R group. Amino acids are
linked together to form a polypeptide chain, like beads on a string, the
primary level of protein structure.
Struktur
Primer
Struktur
Sekunder
Globular
• PROTEIN PERTAHANAN
Contoh: antibodi (imunoglobulin)
• PROTEIN PENGATUR
Contoh: hormon insulin
• PROTEIN GENETIK
Contih: nukleoprotein, histon
PEMBAGIAN PROTEIN BERDASAR
BENTUK/KONFORMASI
• PROTEIN SERABUT
- Molekul serabut dg rantai polipeptida
yg memanjang pd 1 sumbu tdk
berlipat
- Sifat tdk larut dlm pelarut2 encer
- Hampir semua berperan sbg struktural
dan pelindung
- Contoh: α-Keratin, Kolagen
• PROTEIN GLOBULAR
- Rantai polipeptida berlipat rapat
bentuk globular
- Sifat: larut dlm sistem larutan
- Hampir semua mempunyai fungsi gerak
- Mudah terdenaturasi
- Contoh: antibodi, protein penyimpan,
protein transpor, susu atau telur (dlm
bhn makanan)
PEMBAGIAN PROTEIN
BERDASAR KELARUTAN
• ALBUMIN PROLAMIN/GLIADIN
- Larut dlm air, terkoagulasi - Larut dlm alkohol 70% - 80%.
olh panas
- Penambahan (NH4)2SO4 - Contoh: gliadin (gandum)
jenuh mengendap HISTON
- Contoh: laktabumin, serum - Larut dlm air, tdk larut dlm
albumin, albumin telur dll amonia encer
• GLOBULIN - Contoh: Globin dlm hemoglobin
- Tdk larut dlm air, larut PROTAMIN
dlm lrt garam encer - Larut dlm air
- Terkoagulasi olh panas - Tdk terkoagulasi olh panas
- Contoh: globulin - Dgn asam pekat membentuk
• GLUTELIN garam
- Tdk larut dlm pelarut
netral, larut dlm asam/basa
encer
- Contoh: glutemin (gandum),
Oryzenin (beras)
MOLEKUL HIBRID
• GLIKOPROTEIN
- Molekul gabungan antr KH (1-30%) dgn protein
(70%)
- Mempy 1-beberapa gol KH, mempy sejumlah rantai
samping oligosakarida linier/bercabang
- Protein pd permukaan sebelah luar hewan plasma
darah
• PROTEOGLIKAN
- Molekul gabungan/hibrida antara polisakarida/KH
(95%) dgn protein (5%)
- Tdr atas unit2 disakarida berulang
• PEPTIDOGLIKAN
- Molekul hibrid antara peptida dgn polisakarida
METABOLISME
ASAM AMINO
BIOSINTESIS ASAM AMINO
A A NON ESENSIAL:
Senyawa antara: piruvat, glutamat,
oksaloasetat, α-ketoglutarat, aspartat
Dari asam amino non essensial
Dari asam amino esensial
• Sintesis AA non essensial dr AA non
essensial lain.
• Contoh:
Prolin pd mammalia dan beberapa
organisme lain, prolin dpt disintesa dr
glutamat melalui jalur sebaliknya dr
katabolik
• Sintesis AA non essensial dr AA
essensial
Contoh:
Tirosin dr fenilalanin oleh
hidroksilase. Fenilalanin yg berfungsi
sbg monooksidase (irreversible). Reaksi
ini membutuhkan tetrahidrobiopterin
sbg reduktor yg berasal dr reduksi
dihidrobiopterin oleh NADPH.
AA ESSENSIAL
• Arginin
• Lisin, metionin, treonin, isoleusin dr
asam aspartat
amino acid made from degraded to glyco / keto comments
alanine pyruvate pyruvate glycogenic large amount in cells
arginine glutamate glutamate glycogenic strongly basic, urea cycle
asparagine aspartate aspartate glycogenic glycoproteins
acidic, large amount in
aspartate oxaloacetate oxaloacetate glycogenic
cells
cysteine (methionine)* pyruvate glycogenic -SH group
acidic, very large amount
glutamate oxoglutarate oxoglutarate glycogenic
in cells
glutamine glutamate glutamate glycogenic large amount in cells
glycine serine one-carbon pool*** glycogenic no side chain, collagen
histidine essential glutamate glycogenic weak base
acetyl-CoA + propionyl-
isoleucine essential mixed branched side-chain
CoA
leucine essential acetyl-CoA ketogenic branched side-chain
lysine essential not known mixed long side chain, basic
contains sulphur, methyl
methionine essential propionyl-CoA glycogenic
donor
phenylalanine essential tyrosine mixed aromatic, phenylketonuria
proline glutamate glutamate glycogenic imino acid
serine phosphoglycerate pyruvate glycogenic -OH group
threonine essential disputed**** glycogenic -OH group
tryptophan essential not known mixed aromatic
tyrosine (phenylalanine)** fumarate + acetoacetate mixed aromatic, phenolic
valine essential propionyl-CoA glycogenic branched side-chain
KATABOLISME ASAM AMINO
• Katabolisme gugus amino
• Ureolitik: ekskresi urea (mammalia)
• Urikotelik: ekskresi asam urat (Reptil
dan Aves)
• Ammonotelik: ekskresi ammonia (ikan
bertulang belakang)
TAHAPAN KATABOLISME
GUGUS AMINO
• TRANSAMINASI
• DEAMINASI OKSIDATIF
• TRANSPORT AMMONIA
• SIKLUS UREA
(hanya pd mammalia/manusia)
REAKSI TRANSAMINASI
• Kebanyakan asam amino dpt diubah
mjd asam keto dgn reaksi transaminasi
• Reaksi ini mjdkan gugus amino dr asam
amino satu berpindah menuju asam
koto yg lain.
• Melalui reaksi ini tdk ada kehilangan
atau tambahan N dr sistem.
REAKSI UMUM REAKSI
TRANSAMINASI
DUA MACAM TRANSAMINASE
(semua jaringan mammalia)
• Alanin transaminase
Mengkatalisa pemindahan gugus amino dr hampir
semua AA ke piruvat alanin