SO3H
Br I NO2
5
Reaksi Substitusi Elektrofilik pada Benzena
• NITRASI
• SULFONASI
• HALOGENASI
• ALKILASI FRIEDEL-CRAFTS
• ACILASI FRIEDEL-CRAFTS
Nitrasi
• Benzena akan mengalami nitrasi dengan Asam
Nitrat , HNO3 dengan katalis Asam Sulfat,
H2SO4 menghasilkan NITROBENZENA.
HNO3 + 2 H2SO4 NO2 + + H3O+ + 2 HSO4-
NO2
+ HNO3 + H2O
H2SO4
(Nitrobenzena, 85%)
Aromatic Nitration
• The combination of nitric acid and sulfuric acid produces
NO2+ (nitronium ion)
• The reaction with benzene produces nitrobenzene
8
Reaksi SULFONASI
• Benzena direaksikan dengan Asam Sulfat dan SO3
SO 3H
H2SO 4
+ SO 3
40 oC
Dalam reaksi sulfonasi tersebut, sulfur trioksida (SO 3)
adalah elektrofil yang dihasilkan dari asam sulfat
pekat yang dipanaskan. Produk yang dihasilkan
adalah asam benzene sulfonat.
Aromatic Sulfonation
• Substitution of H by SO3 (sulfonation)
• Reaction with a mixture of sulfuric acid and SO3
• Reactive species is sulfur trioxide or its conjugate acid
• Reaction occurs via Wheland intermediate and is reversible
10
Reaksi HALOGENASI
Reaksi halogenasi adalah reaksi dengan halogen
(Cl2, Br2, I2, F2).
Reaksi halogenasi langsung melalui mekanisme
pembentukan radikal bebas.
Radikal bebas adalah atom atau group yang
mempunyai satu atau lebiih elektron tak
berpasangan.
Other Aromatic Substitutions
• The reaction with bromine involves a mechanism that is
similar to many other reactions of benzene with electrophiles
• The cationic intermediate was first proposed by G. W.
Wheland of the University of Chicago and is often called the
Wheland intermediate
Fe
Reaksi benzena dengan bromin dengan adanya
aluminium bromida atau Fe menghasilkan
bromobenzena.
Fe
Fe
16
ALKILASI Friedel-Crafts
• Reaksi antara Benzene dengan Alkil Halida
menggunakan katalis AlCl3.
CH2 CH3
AlCl3
+ CH 3 CH 2 Cl + HCl
Etil Be nze na
Alkylation of Aromatic Rings: The Friedel–
Crafts Reaction
• Aromatic
substitution
of a R+ for H
• Aluminum
chloride
promotes the
formation of
the
carbocation
18
Fiedel-Crafts Acylation
19
ASILASI Friedel-Crafts
• Gugus Acyl/ Asil :R-C=O atau Ar-C=O
• Asilasi Friedel-Crafts: Substitusi suatu gugus
asil pada cincin aromatik melalui reaksi
dengan suatu halida asam.
COCH 3
AlCl3
+ CH 3 C O + HCl
Cl
Cl
Toluena o-khlorotoluena p-khlorotoluena
CH3
Cl Atom : menyerang rantai samping
HNO 3
NO2 Nitrobe nze na
H2 S O4
S O3
S O3 H As a m be nze ne s ulfona t
H2 S O4
RX
RX
R Alkilbe nze na
AlCl
AlX33
O
O
RCX
AlX3 CR Fe nilke ton
AlCl 3
SOAL
• Reaksi benzene dengan 1-chloro-2,2-
dimethylpropane (neopentyl chloride) dengan
adanya Aluminium Klorida.
• Starting with benzene and the appropriate
acyl chloride or acid anhydride, outline a
synthesis of each of the following:
a. Butylbenzene b. c.
When benzene reacts with 1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane
(neopentyl chloride) in the presence of aluminum chloride, the
major product is 2-methyl-2-phenylbutane, not 2,2-dimethyl-
1-phenylpropane (neopentylbenzene).
The carbocation formed by direct reaction of AlCl3 with 1-chloro-
2,2-dimethylpropane would be a primary carbocation; however,
it rearranges to the more stable tertiary carbocation before it can
react with the benzene ring.