ONKOLOGI
dr. Marcella
DEFINISI
Onkologi Cabang ilmu kedokteran yang mempelajari tentang tumor
(oncos, “massa/tumor," and logos, “ilmu")
Arti luas tumor setiap benjolan abnormal pada tubuh tanpa melihat penyebabnya
Faktor Lingkungan
• Excessive sun exposure (UV)
• Chemical carcinogen exposure
• High-dose chemotherapy and radiation (mainly in children being treated for existing
cancers)
• Hormonal drugs
• Immune-suppressing drugs (taken by transplant recipients)
• Radioactive materials, e.g., radon
•Infeksi bakteri atau jamur
INSIDENSI
KANKER
KARSINOGENESIS
PROSES
METASTASIS
PERBANDINGAN TUMOR JINAK DAN GANAS
T : Tumor primer
• Tx = syarat minimal menentukan indeks T tidak terpenuhi
• Tis = tumor in situ
• T0 = tidak ditemukan adanya tumor primer
• T1 = tumor diameter terbesar <2 cm
• T2 = tumor diameter terbesar 2–5 cm
• T3 = tumor diameter terbesar >5 cm
• T4 = tumor invasi keluar organ asal (origin)
N = Nodus/metastasis KGB
• N0= KGB regional (-)
• N1= KGB regional (+), mobile
• N2= KGB regional (+), fixed d. N3= KGB juxtaregional/bilateral
M = Metastasis jauh
• M0 = metastasis jauh (-)
• M1 = metastasis jauh (+)
• Mx = metastasis tidak dapat ditentukan
GRADING
Grade
GX Grade cannot be assessed (Undetermined grade)
G1 Well-differentiated (Low grade)
G2 Moderately differentiated (Intermediate grade)
G3 Poorly differentiated (High grade)
G4 Undifferentiated (High grade)
HALLMARKS
OF CANCER
1. Mempertahankan sinyal proliferasi (sustaining proliferative
signaling)
Pencegahan