Paradigma, Konsep dan

Teori Kebijakan Publik

Tim Pengajar KTKK
FIA UI

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

 Pilar Keilmuan Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi
Penetapan Tujuan yang
akan dicapai Organisasi

Nilai tambah yang terus menerus

kepada masyarakat/pelanggan Kondisi yang diperlukan untuk
mencapai tujuan organisasi

System, Struktur, proses dan Budaya, nilai dan keyakinan

berbagai pranata sebagai organisasi dan anggotanya
fondasi sebuah organisasi
Hakekat Dasar Ilmu Administrasi
• Fenomena sosial dalam masyarakat
• Organisasi sebagai alat mencapai tujuan
• Proses pembuatan keputusan/kebijakan
• Perilaku manusia dalam organisasi
• Pengurusan/manajemen dalam organisasi
• Interaksi yang terjadi dalam suatu fenomena
• Pencapaian sebuah tujuan bersama
 Definisi Kebijakan (1)
• “Anything a government chooses to do or not to do” (Dye 1972)

• “Policy expresses a general set of objectives or a desired state of

affairs” (Kay, 2006)

• ‘Public policy is a choice made by a government to undertake some

course of action.’ (Howlett and Ramesh’s, 2003)
 Policy is about choice:
• The choice of objectives;
• The choice of reasons for (in)action;
• The choice of policy instruments;
• The choice of how to respond to the consequences
of policy outputs
(Adrian Kay, 2006)
 Definisi Kebijakan (2)
Kebijakan adalah upaya untuk mendefinisikan dan menyusun basis rasional

untuk memilih apakah melakukan atau tidak melakukan suatu tindakan (to do

or not to do) dalam rangka mencapai tujuan-tujuan politik tertentu.

Kebijakan adalah Intervensi Negara/Pemerintah yang bersifat pengaturan

dalam ruang lingkup kegiatan publik untuk mewujudkan tujuan-tujuan umum

(public interest and social welfare)

 Kompleksitas Kebijakan Publik
• Multiple policies for producing outcomes for citizens

• Multiple theoretical perspectives

• Multiple institutions and actors (public and private)

• Multiple aspects from decision making process, programs and tools

• Multiple approach (Institutional, values, process and actors)

• Multilevel government
 Karakteristik Kebijakan Publik
• Purposive and goal oriented;
• Public policy is made by public authorities;
• Public policy consists of patterns of actions taken over time;
• Public policy is a product of demand, a government-directed course of action in
response to pressure about some perceived problem;
• Public policy can be positive (a deliberately purposive action) or negative
(a deliberately purposive decision not to take action)
• There are fields (not there is field) of public policy
• Research that relates to and promote the public interest
• Application of knowledge and rationality to perceived social problems
 Ranah Kajian Kebijakan Publik
• Policy Evaluation: The consequences of what government do and say, what have we
done (ex-post question): outcome oriented
• Policy Analysis: What should we do? (Ex-ante question): the best policy to address
problem or issue of concern: efficiency and effectiveness
• Policy process: How and why the policy making. Why the government pay attention
to some problems and not others
• Policy design: How do people perceived problems and policies; whose values are
represented by policy
• Policy makers and institution: Who makes policy decisions, how they decide what to
do
• Policy implementation: Why did policy fail, how was policy translated into action
 Karakteristik Ilmu Kebijakan
(Harold Lasswell, 1951)

• Problem Oriented
• Multidisciplinary
• Methodologically sophisticated
• Theoretically sophisticated
• Value oriented
 Paradigma Kebijakan Publik
• A ‘policy paradigm’ constitutes a theoretical tool to specify and understand the
guiding principles, or ideas, for creating public policy, why the various actors involved
are involved, and why they pursue the strategies they do.
• ‘A policy paradigm’ is a cognitive model shared by a particular community of
actors, and which facilitates problem solving’
• Ideas are important in the policy change
• ‘The policy paradigm is an important cognitive-normative concept that permits the
analysis of distinctly different, sometimes incommensurable ways of conceptualizing
the issues problems, interests, goals, and remedies involved in policy making’.
• That is, ideas in one paradigm are expected to be incompatible with those found in
another.
 Paradigma Kebijakan Publik
• Theory, beliefs, values, instruments and techniques
• Share by the member of a given communities
• Cause-effect relationship as social scientific
• Policy change: instrument setting, instrument
choices, theory
Elemen Paradigma Kebijakan
Kebijakan sebagai proses Evolusioner

Kebijakan Reformulasi

Waktu

Tindakan Reaksi
 Siklus Kebijakan (Policy Cicle)
• The policy cycle imagines the policy process as an endless cycle of policy
decisions, implementation and performance assessment (Colebatch (1998)

• A similar cycle but with more steps:

• agenda setting (problem recognition);
• policy formulation (proposal of a solution);
• decision-making (choice of a solution);
• policy implementation (putting the solution into effect);
• policy evaluation (monitoring results).
(Howlett and Ramesh, 2003)
 Dua Bentuk Kebijakan
 Kebijakan Baru (New Policy)
Kebijakan yang sama sekali belum ada dan dibuat untuk
mengatasi atau mengantisipasi masalah

 Kebijakan revisi (Revised Policy)

Perbaikan atas kebijakan yang lama untuk menyesuaikan
dengan lingkungan kebijakan
Politik, Administrasi dan Kebijakan Publik

PolitikBirokrasi
Politik Administrasi Services

Kebijakan
Publik
elected Political appointed Voters
management
Keterkaitan Antar Pemangku Kepentingan Dalam
Kebijakan

SEKTOR
PEBISNIS
SEKTOR
PUBLIK Kebijakan
Publik

MASYARAKAT
Thanks, any questions?