Farmakokinetik :
Absorbsi dan Distribusi
Pentingnya ?
Dapat mengetahui dan membuat formulasi obat
secara maksimal/optimal
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Kegunaan Farmakokinetik
www.themegallery.com
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Farmakokinetik Farmakodinamik
• Rute
• Reseptor • Efek samping
pemberian
• Hubungam • Indeks terapi
• Absorpsi
dosis-respon • Perubahan
• Distribusi
• Antagonisme prilaku
(aktif,pasif)
• Metabolisme
• Ekskresi
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Absorpsi (obat--> darah)
1. Difusi Pasif
2. Filtrasi
3. Bulk Flow
4. Transport aktif
5. Difusi terfasilitasi
6. Transpor ion berpasangan
7. Endositosis
8. Eksositosis
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Principle Solubility
1. Difusi Pasif
2. Filtrasi
3. Bulk Flow
4. Transport aktif
5. Difusi terfasilitasi
6. Transpor ion berpasangan
7. Endositosis
8. Eksositosis
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Cont’d...
1. Placental barrier
Menghalangi obat masuk ke placenta
Ex : pada ovarium
2. Blood testis barrier
Jika testis kemasukan obat; sperma terganggu;
mempengaruhi fertilitas dan janin.
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Cytochrome P450
enzymes
Flavin mono-oxygenase
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12 unique isoform
• Role in human drug metabolism
• More than one CYP isoform in some
drug
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Regulation of the CYP Enzymes
Can be regulated by the presence of
other drugs or by disease states
Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme inducer
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Simple
competitive Mechanism based
inhibition inactivation
• Highest • Itself
affinity metabolized
for the site form reactive
wins species
out
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Enzyme inhibition
tamoxifen
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cour
se
• Therapeutic failure
Effect
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Enzyme inducer
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CONJUGATIVE
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PHASE II REACTIONS
• N-Acetyl-transferases (NAT)
• Sulfo-transferases (SULTs)
• Methyl-transferases (SULTs)
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GUTs
Conjugate the drug with glucuronic acid
Conjugation of acetyl
moiety
Increased water
solubility &
elimination
NAT-1 (HIV)
NAT-2 (TB)
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Sulfate conjugation
7 isoforms
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M KIDNEY LIVER
A
J filtration metabolism
O secretion secretion
R (reabsorption)
M LUNGS OTHERS
I
N exhalation mother's milk
O sweat, saliva etc.
R
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Drug Excretion
most drugs are excreted in
urine either as unchanged or
drug metabolites
Renal Function
1. Glomerular
filtration
2. Active tubular
secretion
3. Passive tubular
reabsorption
4. Excretion
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Elimination by the Kidney
Glomerular Filtration