Materi Ajar Aplikasi B.inggris

BAB I
RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SATU SEMESTER
A. Rencana Belajar Mahasiswa

B. Informasi Mata Kuliah
Nama Mata Kuliah : Aplikasi Bahasa Inggris (2 SKS)
Kode Mata Kuliah : Geo 101
Program Studi : Pendidikan Geografi
Jurusan : Geografi
Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial (FIS) UNP Padang
Dosen Pengampu : Dra. Rahmanelli, M.Pd (4316)
Drs. Surtani, M.Pd (4321)
C. Sinopsis : Menganalisis dan memahami buku teks berbahasa Inggeris

D. Learning Outcome (Capaian Pembelajaran)
1. Learning Outcome (Capaian Pembelajaran) Utama
Setelah membaca buku teks Aplikasi Bahasa Inggris, mahasiswa mampu; (1)
menterjemahkan buku teks ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, (2) menganalisis buku
teks untuk menentukan ide-ide pokok (main idea) dalam sebuah wacana, (3)
memperkaya kemampuan mahasiswa dalam memahami literatur Geografi
berbahasa Inggris
2. Learning Outcome (Capaian Pembelajaran) Pendukung
Setelah membaca buku teks, mahasiswa mampu menterjemah, memahami, dan

mendiskusikan tentang; (1) Konsep dasar dan teori menterjemah literatur
berbahasa Inggeris, (2) Kiat-kiat menterjemahkan literatur Geografi berbahasa
Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia, (3) Teknik menentukan main idea dalam sebuah
wacana dalam literatur berbahasa Inggris, (4) The Earth in The Universe, (5)
Location, Time, and Maps, (6) Continent, (7) Mountains, (8) FranceRichest
Land in Western Europe, (9) Germany-A Divided and Explosive Middle Land,
(10) The Low Countries- A Man-Made Landscape
E. Soft Skill
Kemampuan mahasiswa menganalisis dan memahami literatur berbahasa Inggris

dengan menayangkan gambar dan video The Earth in The Universe, Location,
Time and Maps, Continent, Mountains, FranceRichest Land in Western
Europe, Germany-A Divided and Explosive Middle Land, The Low Countries- A
Man-Made Landscape
F. Prasyarat
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1. Mata kuliah terdaftar pada semester yang bersangkuta dan tercantum dalam
Kartu Rencana Studi mahasiswa
2. Telah mengambil mata kuliah dasar Geografi Fisik, Geografi Sosial,
Geografi Regional, dan Kartografi
G. Penilaian (Bobot)
1. Ujian Mid semester : 30 %

2. Tugas Kelompok : 15 %
3. Ujian Semester : 40 %
4. Tugas Individu : 15 %
BAB II
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KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN MINGGU PERTAMA
Teori dan Seni Menterjemahkan
A. Pengantar
Bahasa merupakan simbol vokal, baik diungkapkan secara lisan ataupun
secara tulisan. Bahasa mengandung pengertian dan makna yang telah disepakati
secara tidak tertulis oleh anggota masyarakatnya. Bila bahasa tersebut serba asing,
belum dikenal atau lambang-lambangnya tidak dimengerti, tentu sulit untuk
dipahami oleh masyarakat pengguna. Untuk memahami bahasa seperti itu perlu
kahadiran orang lain untuk menterjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa masyarakat yang
akan memanfaatkannya.
Untuk itu, pada bagian materi ini akan menjelaskan tentang bagaimana teori
dan seni menterjemahkan bahasa asing khususnya bahasa Inggris. Tujuannya agar
peserta didik dapat mengenal dan memahami literatur-literatur berbahasa asing
yang akan menunjang khasanah ilmu pengetahuan mereka di Geografi, dan untuk
memperluas pengetahuan mereka dalam bidang ilmu lain yang mempunyai
literatur berbahasa Inggris.
B. Sinopsis : Menganalisis dan memahami buku teks berbahasa Inggeris

Learning Outcome (Capaian Pembelajaran)
Setelah melakukan tanya jawab dan diskusi, mahasiswa dapat: (1)

Menjelaskan konsep dasar terjemahan dan istilah-istilah yang dipakai dalam
menterjemah, (2) Membedakan terjemahan berdasarkan ragamnya atau
jenisnya dengan contoh-contoh, (3) Menjelaskan cara/kiat menterjemah
literatur berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, (4) Menguraikan
perangkat penterjemah sesuai syarat, peran, motif, dan sikap.
Soft Skill: Mahasiswa mampu memahami kiat-kiat menterjemahkan
literatur berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia
C. Materi Pokok
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1. Konsep dan teori terjemahan dalam beberapa istilah; terjemahan,
Interpretasi, dan Transformasi
2. Ragam terjemahan; kata demi kata, harfiah, bebas
3. Cara menerjamahkan; analisis, pemindahan, penyusunan kembali
4. Perangkat penerjemah; syarat, peran, motif, dan sikap
D. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Pertama

1. Terjemahan, Interpretasi, dan Tranformasi
Terjemahan
Menterjemahkan merupakan seni (art) yang didukung oleh kecintaan,

kemauan, dan dedikasi. Sebagai suatu seni dalam menyampaikan pesan, baik
makna dan gaya bahasanya, penerjemah hendaknya membekali diri dengan
kemampuan estetis. Pengunaan kata-kata harus menunjukkan kepekaan estetis,
begitu pula penyusunan kalimat memerlukan kompetensi yang serba estetis.
Menterjemahkan berarti melibatkan dua aktivitas penting; (a). Tindak
pemahaman (arc of comprehension), cara bagaimana seseorang memahami makna
kata atau kalimat yang erat kaitannya dengan konteks kalimat atau alianea. Dalam
hal ini pemahaman pesan hendaknya disertai dengan persamaan pengertian. Misal,
George is an English teacher apakah yang dimaksud penulis aslinya George
seorang guru bahasa Inggris atau George seorang guru dari Inggris Untuk itu,
penerjemah harus bisa mengerti pesan tersebut agar pesan yang disampikan pada
masyarakat pembaca tidak mengundang perbedaaan pengertian pada pesan yang
sama (b). Tindak pengungkapan (act of expression), cara bagaimana seseorang
mengungkapkan agar apa yang diucapkan atau dituliskan sesuai dengan cakupan
yang mewakili simbol dari sajian penulis asli, baik berupa kalimat ataupun
alianea. Beberapa tokoh yang terkenal dalam menerjemahkan yaitu;
a. J.C. Catford
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Catford seorang profesor di Universitas Michigan sangat ahli dalam bidang
linguistik dan terjemahan. Menurutnya setiap proses mengenai bahasa yang
digunakan (human language) dapat dijelaskan dengan meggunakan pengertian-
pengertian yang mendalam tentang hakekat bahasa lewat terjemahan. Definisi
terjemahan dalam bukunya A Linguistic Theory of Translation
...bahwa naskah pengganti hendaknya sepadan, karena kesepadanan
(equavalency) merupakan hal yang an\amat penting dalam penerjemahan, praktis
lewat pesannya akan seragam dengan pesan yang terkandung pada naskah aslinya.
Sebaliknya bila tidak sepadan, berarti penggantian naskah bukan merupakan suatu
terjemahan.
b. J. Levy
Terjemahan adalah suatu keterampilan dimana kejelasan diri penerjemah
tercermin dalam opininya. Sebagai suatu proses yang kreatif terjemahan
memberikan kelonggaran bagi penerjemah, berupa kebebasan atau otonomi
mencari padanan yang pantas disajikan berdasarkan konteks situasinya.
c. P. Newmark
Terjemahan merupakan latihan, maka penerjemah harus aktif melatih diri
sehingga hasilnya bisa dihandalkan sebagai suatu profesi.
d. Eugene A. Nida
Menerjemahkan berarti menciptakan padanan yang paling dekat dalam bahasa
penerima terhadap pesan bahasa sumber, pertama dalam makna, dan kedua dalam
hal gaya bahasanya. Makna merupakan proposisi utama karena merupakan isi
pesan tersebut, sedang gaya bahasa menempati urutan kedua kedudukannya yang
patut dipertimbangkan.
e. Juliane House
Esensi terjemahan terletak pada makna dari dua bahasa, maka House
membedakan makna tersebut pada aspek; semantik, pragmatik, dan tekstual
Semantik erat kaitannya dengan makna dengan makna denotatif, yaitu makna yang
terdapat dalam kamus (makna leksikal). Pragmatik adalah berkaitan dengan
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makna konotatif, misal House berarti rumah tempat tinggal dalam makna
denodatif, sedang makna konotatif bisa berarti keamanan atau cinta keluarga
f. Leonard Forster
Terjemahan merupakan pemindahan isi naskah dari bahasa satu ke yang lainnya,
yang perlu diingat bahwa kita tidak selalu bisa memisahkan isi dari naskah
tersebut. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjemahan lebih menekankan pada makna,
hasil terjemahan tepat atau tidak bukanlah masalah pokok, yang paling penting
bahwa produk terjemahan benar-benar tepat makna. Apakah bentuk tulisan
tersebut persis sama dengan aslinya atau singkataan yang sederhana tergantung
kehendak penerjemah sesuai dengan isinya (materi) naskah tersebut setelah
mempertimbangkan pembaca.
Interpretasi
Interpretasi dalam satu sisi identik dengan terjemahan, namun di sisi lain
ada perbedaan.Profesar Rabin dan Nida menjelaskan pendapat mereka tentang
perbedaan terjemahan dengan interpretasi.
Pendapat Rabin dalam tulisannya The Linguistic of Translation
Translation is process by which a spoken or written utterance takes places
in one lenguage which intended and presumed to convey the same meaning
as a previously ixisting utterance in another language
Terjemahan merupakan suatu proses pengungkapan baik lisan maupun
tulisan yang terjadi dalam bahasa sasaran dengan maksud dan diperkirakan
menyampaikan pesan yang sama seperti terdapat pada bahasa aslinya
Jelas bahwa Rabin tidak membedakan antara terjemahan dengan interpretasi,

baginya sama saja asalkan keduanya dapat menciptakan pesan yang persis sama
dengan naskah aslinya.
Pendapat Nida bertolak belakang dengan Rabin, dimana Nida membuat
kejelasan antara interpretasi dengan terjemahan dalam artikelnya A framework
for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation sebagai berikut;
As for the medium, it must be considered primarily in term of the basic
diffarances between oral and writen communication, usually referred to as
interpreting and translating
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Pesan sebagai suatu medium seharusnya dipertimbangkan hal-hal yang
merupakan perbedaan mendasar antara komunikasi bersifat lisan dan
tulisan, biasanya mengacu pda menafsirkan dan menterjemahkan
Selain Nida, Juliane House juga tidak sependapat dengan Rabin dalam
komentarnya Translatoin of oral texts is interpretation Jadi orang yang
melakukan interpretasi disebut Interpreter yang tugasnya mengungkapkan pesan
atau maksud, baik singkat atau panjang dari bahasa satu ke bahasa lainnya secara
lisan. Contoh, seorang penyiar mewawancarai seseorang dalam bahasa Inggris,
untuk menjelaskan maksud orang tersebut dijelaskan secara lisan dalam bahasa
Indonesia oleh interpreter.
Transformasi
Transformasi adalah pemindahan bentuk dari bahasa sumber ke dalam
bahasa sasaran meliputi pemindahan bentuk kata dalam kalimat. Prosedur yang
dilakukan pertama kali mengidentifikasi dan mencari padanan kata pada kalimat
sasaran dengan bentuk kalimat dalam naskah aslinya, jika pada kesamaam bentuk
sudah ditemukan, itulah yang diungkapkan dalam kalimat bahasa sasaran
(penerima).
Kelemahan dalam transformasi bila kesamaam bentuk tidak dijumpai
mungkin dalam bahasa penerima tidak terdapat padanan kata, maka penyesuaian
bentuk dilakukan dengan paksaan, hasilnya akan mengorbankan ketepatan makna
dari sasaran yang diinginkan. Artinya, dalam trasformasi prioritas utama adalah
kesamaan bentuk kalimat ketimbang makna. Kelemahan lain adalah penerjemah
harus berulang-ulang melakukan terjemahan sampai dia menjumpai kasamaan
bentuk kalimat yang lebih tepat.
Contoh:
a. The United States of America concist of many stases
(Amerika Serikat terdiri atas banyak negara bagian)
b. Yoe belong to me
(Kamu memiliki saya)
c. She fell down and broken her legs
(Wanita itu menjatuhkan ke bawah dan mematahkan kakinya)
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d. Dont do it for good !
(Jangan lakukan itu demi baiknya).
Terjemahan di atas merupakan hasil pemaksaan bentuk kalimat, sehingga

hasil terjemahan dalam kalimat sasaran jadi janggal. Tranformasi hasil kalimat
yang benar adalah:
a. Amerika serikat terdiri atas banyak negara bagian.
b. Kamu milik ku (saya).
c. Wanita itu jatuh dan patah kedua kakinya.
d. Jangan lakukan itu selamanya.
2. Ragam terjemahan
Agar penilaian pembaca tetap baik pada penerjemah, penerjemah harus

memiliki kemampuan tentang Ragam Terjemahan dan Cara Menterjemahkan.
Ragam terjemahan yang diusulkan oleh Catford, House, dan Forster yang populer
adalah: kata demi kata (word for word), terikat harfiah (literal), dan bebas (Free).
a. Kata demi kata (word for word)
Ragam terjemahan kata demi kata merupakan yang paling sederhana, karena
terjemahan dilakukan dengan apa adanya yang disebut juga dengan Interlinier
Version. Terjemahan seperti ini populer di Eropa terutama sekali dalam
menterjemahkan kitab suci sebagai suara yang diwahyukan Tuhan mereka.
1) Manfaat terjemahan kata demi kata antara lain; (a) ragam ini berfungsi
mempertahankan kemurnian produk terjemahan sesuai dengan naskah aslinya,
(b) Cocok untuk hal-hal tertentu saja seperti untuk kitab suci.
2) Kelemahan terjemahan kata demi kata antara lain; (a) Makna konteksnya
sering tidak tepat, apalagi kalau naskah panjang atau kompleks, (b) Jika struktur
kalimatnya sesuai dengan produk hasil, maka terjemahan ini mengacu pada
terjemahan harfiah.
b. Harfiah (literal)
Savory (1968), menyebutnya dengan Faithful Translatioan, karena
penerjemah berlaku setia dan sejalan dengan naskah aslinya. Yang terlupakan
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adalah penerjemah bukan penulis naskah asli dan naskah tersebut bukan miliknya.
Penerjemah hanya menjembatani antara pembaca yang tidak mengerti naskah
aslinya, namun pilihan terjemahan tergantung pada bentuk dan struktur kalimat
yang digunakan penulisnya.
Contoh; sebagian isi novel Snow Country yang diterjemahkan oleh Anas Maruf
sesuai dengan naskah aslinya;
When he was far away, he thought incessantly of Komako;but now that he
was near her, this sighing for the human skin took on a dreamy quality like the
spell of mountains. Perhaps he felt a certain security, perhaps he was at the
moment too intimate, too familiar with him he night before.
Terjemahan harfiahnya adalah;

Ketika dia jauh sekali, dia tak putus-putusnya memikirkan Komako, tetapi
sekarang dia sudah di dekatnya, keluhan akan kulit manusia menjelma
menjadi bentuk mimpi seperti pesona pegunungan. Barangkali dia merasakan
keamanan tersendiri, barangkali dia saat itu terlalu mesra, terlalu ramah
dengan badannya. Dia tinggal bersamanya malam sebelumnya
1) Manfaat terjemahan harfiah antara lain; (a) Baik segi bentuk dan struktur
kalimatnya sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, tugas penerjemah bukan saja sebagai
penerjemah sekaligus sebagai trasformater, (b) Gaya penulisan penerjemah lebih
sesuai dan tepat sebagaimana aslinya, artinya penerjemah dapat meraba dan
menyentuh keinginan penulis aslinya.
2) Kelemahan terjemahan harfiah antara lain; (a) Penekanan pada bentuk dan
struktur kalimat, maka makna menjadi korban ditinjau dari konteks kalimat yang
bersangkutan. Seharusnya dalam komunikasi yang dituntut adalah makna menjadi
perioritas, sehingga komunikasi penulis dengan pembaca menjadi lebih akrab, (b)
Hasil terjemahan kurang luwes dibaca, karena kaku dan seperti dipaksakan.
c. Bebas (Free)
Terjemahan bebas bukan berarti penerjemah boleh menterjemahkan menurut
sesuka hatinya, tetapi penerjemah menjalankan tugasnya tidak terlalu terikat
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menurut struktur kalimat yang terdapat pada naskah aslinya. Dia boleh
memodifikasi kalimat dengan tujuan agar pesan atau maksud penulis naskah
dimengerti secara lebih jelas oleh pembaca. Savory menyebutnya dengan
Idiomatic Translation
3. Cara Menterjamahkan
Bila seorang penerjemah ingin menterjemahkan, sebaiknya ia membaca
naskah berulang kali agar naskah tersebut benar-benar dipahami dan bisa
menjawab pertanyaan sebagai berikut;
a. Apa tujuan yang terkandung dalam naskah aslinya ? hal ini penting diketahui,
mungkin saja penulis naskah hanya sekedar menyampaikan informasi,
mempengaruhi, atau propaganda dan lainnya.
b. Apa saja yang digunakan dalam menyatakan maksudnya ? Kemungkinan
dalam penyampaian tersebut penulis asli banyak menggunakan kombinasi
acuan (referensi), diagram, dll.
c. Sebagai penerjemah bisakah dia menggunakan cara yang sama untuk
mengungkapkan maksud tersebut ? Untuk itu perlu memiliki pengetahuan yang
berkaitan dengan cara yang dipakai penulis asli.
Anton Hilman mengemukakan beberapa pedoman dalam menterjemahkan

sebagai berikut;
a. Membaca dengan cermat naskah bahasa sumber untuk memahami pesan
keseluruhan dalam arti setiap kata berikut arti sampingannya, untuk itu perlu
kamus, ensiklopedi. Hal ini diperlukan untuk menghindari; (1) pemakaian
register yang kurang tepat, (2) kecenderungan untuk mengubah naskah bahasa
sumber, (3) mengelakkan penambahan dan pengurangan komponen, (4)
penerjemahan harfiah atas ungkapan yang tidak dipahami, karena akan
mengorbankan pesan bahasa sumber, disamping itu menyeleweng dari hukum
sintaksis bahasa sasaran.
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b. Membaca ulang produk terjemahan tanpa membandingkan dengan bahasa
sumber, kemudian mengadakan perbaikan bahasa sasaran agar susunannya
lebih baik.
c. Membaca kembali produk terjemahan sambil membandingkan dengan naskah
bahasa sumber, dan mengadakan peneyesuaian seperlunya
d. Meminta bantuan orang lain untuk menilai produk terjemahan untuk
menghindari hal-hal yang mungkin tidak ditangkap dalam naskah sumber.
e. Menyadari bahwa penerjemah dalam tugasnya menerjemahkan tidak sama
dengan menyadur
f. Menyadari bahwa penyampaian kurang jelas disebabkan kurangnya
penguasaan terbatas terhadap bahasa sumber.
Newman memperkenalkan cara menterjemah yang dinamis mengutamakan

dua aspek penting yaitu; (a) Kesetian pada naskah aslinya, (b) Salah satu hasil
teerjemahan yang paling sesuai dengan dengan bentuk bahasa penerima.
Cara dinamis terdiri dari tiga langkah utama yaitu;
1. Analisis
Penerjemah hendaknya menganalisis naskah sumber dari beberapa segi;
a. Tatabahasa; agar semua peristiwa serta orang atau benda yang terlibat dalam
peristiwa dapat diketahui dengan tepat. Penerjemah karus menentukan
hubungan antara semua orang atau benda dalam peristiwa tersebut yang
terdapat dalam naskah sumber baik waktu, dan tempat secara logis,
b. Arti emosi yang terkandung dalam kata, walaupun perempuan dan wanita
merujuk pada seseorang yang sama, namun nilai perasaannya berbeda.
Misalnya; wanita tuna susila lebih luwes dari pelacur atau lonte, rawan pangan
sebagai pengganti istilah kelaparan.
2. Pemindahan
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Dalam pemindahan secara linguistik (kebahasaan) maupun kebudayaan ke
dalam bahasa penerima, penerjemah selalu menghadapi banyak pertanyaan
seperti;
a. Jika naskah berbentuk puisi, apakah isinya lebih tepat diungkapkan dalam
bentuk prosa dalam bahasa penerima ?
b. Adanya kiasan-kiasan, apakah cukup jelas atau perlu diterjemahkan dengan
kiasan lain atau tanpa lambang apapun ?
c. Apakah nama-nama benda yang terdapat dalam naskah aslinya bisa dikenal dan
fungsinya diketahui dalam kebudayaan bahasa penerima ?
d. Apakah ungkapan (kalimat) berbentuk pasif dapat diterjemahkan secara aktif
agar mudah dicerna pembaca yang neggunakan bahasa penerima ?
3. Penyusunan kembali
Penyusunan kembali erat kaitannya dengan gaya bahasa, yang perlu diperhatikan
penejemah adalah;
a. Mengingat para pembaca yang diperuntukkan termasuk latar belakang
budayanya dan tingkat pendidikannya.
b. Karangan seluruhnya hendaklah disusun dengan teliti agar hubungan antara
satu bagian dengan yang lainnya menjadi jelas.
c. Mempertimbangkan dan memperhatikan pilihan kata, panjang kalimat,
kesulitan susunan ungkapan dan klausa (anak kalimat) serta kata penghubung.
4. Perangkat Penerjemah
Menterjemah berarti memproduksi sesuatu yang baru atas sebuah naskah
dan banyak kesulitan yang dilalui dalam proses tersebut. Mattews dan Nida
mengatakan bahwa menterjemah sebuah puisi secara utuh sama artinya dengan
menciptakan puisi baru. Oleh karena itu, setiap penerjemah selalu dibebani oleh
persyaratan dalam menjalankan misinya sebagai penerjemah. Perangkat
penerjemah antara lain;
a. Syarat Penerjemah
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Semua penerjemah hendaknya tahu baik sumber maupun sasaran, dan memiliki
kecakapan dalam mengungkapkan bahasa penerima, serta mengenalkan budaya
pada produk masyarakat penerima. Penerjemah harus memiliki berbagai
disiplin ilmu, menguasai bahasanya sendiri dan mengikuti perkembangannya.
b. Peran Penerjemah
Seorang penerjemah harus terampil dan berkopetensi dalam berkomunikasi
secara verbal serta mampu mengatasi kesulitan yang menyangkut; (a).
mengagumi bahasa yang dipergunakan dalam naskah yang diterjemahkan
dengan ikhlas, (b) mampu mengungkapkan kreativitas secara baik atas naskah
aslinya, (c) menghargai isi naskah asli dengan maksud menyingkat pesan isinya
agar tidak terlewatkan.
c. Motif Penerjemah
1) Penerjemah ilmuwan yang mengetahui bidangnya, bila ia bermaksud
menghasilkan terjemahan yang baik ia harus menambah kemampuannya
dalam hal imaginasi dan gaya bahasa.
2) Penerjemah tidak layak tetapi mempunyai niat baik dengan sekadar pasang
kata, atau frasa tanpa menimbulkan kejelasan makna dan gaya bahasanya
tidak karuan.
3) Penerjemah sekaligus penulis profesional yang mampu melakukan
tanggapan tetapi tidak setajam ilmuwan dengan melakukan tambal sulam
sehingga menyerupai naskah aslinya.
d. Sikap Penerjemah
a. Penerjemah dan Penulis, penerjemah harus tahu latar belakang penulis naskah
aslinya.
b. Penerjemah dan Pembaca, penerjemah selain bertanggung jawab terhadap hasil
terjemahannya, tetapi juga bertanggung jawab atas pembaca terjemahannya.
c. Penerjemah dan Karya, baik atau jeleknya hasil terjemahan tergantung kepada
siapa penerjemahnya, penerjemah terikat dari penulis naskah aslinya.
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E. Pertanyaan dan Tugas
1. Bedakanlah antara terjemahan, interpretasi, dan transformasi ?
2. Jelaskan pengertian terjemahan kata demi kata, harfiah, dan terjemahan
bebas ?
3. Jelaskan prosedur yang dilakukan dalam terjemahan?
4. Jelaskan perangkat yang dibutuhkan oleh penerjemah ?
F. Rangkuman
Menterjemahkan berarti melibatkan dua aktivitas penting; (a). Tindak
pemahaman (arc of comprehension), cara bagaimana seseorang memahami makna
kata atau kalimat yang erat kaitannya dengan konteks kalimat atau alianea.
(b). Tindak pengungkapan (act of expression), cara bagaimana seseorang
mengungkapkan agar apa yang diucapkan atau dituliskan sesuai dengan cakupan
yang mewakili simbol dari sajian penulis asli, baik berupa kalimat ataupun
alianea.
G. Buku Sumber
Hanafi, Nurachman. (1984). Teori dan Seni Menterjemahkan. Mataram: Nusa
Indah.
BAB III
KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN MINGGU KE 2, 3, DAN 4
The Earth in The Universe
14
A. Pengantar
Kita tidak dapat memahami misteri bumi tanpa mengetahui sesuatu tempat
di permukaan bumi. Bumi hanyalah salah satu planet yang mengelilingi matahari,
dan matahari adalah bahagian dari sekelompok bintang yang tidak terhitung
jumlahnya yang disebut dengan Galaxy Milky Way. Tidak seorangpun yang
mengtahui kapan terjadinya, penemuan baru selalu mempertanyakan tentang asal
usul kajadian bumi, namun setiap ada jawaban akan menimbulkan pertanyaan
baru. Yang penting kita ingat bahwa Kondisi masa sekarang merupakan kunci
dari atau hasil sejarah masa lalu
Materi tentang alam semesta akan menggambarkan dan menjelaskan tentang
pergerakan bumi, revolusi bumi, rotasi bumi, energi matahari, serta akibatnya
terhadap kehidupan manusia.
B. Learning Outcomes (Capaian Pembelajaran)
Setelah membaca membaca buku teks mahasiswa mampu; (1)

menterjemahkan materi geografi berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa
Indonesia, (2) Menjelaskan konsep The Earth in the Universe, What
are the Earth Motions ?, The Sun and Its Energy ?, (3) Mendiskusikan
melalui tanya jawab konten The Earth in the Universe, What are the
Earh Motions ?, The Sun and Its Energy ? dengan contoh-contoh, (4)
Menentukan inti pokok dalam wacana (main idea) tentang; The Earth
in the Universe, What are the Earth Motions ?, The Sun and Its Energy
?, (5) Menyimpulkan konten topik materi berdasarkan main idea
terkait materi The Earth in the Universe, What are the Earth Motions ?,
The Sun and Its Energy ?
Softskill: Mampu menterjemah, memahami, dan menyimpulkan materi
berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia
C. Uraian Materi Pembelajaran

1. Uraian Materi Kegitan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 2
15
a. Introduction
We cannot understand the earth without knowing something about its place
in the universe, the limitless space that surrounds us. Our world is only one of a
group of planets that circle around the sun. The sun is only one of an immense
number of stars in the group called the Milky Way galaxy. Uncounted other
galaxies probably exist even beyond the many that can be seen with the best
telescopes.
The sizes and distances of all these inhabitants of space are so great that we
can hardly understand them. The surface of the planet earth included about 200
million square miles. The sun is about 110 times bigger than the earth. As a star,
the sun is not very large, and the Milky Way contains about 40 billion stars.
Distances between stars and galaxies must be measured in light years, the distance
covered by light in one year. Since light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles each
second, a light year is an almost unimaginable distance.
The solar system, of which our earth is a part, was probably formed at least
four and a half billion years ago. No one knows exactly how it came about. New
discoveries in science tell us much about the nature of the earth, but each attempt
to solve the mystery of the earths origin leads to new questions. In the study of
geography, however, we are most interested in the earth as it is today. We need to
remember, nevertheless, that present-day conditions are the result of a long
history.
b. What are The Earths Motions?

Many natural conditions which affect human life are the result of the earths
motions. These motions are of several kinds. The causes for them are too
complicated to discuss fully here, but the motions can be described.
Revolution
The earth, as a member of the solar system, revolves around the sun. The
sister planets of the earth are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
16
Neptune, and Pluto. The earth is neither the nearest nor the farthest from the
center. Two planets, Mercury and Venus, are nearer, and the earth is about 93
million miles from the sun.
The revolution of all of the planets depends on the force of gravity. Every
object, whatever its size, has gravity. Any two particles or bodies, if free to move,
are attracted to each other. Only under certain conditions, however, does the
attraction produce effects that can be noticed or measured without special
scientific equipment. The force of gravity depends on the mass of the objects and
their distance from each other. The sun, because its great mass compared to the
planets, has a very strong gravitational attraction. It causes the planets to move in
path that is almost a circle. This path is called an orbit. Some of the planets have
satellites, smaller bodies that revolve around them. The moon is a satellite of the
earth. The earths gravitational attraction keeps the moon moving in its orbit. In
turn, The moons attraction for the earth causes the movement of ocean water
called the tides.
The planets in our solar system revolve at different speeds. Those closest to
the sun revolve fastest, because the gravitational force is greatest. The earth takes
365 days to travel around the sun. Pluto, the planet farthest from the sun, takes
249 earth years to complete one revolution.
The orbit of the earth is not quite a circle. The earth draws somewhat nearer
to the sun in January and is slightly farther away in July.
2. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 3
Rotation
The earth rotates, or turns on its axis, once in 24 hours. The axis of the earth
is an imaginary line running through the north and south poles. The rotation of the
earth causes day and night; it also helps determine the pattern of the seasons. Day
and night and the progress of the seasons result in changes of temperature in the
various regions of the earth.
17
Season change because of the angle of the earths axis. If we think of the
earth as moving along a track on a level surface, the axis is not exactly straight up
and down, but is tipped slightly. This angle does not change. Therefore, as the
earth moves around the sun, first one pole and then the other is nearest the sun.
During part of the year, the northern half of the earth is turned toward the sun.
During the rest of the year, the southern half is turned toward the sun.
As the earth rotates, one half of the earth is in sunlight and the other half is
in shadow. At the equator, days and nights are always of equal length. Because of
the angle of the earths axis, however, days and nights are of different lengths in
all other parts of the world. There are two exceptions. On March 21 and
September 23, which are known as the spring and fall equinoxes, the circle that
divides light from darkness passes through the poles. Then day and night are equal
everywhere. From March to September, the northern half of the earth has spring
and summer, and the southern half has autumn and winter. From September to
March, the opposite is true. During summer, the days are longer and the nights are
shorter. On June 22, the suns direct rays fall farthest north of the equator. On
December 22 they fall farthest south. The circles which are the outer limits of the
suns direct rays are called the Tropic of Cancer (north) and the Tropic of
Capricorn (south).
In north temperate regions, summers are warmer than winters. Changes in
temperature are directly related to the amount of sunlight received.
The Sun and Its Energy

The sun, the center of the solar system, is a huge ball of intensely hot gases.
It is about 864,000 miles in diameter. The sun is the most important single
influence on the earth. It is the source of all energy, through its light and heat.
Without this energy, the earth will be cold and lifeless. The suns light and heat are
18
changed into countless forms of energy. All the fuels we burn and all the water
power we change into electricity owe their energy to the sun.
The source of the suns energy has long been a puzzle to mankind. Early
attempts to explain it assumed that the sun is burning as fire burns. Later thinkers,
however, could not understand how the sun could burn so fiercely day after day
without eventually burning out. Calculations made of the suns size and energy
output made clear that it could not possibly be burning in any ordinary way. To
produce the energy given off in one second, more than its entire substance would
have to be burned up.
Only in recent years, since the discoveries made by atomic scientists, has
there been any clear theory of the source of the suns energy. Studies show that the
suns interior must have a temperature of about 18 to 36 million degrees F. Other
studies of the behavior of atoms, the smallest units of the elements that make up
matter, show that at very high temperatures, certain changes may occur in the
nature of the atom. The suns energy seems to be the result of processes that
change the element hydrogen into helium, releasing tremendous amounts of
energy. This energy radiates from the sun as light and heat. Only a very small part
of the suns total energy reaches the earth.
In recent years, inventors have tried to find ways to use the suns energy
directly. Sunshine can be used to heat water in copper pipes, and if it can be stored
properly, it can heat houses or other small areas. It can also be used to evaporate
sea water, providing fresh water for drinking or other purposes. However, the
equipment needed to make use of the suns energy in this way is expensive and
usually takes up a great deal of space. Further study is needed before we can use
solar energy.
D. Review Questions and Task

1. What is geography?
2. What is light year?
19
3. Why do the planets revolve around the sun?
4. What causes the seasonal changes in the length of a day at a given point on
earth?
5. In what forms does the suns energy reach the earth?
6. How does the sun maintain its constant output of energy?
7. Discuss about time marked off function ?
8. Translate into Indonesia !
E. Rangkuman
Revolution is the earth revolves around the sun. The sister planets of the
earth are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The
earth is neither the nearest nor the farthest from the center. Two planets, Mercury
and Venus, are nearer, and the earth is about 93 million miles from the sun.
Rotation is the earth rotates, or turns on its axis, once in 24 hours. The axis
of the earth is an imaginary line running through the north and south poles. The
rotation of the earth causes day and night; it also helps determine the pattern of the
seasons. Day and night and the progress of the seasons result in changes of
temperature in the various regions of the earth.
The sun, the center of the solar system, is a huge ball of intensely hot gases.
It is about 864,000 miles in diameter. The sun is the most important single
influence on the earth. It is the source of all energy, through its light and heat.
Without this energy, the earth will be cold and lifeless. The suns light and heat are
changed into countless forms of energy. All the fuels we burn and all the water
power we change into electricity owe their energy to the sun.
F. Buku Sumber
Chaldun, Ahmad. (2003). Atlas Indonesia dan Dunia. Surabaya: PT. Karya
Pembina Swajaya
20
E. Fairchild, Johnson. (1964). Principle Of Geography. New York, United States
of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Indah.
M. Echols, John and Hasan Shadily. (1993). Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta:
Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: K B I

Corporation.
BAB IV
KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN MINGGU KE 5, 6, 7, DAN 8
Location, Time, and Maps
21
A. Pengantar
Dalam kenyataan kita berada pada daerah yang datar, namun sebenarnya
bumi kita adalah bulat. Lengkung bumi dapat dilihat dari atas pesawat terbang
yang tinggi, atau pada daerah pantai dengan jarak 6,8 mil dari batas pandangan
kita. Sebagai bukti bumi ini bulat bila seseorang melakukan perjalanan dari rumah
mereka, mereka akan menemukan tempat asal mereka memulai perjalan semula.
Location, time, and maps dalam materi ini menjelaskan tentang lintang dan
bujur yang konsekuensinya akan dapat menentukan lokasi di permukaan bumi,
serta dapat mengetahui batas penanggalan pada masing-masing wilayah di muka
bumi. Kebermaknaan lintang dan bujur juga akan menentukan perbedaan iklim
dimuka bumi, yang konsekuensinya akan memberikan keberagaman iklim, fauna
dan flora, serta keberagaman mata pencaharian di permukaan bumi.
Selanjutnya peta merupakan alat bantu dalam menggambarkan permukaan
bumi baik dalam skala kecil ataupun skala besar. Peta juga merupakan petunjuk
bagi orang-orang yang suka melakukan perjalanan atau memanfaatkan peta sesuai
dengan tujuan masing-masing.
Setelah membaca buku teks mahasiswa mampu; (1) menterjemahkan materi

geografi berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, (2) Menjelaskan konten
topik materi konsep Location, Time, and Maps, What are Latitude and
Longitude?, How is Time Marked Off?, What are Maps ? (3) Mendiskusikan
melalui tanya jawab konten Location, Time, and Maps, What are Latitude and
Longitude ? How is Time Marked Off ? What are Maps ? dengan contoh-contoh,
(4) Menentukan inti pokok dalam wacana (main idea) tentang; Location, Time,
and Maps, What are Latitude and Longitude ? How is Time Marked Off ? What
are Maps ? (5) Menyimpulkan konten topik materi berdasarkan main idea
tentang Location, Time, and Maps, What are Latitude and Longitude ? How is
Time Marked Off ? What are Maps ?
Softskill: mampu menterjemah, memahami, dan menyimpulkan materi

Location, Time, and Maps

22
Although it may seem to us that we live on a flat surface, we know that the
surface of our earth is round. The curvature (roundness) of the earth can be seen
from a high-flying airplane. It can also be seen in any absolutely level region with
clear view for some miles. The horizon, the line where the sky seems to meet the
earth, is 6.8 miles away from the observer. Anything farther than 6.8 miles is
below his horizon. The curvature of the earth is best observed at sea. A ship is said
to be hulldown on the horizon when only the stacks or masts may be seen. The
hull cannot be seen because it is below the horizon, or actually the down side of
the curve.
Long ago, Greek philosophers understood that the world was round. In later
times, however, some people believed it was flat. As long as men did not travel far
from their homes, the roundness or flatness of the earth did not matter very much.
But when people began to travel they had to have a way to find their location on
the earths surface. Then latitude and longitude, time zones, and correct maps
became necessary.
Because the earth is round, when we want to describe or measure the earths
surface as a whole, we must speak in terms of circles and spheres. Circles, besides
being measured in feet, inches, miles, and so on, can be measured in a different
way, in degrees. Every circle, no matter how small or big it is, has 360 parts called
degrees. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds.
To describe the world and pinpoint a particular spot on its surface, men have
marked off the earth with imaginary lines corresponding to degrees, minutes, and
seconds of a circle.
The two most important circles are the equator and a line called the prime
meridian, with its extension, the 180 meridian. The equator circles the earth
halfway between the poles and divides it into a northern half and a southern half.
The prime meridian and the 180 meridian together run through the poles to circle
the earth and divide it into an eastern half and a western half. From the equator
north and south extend the degrees of latitude. Lines parallel to the equator mark
off the degrees of latitude; they are called parallels. From the prime meridian east
23
extend the degrees of longitude. The lines marking off the degrees of longitude are
not parallel, because they meet at the poles; they are called meridians. All spots on
earth that lie on the same parallel or meridian have the same latitude or longitude.
No two spots, of course, can be at exactly the same latitude and longitude, since
the place where two lines cross is a single point. For example, New York City and
Madrid are at about the same latitude 40 N, but New York is at 74 W longitude,
and Madrid is at 40 W longitude.
2. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaram Minggu Ke 6
What are Latitude and Longitude?

When the system of latitude and longitude was developed, there was no
difficulty in fixing the equator. People knew of the existence of the north and
south poles, and could put the equator halfway between. But there are no east and
west poles. At fist, each country fixed the prime meridian at a different place. Of
course, this was very confusing. In a war, the difference of calculation did help
each side to confuse its enemies spies, and each nation was rather proud of its
own system, but soon the nations of the world realized they had to work together.
The result was that all the nations agreed that a line running through the poles and
a point on the grounds of the Royal Observatory of England would be considered
the prime meridian. (The Royal Observatory is at Greenwich, near London.)
Because there are 360 in a circle, the imaginary line opposite the prime meridian,
on the other side of the world from London, is the 180 meridian.
Both the equator and the circle formed by the prime meridian are called
great circles. Great circles are those which divide the world into two equal parts.
Such a circle may be drawn through any points on the earth, just as an orange may
be divided in half by a cut joining any two points on its surface. Great circles are
very important in navigation, because the shortest route between any two points is
along a great circle. The meridians of longitude are all great circles, because they
all go through the poles. The parallels of latitude are not great circles. They form
24
smaller and smaller circles from the equator to the poles, like slices of an orange
cut from the middle outward.
The distance around the equator is about 25,000 miles. Since there are 360
in a circle, each degree of longitude on the equator is equal to 69 miles. But, as we
go north or south toward the poles, the parallels of latitude from smaller circles, as
we have seen. Therefore the distance marked off by a degree of longitude is
smaller. See the table. Although the earth is not exactly a sphere, we can say that
all great circles are about equal to the equator in length. The distances between all
the parallels of latitude are equal, or about 69 miles per degree.
Tabel 1. Latitude and Longitude
No Degrees Of Latitude and Length Of 1 in Miles
Longitude
1 0 (Equator) 69
2 10 68
3 20 65
4 30 60
5 40 (New York, Roma Etc) 53
6 50 (London) 45
7 60 35
8 70 24
9 80 12
10 90 (North and South Poles) 0
Sumber: E. Fairchild, Johnson Principle Of Geography (1964)
Any meridian or other great circle divides the earth into two hemisphere.
However, when we speak of the northern and southern hemispheres, we mean the
two halves the north and south of the equator. The two halves divided by a
meridian at about 30 west of Greenwich (England) are usually called the eastern
and western hemispheres. By dividing the world at this point, we can put North
and South America in the western hemisphere and the other continents mainly in
the eastern hemisphere.
25
How is Time Marked Off?
A person living all alone on a remote island would have no need to know the
time. He would wake up when the sun rose, and go to sleep when it set. He would
eat when he was hungry. When people live together, however, they need to mark
off time into parts that everyone agrees on. The sun is the most natural basis for a
time system. The length of time it takes the earth to rotate once on its axis
determines the length of the day. This day is divided into light and dark periods, or
day and night. Although the sun does not always rise and set at exactly the same
time, it is at its highest point in the sky at the same time every day. This is noon,
or the meridiem, the Latin word for midday. People long ago agreed to divide the
day into 24 parts or hours, 12 ante (before) meridiem (A.M.) and 12 post (after)
meridiem (P.M).
Since there 360 of longitude, and the earth rotates once in 24 hours, the
earth rotates 15 an hour. Places 15 apart in longitude therefore have a difference
in time of one hour. The earth rotates from west to east. Assume the sun rises at 6
A.M. on Monday in London, At this same instant, New York, which is about 75
west of London, is still in darkness. Dawn, or 6 A.M., will not come to New York
until 5 hours later. Another way of saving the same thing is that when it is 6 A.M.
Monday in London, it is 1 A.M. Monday in New York. Los Angeles is farther west
than New York by 45, or 3 hours. Therefore, when it is 6 A.M. Monday in
London, and 1 A.M. Monday in New York, it is 10 P.M. Sunday in Los Angeles.
As long as people stayed in the same places all their lives, differences in
time created no problems. But as soon as they began to travel widely, time zones
became necessary. People in large sections of the world had to agree to keep the
same time, and mark off a boundary line at which the time would change. In the
United States we now have four time zones. Starting from eastern coast, we have
Eastern Standard Time throughout a zone extending inland about one-quarter of
the distance across the county. Moving westward, we have Central Standard Time,
Mountain Time, and Pacific Standard Time, each an hour earlier than the zone
26
east of it. The boundaries of the time zones roughly follow a meridian. They are
often adjusted to follow a state line.
Besides the time zones, another convenient agreement had to be made, once
people began to travel around the world. Suppose a person started out at 6 A.M.
Monday and traveled from east to west around the world at the speed of the sun.
His watch would still stay 6 A.M. when he returned to his starting point, because
he would have been turning it back as he went along. However, when he got
home, he would find that the day was no longer Monday, but Tuesday. To solve
this problem and keep matters straight everywhere in the world, the international
date line was established, at about 180 longitude. Anyone crossing this line from
east to west moves the calendar one day forward, for instance, from Monday to
Tuesday. Crossing from west to east, he moves the calendar one day backward,
from Tuesday to Monday. Again, the line does not exactly follow the meridian,
because it avoids populated areas. It would certainly be difficult if neighbors in a
town were separated by the international date line.
The measurement of time has many other problems which are solved by
agreement. Besides hours and days, we must mark off weeks, months, years, and
centuries. Here we use the movements of the earth and the moon to guide us. In
modern science, exact measurements of very short periods of time are necessary.
For this the vibrations of atoms and molecules can be used. In this chapter,
however, we are concerned only with time as it affects travel from one part of the
world to another.
4. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu ke 8
What are Maps?

To find our way around on even a small area of the earths surface, we are
very glad to have a map as a guide. A map is a picture of the earths surface, in
27
more or less detail. It is not like a photograph, however. It may be called a
representation; that is, a point on the map corresponds to a point on the earth.
Maps use symbols to represent features of the surface. The particular symbols
used depend on the purpose of the map. There are a great many kinds of maps, but
all maps have certain common problems of construction. These are scale,
projection, and selection of detail.
a. Scale
If you wanted to draw a map of your living room, you could not make it the
actual size of the room. You would have to cut it down in length and width.
Therefore you would have to decide on a scale to use. If the room were ten by
sixteen feet, you might decide to make one inch on your map equal one foot of
actual distance. Then your paper would need to be only ten by sixteen inches.
On maps of land areas, a convenient scale is one inch to represent one mile.
There are 63,360 inches in a mile, so we say that the ratio of scale is 1 : 63,360.
The scale of a map varies, of course, according to the purpose. A map of the world
might have a scale of 1 : 10,000,000, which is about one inch to 160 miles. Since
the equator is about 25,000 miles around, a map of this scale would be about
thirteen and one half feet wide, one such as you might see on the wall in a
museum. Such a map could show very little detail. A road map of a single state,
however, might use a scale of one inch to twenty miles, which would fit on a sheet
of paper of useable size, and would allow room for the names of even small
villages.
b. Projection
Because the earth is a sphere, even the smallest area of its surface is not flat,
but curved. The earths curved surface is a problem to map makers. The best
representation of the earth is on a globe, but globes are too bulky to be moved
easily. A curved surface cannot be shown accurately on a flat piece of paper.
A hollow sphere, cut in half, cannot be made to lie flat. But, if deep
triangular cuts are made along the top and bottom of each half, various sections of
the sphere will lie flat. Some maps do use a similar method, but it is not very
28
convenient to use a map that is cut up into too many parts. It is necessary to find
ways of making a flat map show what is on a curved surface with the least
possible error in distances, directions, and the size and shape of continents and
oceans. Such errors are called distortions. If the user of the map knows just how
much distortion it contains, he can make allowance for it. A map that shows a very
small area will of course have less distortion than a map that covers a very large
area.
A curved surface can be mapped on a flat paper by a method called
projection. Some common projections are the cylindrical projection and the conic
projection. To understand the cylindrical projection, suppose that a sheet of paper
is wrapped around a globe to form a cylinder, so that the paper touches the globe
all around the equator. The paper does not touch the globe anywhere else, and
toward the north and south poles, the paper gets farther and farther away from the
globe, as is shown in the illustration on the facing page.
Suppose that the globe is lighted from the inside and that parallels of
latitude are drawn heavily on it . Shadows of the parallels fall on the cylinder of
paper. The line of the equator could be drawn exactly where it appears on the
globe, and the other parallels could then be drawn in from their shadows. The
meridians could be drawn in as vertical lines running at right angles through the
equator. The pattern which results from this projection is a grid, the first stage in
making a map .
On a map grid made from a projection of this kind, any features of the
curved surface of the earth can be located. Each point must be placed at its proper
latitude and longitude. On a cylindrical projection, the farther away the feature is
from the equator, the less it looks as it does on a round globe. That is, the
cylindrical projection distorts the sizes and shapes of areas in the regions near the
poles. Nevertheless, it shows the locations of points accurately, and is used
extensively.
The conical projection is similar to the cylindrical. If a paper cone were set
over the top of a globe, with the bottom edge at the equator, a map of the northern
29
hemisphere could be drawn on it. However, because the paper would lie closer to
the globe than in the cylindrical projection, the map would look more like the map
on the globethat is, there would be less distortion. The meridians, instead of
being parallel vertical lines, would meet a single point at the north pole, as they do
on the globe. Conic projections are well adapted for maps of middle-latitude
areas. The simple conic projection is also fairly accurate in maps of small areas,
and is often used for maps in atlases.
The Mercator projection is a variation of the cylindrical projection that
allows shapes to be shown without distortion and shows compass directions as
straight lines. However, all the distances on the map are not on the same scale. If
on a certain Mercator map ten degrees of latitude near the equator take up half an
inch, then at 60 north or south, 10 may take up as much as an inch. This makes
the land areas near the poles seem much larger than they are.
There are many other map projections, all designed to be exact in different
ways. One projection, for example, shows directions accurately; another shows
great circles as straight lines. Both of these are important in navigation.
c. Selection Of Detail
Anyone who makes a map must decide what he wants to put on it. This
depends, of course, on how he wants to use it. The map of your living room might
show simply the size of the room and the location of doors, windows, and electric
outlets, so that it could be used to plant a convenient arrangement of furniture. A
map of the world might show merely the outlines of continents, so that the
symbols could be added to give the location of special features such as volcanos,
tin mines, or world air routes.
Usually, however, maps give a great deal of detail. This detail may be
political, showing the national and local boundaries, and the location of capitals,
major cities, and towns. It may be economic, showing locations of important
agricultural or industrial areas. It may be navigational, showing location of the
objects dangerous to ships, such as mud bars or rocks in a channel. It may be
30
topographic, showing by various methods what a land area looks like in its natural
features, such as hills and rivers. The detail shown on maps is of endless variety.
Topographic or relief maps are among the most interesting. They are usually
based on differences of elevation. A region that lies from 0 to 100 feet above sea
level may be colored green, while one that is between 5000 and 6000 feet may be
light brown. Contour maps show elevations by means of contour lines. All points
of equal elevation in a given area are connected by a single line. The shapes of
hills and valleys can be easily imagined by some one who knows how to read a
contour map.
To make the best use of a map, a person must be able to read it correctly. He
must understand its scale and projection, so that he can judge distances and
directions. Then he must observe the kind and amount of detail it contains. On
most maps, information about scale and projection and symbols used may be
found in the lower left corner or along the margins. Maps are sources of
fascinating information about the world and its people. Geography has more
meaning to those who can read maps.

1. How can you see the curvature of the earth?
2. Explain what is meant by latitude and longitude.
3. What is a great circle?
4. How many miles are there in a degree at the equator?
5. How it is calculated?
6. What is the prime meridian?
7. Why are time zones necessary?
8. What is the international date line?
9. List some types of maps.
10. What is a map scale?
11. Name and describe two map projections.
31
E. Rangkuman
Lines parallel to the equator mark off the degrees of latitude; they are called
parallels. From the prime meridian east extend the degrees of longitude. The lines
marking off the degrees of longitude are not parallel, because they meet at the
poles; they are called meridians. The meridians of longitude are all great circles,
because they all go through the poles. The parallels of latitude are not great
circles.
A map is a picture of the earths surface, in more or less detail. It is not like
a photograph, however. It may be called a representation; that is, a point on the
map corresponds to a point on the earth. Maps use symbols to repesent features of
the surface. The particular symbols used depend on the purpose of the map. There
are a great many kinds of maps, but all maps have certain common problems of
construction. These are scale, projection, and selection of detail.
F. Buku Sumber
Pembina Swajaya


Indah.
Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: K B I

Corporation.
32
BAB V
KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN MINGGU KE 10 DAN 11
The Continens
A. Pengantar
Sebahagian besar orang berpendapat bahwa benua sesuatu yang penting di
permukaan bumi. Sebenarnaya benua tersebut hanyalah sepertiga dari permukaan
bumi yang terdiri dari pulau-pulau besar dan kecil, dan dua pertiganya terdiri dari
33
lautan. Pulau-pulau yang berada disepanjang benua lebih tertutup dalam hal
aktivitas kehidupan, karena mereka mempunyai jarak dengan pulau-pulau yang
lebih besar. Pulau Inggris di Eropa merupakan pulau yang paling besar, dan pulau
Greenland merupakan pulau yang terbesar di dunia. Kelompok kepulauan muncul
kepermukaan seperti bebatuan yang berserakan.
Untuk mengenal lebih jauh mengenai apa yang dikatakan benua, bagaimana
teori terbentuknya, bagaimana penyebaran, bagaimana perubahan benua terjadi,
dan perubahan geologi yang menyababkan perubahan benua akan dibahas pada
materi selanjutnya.
Setelah menyajikan hasil kerja kelompok melalui power point mampu; (1)
Menjelaskan konten konsep What is a Continents?, and How Where The
Continent Formed? (2) Mendiskusikan melalui tanya jawab konten What are
Continents? and How Where The Continent Formed? dengan contoh-contoh di
peta, gambar, dan vidio, (3) Menganalisis konten topik materi What are
Continents? And How Where The Continent Formed? (4) Menentukan inti
pokok dalam wacana (main idea) topik materi What are Continents? and How
Where The Continent Formed?

a. Introduction
Because man lives on land, most people think of the continents as the most
important part of the earths surface. Therefore, it is a little surprising to learn that
the continents make up only about one-third of the earths surface. This estimate
includes the worlds islands. Usually islands are thought of as belonging to the
continent to which they are closest, either in distance or in way of life. Great
34
Britain is actually a large island belonging to the mainland of Europe. Borneo and
New Guinea, near Australia, and the main Japanese island of Honshu are some of
the large islands of the world. Greenland, east of North America, is the largest of
the islands, covering about 840,000 square miles. Archipelagos, are clusters of
islands, stretch out over great distances and sometimes appear as stepping-stones
between two continents. The great archipelago of the East Indies lies between
Asia and Australia, though it is considered a part of Asia.
b. What is a Continent?
A continent is a large mass of the earths crust which rises above the level of
the oceans surrounding it. If we examine a globe of the world we see that a
continent is just a very big island. Continents are so much bigger than the islands
near them that they are given this special name. The continents are Eurasia,
Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, and Australia. The name
Eurasia may sound strange. Because the countries of Europe are different in many
ways from those of Asia, Europe is often thought of as a separate continent.
However, Europe is a westward extension of Asia; it is part of the same land mass.
Therefore it is better for us to consider that the two areas make up one continent,
Eurasia.
North and South America, and Eurasia and Africa, are not actually separate,
but they touch only at points that are very small compared to the great size of the
continents. A narrow land bridge between continents, like the one between North
and South America, is called an isthmus. Some geographers take the view that
because Africa is connected to the Eurasian land mass at the Isthmus of Suez, all
this land forms one great continent. Eurasia and Africa, they say, are not separated
by the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean region is simply a connecting zone
between the two parts of the land mass. It is so small compared to the oceans that
it can be considered an inland sea. There is almost a point of contact at Gibraltar.
Afro-Eurasia has about two-thirds of the land area and nine-tenths of the
population of the entire world. There have always been close connections between
35
the peoples of the regions of Eurasia and Africa that surround the Mediterranean
Sea.
North and South America are not as closely connected as Eurasia and
Africa. Because the west coast of South America is more directly south, it is easier
to reach from the United States by way of the Panama Canal than is the east coast.
In its historical and political development, North America has been closer to
Eurasia than to South America. Alaska is separated from Siberia, in Asia, only by
the Bering Strait. On the east coast, Labrador leads us to Greenland, Iceland and
the British Isles as contact points between North America and Europe across the
North Atlantic. During the Second World War, ships used the short North Atlantic
route between Newfoundland and Murmansk. Since the war, commercial flights
between the United States and Europe have followed the same great circle route.
Table 2. The Name and Large of Continents
No Name Of Contonents Large Of Continents
(sq mil)
1 Eurasia 20,275,624
2 Africa 11,529,480
3 North America 9,363,868
4 South America 7,096,656
5 Antartica 5,363,626
6 Australia 2,974,381
Sumber: E. Fairchild, Johnson Principle Of Geography (1964)
c. Where are The Continents?

The continents are not evenly distributed over the worlds surface. Only two
continents, Australia and Antarctica, are wholly in the southern hemisphere. All
the other continents are located farther north than south. They are shaped
somewhat like triangles, with the tapered narrow points in the south.
Consequently, there is much less land in the southern hemisphere. Because of its
northern location and its shape, North America is mostly in the subarctic and cool
temperate zone. This is also true of Eurasia. The broadest parts of south America
and Africa are in the hot belts of the world.
36
The continents of the eastern hemisphere can be compared only roughly
with those of the western hemisphere. The countries of Eurasia are farther north
than the United States. Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region are about
as far north as New York City. In checking the latitudes of some cities in the
United States with those of Europe, you will find that Charlottesville, Virginia, is
about the same latitude as Athens, Greece. New York City, Madrid, Naples, and
Istanbul are all about 41 north latitude. Providence, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod,
Massachusetts, are about the same latitude as Rome, Italy. It is hard to find east
coast cities of North America to match European cities farther north than Rome.
Paris, France, is opposite the Gasp Peninsula of Canada. London, England, is
opposite Newfoundland. Oslo (Norway), Helsinki (Finland), and Leningrad
(Soviet Union), are about 60 N, which is about the same latitude as the northern
tip of Labrador and Hudson Bay. These are rather unsettled areas of North
America. In a similar way, the continent of Africa lies farther north than South
America. Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Capetown, South Africa, are at about the
same latitude.
We must remember that cities at similar latitudes do not necessarily have
similar climates. New York City has a less even climate than Naples, and
Providence is generally cooler than Rome. The reasons for these differences of
climate lie in currents, winds, and other conditions.
It is interesting to compare the locations of North and South America. The
west coast of South America is more or less in the same longitude as the east coast
of North America. Miami Beach is in a direct line north of Panama and
Guayaquil, Ecuador, which is the most westerly part of all South America.
The remaining continents, Australia and Antarctica, are very different from
each other because of their location. Australia lies between the Indian and Pacific
Oceans. Therefore it is in the center of important trade routes. Though it has a low
population, its geographic position gives it an important place in the world today.
Antarctica stretches across the tip of the southern hemisphere below South
America, Africa, and Australia. It is closest, geographically, to South America, but
37
only to the most southern tip, which has few settlements. Antarctica is
uninhabited, although expeditions go there to study its conditions. It is the least
important of the continents. However it may someday be a link in an important air
route from Asia and Africa to South and North America.
d. What are The Continents Like?

The continents are much alike in some ways, and very different in other
ways. If you looked at the continents from the air, you would see that except for
Antarctica, they all have areas of mountains and plains, large and small rivers and
lakes, forested regions, and dry, barren places. In North America and Eurasia you
would see large areas covered with snow.
On closer view, however, the continents have many differences. Parts of
North America and Europe are very heavily settled with towns and cities, while
much of South America, Africa, and Asia remains comparatively undeveloped.
The industries and agricultural products of each country vary greatly because of
differences in climate and other conditions.
Politically, in their organization and type of government, the continents
differ from one another. North America is made up mainly of three countries:
Mexico, the United States, and Canada. South America and Africa include many
separate countries. Eurasia has many political divisions. Australia is the only
continent which is a single country.
a. How were The Continents Formed?

As we know, the great land masses, or continents, rise above the water of
the oceans which surround them. This rise is fairly gradual. Even when steep cliffs
meet the water, there is usually a continental shelf under the ocean surface. This is
an underwater region that slopes out gradually toward the deep ocean basins.
It is not known exactly how the continents and ocean basins were formed.
There are numerous theories. Among the more widely accepted explanations are
38
the contraction theory, the continental drift theory, the gravitational theory, and the
meteorite theory.
1) Contraction Theory
At same time after the planet Earth was formed, it must have been very hot.
Then it began to cool and a crust of rock formed. Through the millions of years
that followed, changes occurred in the interior of the earth, beneath the crust.
Many scientists believe that a shrinking of the earth caused the crust of light rock
to bend, fold, and break. Molten rock from beneath the crust was forced up and
flowed out on the surface. All these changes formed the continents and the ocean
basins. We known that the earths crust is very thin in the deep ocean basins.
Beneath the rocks of the crust is a region of much heavier rock, called the mantle.
2) Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener developed the theory of the continental drift. He suggested
that when the earths crust cooled, it formed only one large continent. Being light,
this continent floated on the heavier rocks beneath. After a time it began to split
into two large blocks. One block was in the northern hemisphere and one was in
the southern hemisphere. They were separated by a huge sea, which Wegener
called the Tethys Sea. There was then a northern block and a southern block.
These great blocks, because they were floating, moved apart and eventually broke
into smaller pieces. The northern block formed North America and Eurasia. The
southern block became South America, Africa, Antarctica, and Australia. In time,
the Tethys Sea was narrowed. All that remains of this once great ocean are the
Mediterranean, the Black, and the Caspian Seas.
If this theory is correct, it should be possible to fit the continents back
together as one great block like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Applying this test, it
does seem that Africa, South America, and Eurasia might have been one block.
Some people have found other reasons to believe this. They have tried to trace
certain plants that lived very long ago, from their remains in the rocks. These
traces of plants are called fossil plants. At least one particular kind of fossil plant
39
is found in the ancient rock of South America, Africa, India, and Siberia. This
suggest that these land areas were once connected.
Perhaps Australia was at one time part of Asia, connected to it by the East
Indies. The continental drift broke up the area into a large number of islands.
3) Grafitional Theory
Some scientists think that the ocean basins were formed when a large star
passed close to the earth. The gravitational pull between the star and the earth
would have been very strong. It is thought that because the surface of the earth
was still hot and soft, large portions of the earth were pulled out into space. The
great holes became the ocean basins. According to this theory, the moon was
pulled from the Pacific Ocean basin.
4) Meteorite Theory
Another theory is that the ocean basins were formed by meteorites falling on
the earth. The craters on the moon and the ocean basins of the earth are supposed
to have been formed in the same manner.
It is supposed that during the formation of the solar system, the earth and
moon were hit by huge meteorites. The force of the impact was so great that the
edges of the zones where the meteorites landed must have been forced upward.
This may account for the coastal mountains around some continents. It also may
account for the fact that some of the highest mountains occur next to the deepest
oceans. For example, the Andes Mountains extend along the Pacific coast of
South America.
Each of these theories has its supporters, but no one has yet provided a
satisfactory explanation for all the questions raised about the continents and
ocean basins. Scientists are always working to provide a clearer picture of
how the earths continents and ocean basins were formed.
b. How have The Continents Changed?
In the millions of years that have passed since the first continents and
oceans were formed, the land masses have gone through many changes. Some of
these changes can be traced in the rocks of the earths surface. Their story is called
40
the geologic record. We know that at some periods, parts of the continents were
covered by shallow seas, and other parts that are now under water were once
above the surface. Climates in different parts of the continents were changed
during the course of geologic time. Mountains were pushed up and worn down
again. All these things occurred gradually, but can be seen in the geologic record.
Today there are great areas of ancient rock that form almost level plains and
low plateaus in each continent. Apparently they have remained the same through
many different geological periods. In the northern hemisphere there are three large
regions of this ancient rock. The Laurentian Shield of northeastern North America
extends from Newfoundland and Labrador west to Lake Athabasca, and from the
Great Lakes and the northern part of the eastern United States to the Arctic Ocean.
The other two regions are the Baltic Shield and the Siberian Platform in northern
Eurasia.
In the southern hemisphere these ancient rocks are found in four large areas:
South America east of the Andes, most of Africa south of the Atlas Mountains, the
peninsula of Arabia, and the peninsula of India.
c. What Causes Geologic Change?

The cause of all the changes that have occurred in geologic time is not
definitely known. As in the question of the formation of the continents, many
explanations have been offered.
1) Earth Movement
Some of the same forces that formed the continents may be responsible for
mountain building and the rise and fall of large areas of land. If the earth is
shrinking, the crust is still being folded in some places and stretched and broken
in other places. The pressure of the continents as they drift toward each other may
cause mountains to rise along the coasts.
It is believed that the rocks of the continents and the ocean basins tend to
stay in balance. That means that if a large amount of rock from a continent is
41
washed into the ocean basin, the continent tends to rise, because it is lighter than
before, and the ocean basin sinks, because it is heavier.
The effect of differences in temperatures under the earths crust is also
thought to cause movement in the surface rocks. The heat may come mainly from
radioactive minerals, and is held in by the great pressure of the heavy rocks.
Where the heat becomes great enough to melt the rocks near the surface, the
molten rock flows upward and pushes up the rocks of the crust.
2) Erotion
Mountains are worn down by the process of erosion. Weather, running
water, ice, and wind break up the rocks and carry the particles away. The material
is deposited in other places, such us in oceans, at the mouths of streams where
they join larger rivers, or on desert plains. Eventually, the pressure of all the layers
of material may cause the lower layers to become hard rock. Heat, from the
pressure and from other causes, helps to cement the particles firmly together.
Chemical action in the rock minerals also plays a part. These new rocks are called
sedimentary rocks. (Sandstone is a sedimentary rock.) They may later be folded
and pushed up to form mountains again.
3) Volcanism
Volcanism is another cause of geologic change. Molten rock from deep in
the earth may flow out on the surface. Then it is called lava. Lava may build up
high mountains, or may flow great distances to form broad plains. Underwater
streams of lava may create islands.
The word volcanism means the movement of molten rock, either under the
surface of the earth or above it. The molten rock cools to form what we call
igneous rocks. (Granite is an igneous rock.)
D. Review Quastions and Task
1. What is a continent?
2. Name the six continents in order of size.
42
3. What is an isthmus?
4. Is most of the worlds land in the northern hemisphere or in the southern
hemisphere?
5. Why is Australia a more important continent than Antarctica?
6. Explain the theory of continental drift.
7. What does the geologic record tell us?
8. What changes may be caused by shrinking of the earth?
9. Give two possible causes of earth movement.
10. What is lava?
E. Rangkuman
A continent is a large mass of the earths crust which rises above the level of
the oceans surrounding it. Continents are so much bigger than the islands near
them that they are given this special name. The continents are Eurasia, Africa,
North America, South America, Antarctica, and Australia.
The continents are not evenly distributed over the worlds surface. Only two
continents, Australia and Antarctica, are wholly in the southern hemisphere. All
the other continents are located farther north than south. They are shaped
somewhat like triangles, with the tapered narrow points in the south. It is not
known exactly how the continents and ocean basins were formed.
There are numerous theories. Among the more widely accepted
explanations are the contraction theory, the continental drift theory, the
gravitational theory, and the meteorite theory.
F. Buku Sumber
Pembina Swajaya

43
Indah.
Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: KBI Corporation.
BAB VI
KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN MINGGU KE 12 DAN 13
Mountains
A. Pengantar
Pegunungan merupakan wilayah yang terangkat dari wilayah sekitarnya
puncaknya lebih kecil dari dasarnya. Pegunungan juga merupakan hasil yang
paling besar dari pembentukan dataran rendah.
Kehidupan di pegunungan sangat sulit, tetapi orang selalu beranggapan
bahwa pegunungan adalah sesuatu yang sangat menakjubkan. Seperti pegunungan
Himalaya yang diselimuti salju abadi di India dengan puncaknya Everest (29.028
kaki), pegunungan Alpen di Eropa dengan lereng yang curam, gunung Fujiyama
di Jepang dan lainnya, semuanya menjadi eksotis bagi pencinta alam dan
lingkungan.
44
Pada bagian ini dijelaskan bagaimana proses terbentuknya pegunungan,
pengaruh dan kekuatan pegunungan bagi kehidupan manusia, serta persebaran
pegunungan yang ada di dunia.
Setelah mempresentasikan hasil kerja kelompok melalui power point

mahasiswa mampu; (1) Menjelaskan konten konsep What is Mountain?,
How are Mountain Formed? How are Mountains Worn Down? Erosion by
Weather and Running Water, How do Mountains Affect Human Life? (2)
Mendiskusikan melalui tanya jawab What is Mountain?, How are Mountain
Formed? How are Mountains Worn Down? Erosion by Weather and Running
Water, How do Mountains Affect Human Life? dengan contoh-contoh di
peta, (3) Menganalisis konten topik materi What is Mountain?, How are
Mountain Formed? How are Mountains Worn Down? Erosion by Weather
and Running Water, How do Mountains Affect Human Life? (4) Menentukan
inti pokok dalam wacana (main idea) topik materi What is Mountain?, How
are Mountain Formed? How are Mountains Worn Down? Erosion by
Weather and Running Water, How do Mountains Affect Human Life?

a. Introduction
Mountains are the most impressive of land forms. Living in mountain
regions can be very difficult, but men have always been deeply aware of the
beauty of mountains. The highest and most awe-inspiring mountains are Mount
Everest, 29,028 feet, in the Himalaya mountains between India and Tibet; Mount
Aconcagua, 22,834 feet, in the Andes between Argentina and Chile; Mount
McKinley, 20,320 feet, in Alaska; and Mount Kilimanjaro, 19,340 feet, in
northeast Tanganyika.
b. What is a Mountain?
A mountain is a land area that rises noticeably above the region around it
and is much smaller at the top than at the base. A group of mountains is called a
45
mountain range; a group of ranges forms a mountain system. Several systems that
are close together and have a similar origin make up a mountain chain.
Sometimes people ask how high a hill must be to be called a mountain.
There is no set height which separates mountains from hills. Usage depends on
local custom. Mount Monadnock in southern New Hampshire is only 3165 feet
above sea level, but it rises noticeably above a low region. The Black Hills of
South Dakota are 7242 feet above sea level, but they are located on a high plain.
Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, measured from its base on the floor of the Pacific Ocean,
is 30,000 feet high, although its height above sea level is only 13,675 feet.
Just as mountains are of different heights, so they are of different shapes.
They vary tremendously in angle of slope. Some, like the Grand Tetons in
Wyoming and the Dolomites in northeastern Italy, have steep sides. Many peaks
in the Alps have sheer triangular sides, carved out by ice. Certain volcanic
mountains, such as Fujiyama in Japan and Vesuvius in Italy, are conical in shape,
with definite peaks. Mount Etna, in Sicily, has a huge base and fairly gradual
slope, as do most of the Hawaiian volcanic mountains. Some mountains, like the
Koolau range of Oahu, Hawaii, have knife-edge ridges at their summits. The
Sierra Nevada Mountains of California are basically a single ridge. They have a
gentle slope to the west and a steep face to the east. Table Top Mountain, near
Capetown, South Africa, is so named because it has a flat top.
c. How are Mountains Formed?

The great variety in the shape of mountains is the result of the way the
mountain ranges were formed. You have seen in Part 3 that continents may be
lifted up by movements of the earths crust over periods of thousands and millions
of years. Mountains, on a smaller scale, are formed in much the same manner.
There are five general classes of mountains, named according to the way they
were formed.
1) Fold mountains are the result of heat and pressure which causes wrinkling of
layers of rock into folds.
46
2) Block mountains result from the movement up or down, or both, of great
masses of rock along a crack called a fault.
3) Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanism, the outpouring of lava on the
surface of the earth.
4) Dome mountains are formed by gentle uplift that is not great enough to create a
fold. They are also the result of a welling up of molten rock beneath the earths
surfaces, pushing up the rock layers above.
To form complex mountains, more than one of the processes just described
must occur. In the Rocky Mountains there has been folding, faulting, and
volcanism.
1) Fold Mountains
Sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone and limestone, are formed under
water in layers. They consist of sand or bits of tiny shells. After millions of years
of heat and pressure, these layers become stone. If there is pressure from the sides
on the rock beds, they are wrinkled or folded. Of course, this process goes on
very, very slowly.
Folding of rocks has occurred in many parts of the world. Where the surface
material has been worn away, the edges of the sedimentary beds are exposed. The
harder, more resistant layers from long, narrow, parallel ridges. The softer layers,
those more easily broken up, form valleys. This creates the typical parallel ridge
and valley arrangement of such regions as the newer Appalachian Mountains of
Pennsylvania and Virginia, the Jura Mountains of France, parts of the Alps, and
the Zagros Mountains of Iran.
2) Block Mountains
Cracks or fractures often occur along a zone of weakness in the earths
crust. Slipping of rock along the crack, called faulting, sometimes goes along with
folding and uplift. The pressure is so great that one rock mass is pushed or thrust
over the other along a break. These thrust-fault mountains are found in the Lewis
and Clark Ranges in Montana as well as in some other mountain ranges. In block
faulting, large blocks or masses of the earths crust are pushed upward or
47
downward. They may be tilted at the same time. Block-fault mountains have one
steep slope and one long gradual slope, like the Sierra Nevada mountains
mentioned above. The Wasatch range of Utah is another example. The Sierra
Nevada block is 500 miles long and up to 100 miles wide. The eastern side rises
sharply to over 10,000 feet, while the western side gradually slopes down to the
valley of California.
3) Volcanism
As explained in Part 3, molten rock beneath the surface of the earth may
push up the land above it or flow out on the surface. Sometimes molten rock,
called magma, wells up into spaces between layers of rock. This process is known
as intrusive volcanism: the magma intrudes (pushes in) between the rocks. The
rocks above the intrusion are domed upward. When the rocks above the intrusion
are worn away, the igneous rock formed from the cooled magma is exposed.
Because such rock is usually very hard, it eventually forms high mountains.
Weather and the action of water and ice can only carve it into sharp peaks. The
Black Hills of South Dakota were formed in this way. When the intrusion is very
large, covering hundreds of miles, it is called a batholith. The Laurentian
Mountains of Canada were formed from a batholith.
When the magma finds an outlet at the surface, it pours out. Then it is called
lava, and the place where it flows out is a volcano. Volcanism of this kind is
extrusive, it extrudes (pushes out).
Volcanos may be explosive or quite. In an explosive volcano, the top, or
outlet, has been plugged with cooled lava. Gases from the magma slowly build up
pressure beneath the surface. Eventually there is an explosion, and bits of rock,
ash, and lava, as well as the gas, are thrown high into the air. As this material falls
around the outlet, it builds up a coneshape mountain, such as Fujiyama.
Explosive volcanos have caused great damage and loss of life in past times
and are still doing so today. In spite of our ability the predict eruptions by means
of scientific instruments, unexpected explosions do occur. An example of the
destruction caused by volcanos of this type is the eruption of Mont Pele in1902.
48
Mont Pele is a volcano on the island of Martinique, in the West Indies. Several
days before the eruption there were loud explosions from the volcano, followed
by the outpouring of clouds of volcanic ash. Thousands of people began to leave
the city of St. Pierre at the foot of the mountain. On May 8th there were about
30,000 people still remaining in the city. Suddenly there was loud roar and Mt.
Pele erupted a great mass of hot gas and fine glowing particles. Because it was so
thick and heavy, this fire cloud rolled down the side of the mountain at about 60
miles an hour. In a few minutes it enveloped the entire town and instantly
destroyed its thousands of inhabitants. The intense heat turned almost everything
except stone to ashes. Even ships in the harbor burned. St. Pierre was not buried;
it was destroyed by hot gas. It never recovered.
Since then Mt. Pele has had other eruptions. A volcanic observatory was
established on the side of Mt. Pele so that eruptions could be predicted and
further loss of life avoided.
Volcanos are not always of the explosive type. Most of those in Hawaii are
the quite type. This does not mean that there is no active eruption, but simply the
there is no build-up of gases and very little hot ash. The lava flows out freely. In
eruptions of Kilauea, great fountains of lava rose hundreds of feet in the air. The
lava flows build up a mountain that is very wide and fairly low.
Some of the volcanos of the world are quite and explosive by turns. These
are called intermediate volcanos. Stromboli, in Sicily, and Mount Vesuvius, in
Italy, are volcanos of this type. In 79 A. D., an explosive eruption of Vesuvius
buried the Roman city of Pompeii in hot ashes. In recent times, the city has been
uncovered, with many of its walls still standing. Fine statues and other art objects
were found in good condition after nearly eighteen centuries had passed. The lava
flows and explosive eruptions of intermediate volcanos form a mountain with a
slopes that are less steep than those of the explosive volcano.
49
a. How are Mountains Worn Down?
Because of their great size and solidity, mountains seem to be everlasting.
Neither mountains not any other surface features of the earth are permanent,
however. Mountains are constantly wearing away and breaking down in the
process called erosion.
b. Erosion by Weather and Running Water
Weather is the most important cause of erosion. Changes in temperature, as
between warm days and cold nights, cause bits of surface rock to be loosened.
Rain, snow, and hail then move away this loose material. Rocks also break up
through the action of water seeping into crevices of the rock. The water is frozen
during the lowering of temperatures at night. During the day it is melted again by
the sun. The freezing water expands, pressing against the rock and widening the
cracks. In dry regions, wind is an important agent of erosion. The wind drives
particles of sand and pebbles against the rocks, loosening other small particles
from the surface. Wind wears away rocks as sandpaper does a piece of wood,
although of course the action is very slow.
The combined forces of the weather cause the surface of the earth,
particularly in the exposed mountain areas, to be ground into fine material. Larger
rocks are loosened and torn away by running water. This material is washed into
mountain streams and eventually carried down to large rivers. In turn, the rocks,
pebbles, and sand carried by the streams cut into the rock of the stream bed and
wear it down. The faster the water flows, the more work it can do in wearing away
the rock. Therefore mountain streams can carve their valleys more quickly than
streams in low, flat regions.
1) Glaciation
Ice wears away the mountains, in a special process called glaciation. A
glacier is a mass of snow and ice. The mass is built up over a long period of time.
Finally it becomes so heavy that it begins to move very slowly down hill.
Mountain glacier are formed at high elevations wherever there are large
amounts of snow during most of the year. The snow itself and the water formed
50
from melting snow freeze and pile up. Eventually, through alternate melting and
freezing at the surface, a great mass of ice is formed. The pull of gravity causes
the mass to move slowly downward. The ice moves most easily through small
gullies or valleys that have already been formed by streams. As the mass of ice
continues to enlarge, it pushes a tongue of ice at the front of the glacier further and
further down the valley. Ice melts and freezes again on the rocks at the edges of
the glacier. This action pulls away surface material from the rocks and carries it
along. Large rocks, gravel, and sand frozen in the ice rub against the rock and
wear it away. The result is that the glacier eventually carves out a hollow place in
the side of the mountains. The hollow is usually rounded at the top, and is called a
cirque, the French word for circus, because it looks like a large open theater.
When cirques are dug out on all sides of mountain, it becomes a very sharp peak.
Such a peak is called a matterhorn, after the famous mountain in the Alps.
When the glacier moves through a large valley, the ice scours out the bottom
of the valley and scrapes along the sides. This results in a U-shaped valley, rather
than the normal V-shaped bed that a stream carves. Many such valleys can be seen
in high mountain regions in cool climates. Mountain glaciation accounts for some
of the most beautiful scenery in the world, such as the Alps and the Canadian
Rockies.
Today, glaciation occurs only in mountain regions. In past times, however,
great ice sheets covered parts of continents. Ice movement carved and ground
away the rocks even in low regions. Glacial features are found as far south as the
Ohio River Valley and in parts of northern Europe and Asia. These continental
glaciers, besides carving out the land, also dropped material and left it behind as
they melted and moved backwards.
2) Peneplanes
The final stage of erosion of a mountain region is an almost flat plain, called
a peneplane. Not many large areas of this kind can be found today. This is because
most regions have been uplifted at least once during the long process of erosion.
51
However, in some mountain regions, where the tops of the peaks are fairly flat,
level surfaces can be identified as former peneplanes.
c. How do Mountains Affect Human Life?

Mountains strongly affect the lives of those who dwell in on near them.
Because mountain soil is thin in most places, settlements are few and widely
separated in mountain regions. Mountain people are usually independent; they
learn to take care of themselves. The harsh climate of most mountain regions
requires strength and endurance in the inhabitants.
The presence of nearby mountains has important effects on the climate of
surrounding regions. When mountains lie along a coastline, much of the moisture
carried by winds blowing inland is dropped before the clouds cross the mountains.
Thus the area east of the Pacific ranges is quite dry, while the coastal areas are
moist.
One of the most important effects of mountains on human life is that they
act as a barrier to travel and communication. Mountains are regions that can be
easily defended from invaders. In mountainous places such as Armenia, China,
and the southern Appalachians of the United States, the people remained isolated
until recent years. They kept the language and customs of earlier times while
people in the lowlands around them were rapidly changing.
d. Mountain Passes
The mountain passes through which people are able to cross from one
region to another have played an especially important part in history. They serve
as an example of the way mountains affect mankind.
The Mohawk Valley. The Mohawk River Valley is a pass through the
northern Appalachian mountains. It is only 445 feet above sea level. It connects
the Hudson Valley at Albany on the east with the Great Lakes plains on the west.
Before the European settlement of America, this was a trade and war path for the
Iroquois-Mohawk Indians. During the wars between England and France for the
control of the colonies, it was an important battleground. In the Revolutionary
52
War, the British fleet blockaded the coast of the thirteen colonies. Then British
troops tried to drive south from Canada to the Hudson Valley. By cutting off the
Mohawk Valley pass, they hoped to isolate the colonies. The pass was an
important supply route during the War of 1812. Later the Erie Canal was
constructed through the pass from the Hudson to the Great Lakes. The New York
Central Railroad built tracks from New York City to Chicago along this same
route. The greatness of New York City began when western settlers found it was
easier and cheaper to ship goods to Manhattan than to Boston. The freight came
across the Mohawk Valley to Albany and then south on the Hudson. Freight to
Boston had to be put in small ox carts and dragged over the mountains east of
Albany. Thus the Mohawk Valley pass changed the history of America.
Belfort Pass. The past of Belfort, in France, between the Vosges and the
Jura mountain ranges, is one of the most important passes in all Europe. This pass,
sometimes called the Burgundian gate, unites the Rhone-Saone River valleys with
the Rhine Valley. It is 1140 feet above sea level. Since ancient times this has been
a key point in trade between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. It was a trade
route of the Etruscans, one of the pre-Roman peoples of Italy. Napoleon and many
other military men though this was the point from which central Europe could be
controlled. Therefore it was constantly fought over. Today it is still a busy railway
and road pass through the mountains.
Khyber Pass. In Asia, the Khyber Pass connects Kabul, Afghanistan, with
Rawlpindi on the northwest frontier of Pakistan. It crosses the high mountain
range of northern India. The route follows the Kabul River and enters Pakistan at
an elevation of 6825 feet. The Khyber Pass has a steep, narrow twisting canyon.
At least part of it was cut by a mountain stream. During the summer, it is
extremely hot, and the barren rocks reflect the heat like the walls of a furnace. By
this path in ancient times invaders of India entered and spread out over the
northern part of the country. Centuries later, elements of Mongol civilization also
came into India through the Khyber Pass. The Mongol rulers left magnificent
monuments, like the Taj Mahal. Throughout the period of British power in India,
53
the Khyber Pass was an almost constant battle ground between the Pathan tribes
of Afghanistan and the British Army. This was the training ground for mountain
and desert troops whose job it was to keep peace and protect trade and the borders
of the British Empire.
These are only a few of the mountain passes which have strongly affected
human life. Many others could be pointed out. Civilization has advanced as men
have found ways of crossing the mountain barriers which limited their contacts
with their fellows.
1. How do mountains vary?
2. Give three ways in which mountains are formed.
3. What is faulting?
4. What is the difference between explosive and quiet volcanos?
5. Describe the part played by weather in the erosion of mountains.
6. How do streams deepen their valleys?
7. Describe the formation of a glacier.
8. What is the matterhorn?
9. What is the historical importance of the Mohawk Valley?
10. Where is the Khyber Pass?
E. Rangkuman
A mountain is a land area that rises noticeably above the region around it
and is much smaller at the top than at the base. Mountains are the most
impressive of land forms. Living in mountain regions can be very difficult, but
men have always been deeply aware of the beauty of mountains.
Mountains strongly affect the lives of those who dwell in on near them.
Because mountain soil is thin in most places, settlements are few and widely
separated in mountain regions. Mountain people are usually independent; they
54
learn to take care of themselves. The harsh climate of most mountain regions
requires strength and endurance in the inhabitants.
The great variety in the shape of mountains is the result of the way the
mountain ranges were formed. There are five general classes of mountains, named
according to the way they were formed, are Fold mountains, Block mountains or
Fault mountains, Volcanic mountains, Dome mountains, and complex mountains.
F. Buku Sumber
Pembina Swajaya


Indah.
55
BAB VII
KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN MINGGU KE 14
FranceRichest Land in Western Europe
A. Pengantar
Negara Perancis merupakan negara yang paling datar dan terluas di Eropa,
letaknya sangat strategis dikelilingi oleh Laut Utara, Samudera Atlantik, dan Laut
Mediterania. Iklim negara ini sangat cocok untuk pertanian, sehingga negara ini
terkenal dengan hasil pertanian buah-buahan selatan dan sayuran seperti, anggur
apel, pear, sankis.
Hasil alam negara Perancis antara lain; bijih besi, batubara, tembaga, gas
alam, dan uranium. Sedang hasil industri Perancis adalah tekstil, perabotan,
barang luks, mobil, dan industrimkerajinan. Untuk mengenal lebih detail tentang
negara Perancis akan diuraikan pada materi berikutnya.

mahasiswa mampu; (1) Menjelaskan konten konsep FranceRichest
Land in Western Europe, (2) Mendiskusikan melalui tanya jawab
FranceRichest Land in Western Europe, dengan contoh-contoh di peta,
(3) Menganalisis konten topik materi FranceRichest Land in Western
Europe (4) Menentukan inti pokok dalam wacana (main idea) topik
materi FranceRichest Land in Western Europe
Softskill: mampu menterjemahkan, dan memahami buku teks
56
C. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 14
FranceRichest Land in Western Europe
Location
France has many natural advantages. Her location is excellent for trade. The
country faces three important bodies of water-the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean,
and the Mediterranean Sea-and has over 2,000 miles of coastline.
Topography
Mountain ranges protect France along her borders. The more important
ranges are the Pyrenees in the south, the Alps, Jura, and Vosges in the east, and the
low Ardennes in the northeast. The Belgian frontier west of the Ardennes is the
only border of France that is not protected by mountains. This was a very weak
spot in both world wars.
A large part of France, especially the north and west, is an extension of the
Great European Plain. The fertile soil of the plain is excellent for farming, and the
level land makes transportation easy. Southeastern France is a high tableland of
low mountains and foothills of the Alps. But many passes through the mountains
are an aid to transportation.
Rivers and canals are widely used to ship freight in France. The Seine flows
to the English Channel, the Loire to the Atlantic, the Garonne to the bay of Biscay,
and the Rhone to the Mediterranean. The Rhine, which borders France for a part
of its course, flows to the North Sea by way of Germany and the Netherlands.
Climate
The mild sea climate of France is very good for agriculture, the leading
occupation among Frenchmen. There is less fog than in Britain and more sun.
Rainfall is abundant except in the southeast. In southern France, where wine
making is an important industry, the long hot summers along the coast are ideal
for growing grapes.
Resources
57
The natural resources of France include the fertile soil of the plain, water
power and timber in the mountains, large coal fields in the north, rich iron
deposits in Lorraine, potash in Alsace, and bauxite in the southern Alps. The
worlds largest deposits of natural gas have recently been discovered near the
Pyrenees.
Rich Farmlands
About half the land of France can be cultivated, an unusually high
percentage for Europe. Since the days of the French Revolution, these farmers
have owned their own land. Much of the land is divided into small plots. This
makes it hard to use much heavy machinery. For this reason, there are not as many
tractors on French farms as on British farms. The French peasant is known for the
great care and attention he gives to his land.
Wheat, oats, sugar beets, potatoes, and livestock are the leading products in
the northern and central parts of the country. France is one of the leading wheat
producing countries in the world. The nations southern crops, however, are
different from those grown in the central and northern regions. In the south, where
there is a Mediterranean climate, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits are the main
products.
With a generally good climate and soil, and much skill on the part of her
farmers, France is able to supply most of her own food. Fruits, vegetables, meat,
and wine are usually found everywhere. The sea supplies fish for fine French
cooking.
Industry
France has two main types of industry-fashionable handmade items,
produced for the luxury markets of the world, and standard manufactured goods,
such as ready-made clothing, bicycles, and automobiles.
Luxury Items
58
Fine perfumes, jewelry, clothing, furniture, glassware, and pottery are
French specialties. They are mostly exported or sold to foreign tourists to give
France money to buy fuel and other necessary imported goods.
Textiles
The leading French industry is textiles. Silk was first produced for the use of
the French court. Some raw silk is still made in France, where the humid climate
is favorable; but, because of high labor costs, most raw silk is now imported.
The largest part of the textile industry now makes rayon and cotton goods of
good design and workmanship. The chemical process for making rayon costs a
great deal, and these plants are usually much larger than other textile plants. Most
cotton textile plants have less than a hundred employees. France also imports
woolen piece goods, to be finished and sold.
Iron Industry
The iron ore deposits of the Lorraine region are the foundation of French
heavy industry. One of the largest iron ore deposits in Europe is in an area
seventy miles long and twelve miles wide. The ore is easily worked by open-pit
digging, as well as by underground mines. France exports some of her iron to
Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany which do not have rich iron ore deposits of
their own.
Coal
France can produce only part of the coal which she needs to manufacture
steel and generate electricity. The richest coal deposits are found in the north of
France near the Belgian frontier. Chemical plants have been built nearby to make
use of by-products.
Steel
French steel supplies the needs of the countrys shipbuilding, automobile,
and machinery industry. French heavy industry is made up of thousands of small
firms and a few large ones, like the Renault automobile company.
Electric Power
59
With the help of water power, a number of chemical products such as
sulfuric acid, artificial fertilizers, soda, and aluminum are made. Most of the water
power stations are in the mountains of the southeast. These are along distance
from the industrial centers of the northwest.
Paris-One of the Worlds Greatest Cities
Paris is the center of the rail, canal, and highway systems of France. It is
served by the great ports of Le Havre and Cherbourg. The nations light industries
are here, particularly Parisian specialties like fine womens clothing and
accessories. Art, education, music, the theatres, government, newspapers, banking,
business, and the tourist trade-all these activities are centered in the busy French
capital.
Marseilles
This is the second largest French city, and the largest seaport on the
Mediterranean. The Rhone-Saone river route, which connects northern and
southern France, ends here. Tropical goods, such as sugar, salad oils, and soap are
the basis of the local industries. Marseilles also manufactures chemicals and silk
and rayon products. Recently, it has received thousands of French refugees from
Algeria.
Lyon
This is today the third largest city in France. Its banks are almost as
important as those of Paris in the nations financial life. Lyon is also the most
important silk-manufacturing center in the world.
Influence of France
Frenchmen, like Lafayette, helped us in our American Revolution and
fought bravely for freedom many times since then. The French Declaration of the
Rights of Man ranks with our Declaration of Independence as a great statement of
the ideals of freedom. The founders of many of the new nations, especially in
Africa, were educated by French missionaries or at the great University of Paris.
The names of Pasteur and the Curies in science, Renoir and Rodin in art, Flaubert
60
and Stendhal in literature, and Debussy and Ravel in music are some evidence of
the French influence on culture and higher living standards.

1. How have the following helped France: topography, climate, resources?
2. What are the luxury export items of France?
3. What are a few ways in which France has influenced the world?
4. Discuss about France-Richest Land in Western Europe !
Tabel 3. Locate on the Map

Rivers and Bays Province
s
Seine Garonne Rhine River Lorraine
River River
Loire Rhone Bay of Biscay Alsace
River River
Tabel 4. Look Up in the Dictionary

Potash Basis Frontier
Bauxite Agriculture Occupation
Edible oils Cultivation Humid
E. Rangkuman
France has many natural advantages. Her location is excellent for trade. The
country faces three important bodies of water-the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean,
and the Mediterranean Sea-and has over 2,000 miles of coastline. Mountain
ranges protect France along her borders. The more important ranges are the
Pyrenees in the south, the Alps, Jura, and Vosges in the east, and the low Ardennes
in the northeast.
The natural resources of France include the fertile soil of the plain, water
power and timber in the mountains, large coal fields in the north, rich iron
deposits in Lorraine, potash in Alsace, and bauxite in the southern Alps.
61
Paris-One of the Worlds Greatest Cities, Paris is the center of the rail,
canal, and highway systems of France. Marseilles is the second largest French
city, and the largest seaport on the Mediterranean. Lyon is today the third largest
city in France. Its banks are almost as important as those of Paris in the nations
financial life. Lyon is also the most important silk-manufacturing center in the
world.
F. Buku Sumber
Pembina Swajaya

Indah.
Israel, Saul. (1964). Introduction to Geography. New York, Enited States of

America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
62
BAB VIII
GermanyA Divided and Explosive Middle Land
A. Pengantar
Jerman merupakan negara yang terletak lebih dekat ke Uni Sovyet,
dibandingkan dengan negara-negara dunia barat (Eropa Barat). Jerman tidak
memiliki batas alam dengan negara tetangganya, sehingga negara ini menjadi
negara bebas.
Sebelum PD II Jerman penghasil batubara terbesar di Eropa barat, dan
sepertiga daerahnya mengahsilkan baja dan bijih besi. Setelah PD II utnk
kepentingan militer Jerman terbagi kepada empat zona yaitu; Jrman bagian barat
laut dibawah kekuasaan Inggris, Jerman bagian barat daya dibawah naungan
Amerika Serikat, bagian barat oleh Perancis, dan zona bagian timur oleh Rusia.
Potensi Jerman bertumpuk di daerah lembah Ruhr yang dijuluki dengan
jantung industri Eropa. Hasil penting negara ini adalah; batubara, besi dan baja,
nitrat sintetis, karet, serat dan lainnya. Untuk penjelasan lebih lanjut akan
diterangkan pada bagian berikutnya.

mahasiswa mampu; (1) Menjelaskan konten konsep Germany-A Divided and
Explosive Middle Land, (2) Mendiskusikan melalui tanya jawab Germany-A
Divided and Explosive Middle Land dengan contoh-contoh di peta, (3)
Menganalisis konten topik materi Germany-A Divided and Explosive Middle
Land, (4) Menentukan inti pokok dalam 63 wacana (main idea) topik materi
Germany-A Divided and Explosive Middle Land
Softskill: mampu menterjemahkan, dan memahami buku teks berbahsa
Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia
GermanyA Divided and Explosive Middle Land
Germany is a middle land between the eastern empire of Soviet Russia and
the free world of the west. She has no natural boundaries on the east or west to
separate her from her neighbors. Two world wars have been fought because of the
fighting nature of German rulers. What will be the role of Germany in the future?
Will she become once more a battleground between the East and West? Or will
she strive to lessen tensions between the Communist nations and the West,
because her territory and population are half behind the Iron Curtain and half in
the free world?
Importance of Germany
Before World War II, Germany produced most of Europes coal and one-third of
its steel. Her 70 million people had a large enough land area in which to live, and
they were able to raise most of their own food. Until their defeat in World War II,
the Germans enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world.
Divided Germany
For purposes of military occupation after World War II, Germany was
divided into four zones. The British held the northwest, the Americans the
southwest, the French a section of the west, and the Russians the east. The city of
Berlin, surrounded by the Russian-dominated eastern zone, was jointly occupied
by the four powers.
In 1949, the Western powers combined their three zones to create the
Federal Republic of West Germany. The city of Bonn was chosen as the new
64
states capital. The Soviet zone, with East Berlin as its capital, was formed into the
East German Democratic Republic in the same year.
West Germany, with a population of 54 million, is the larger and more
prosperous of the two states. The population of East Germany is about 17 million.
Many East Germans, particularly young people, left their Communist-dominated
homeland for the freedom of West Germany. Then the Berlin Wall was built to
stop them.
The Former Totalitarian State
A problem of Germany is to live down the feeling of guilt of the Nazi
period. At that time the Nazi party created a totalitarian dictatorship form of
government which ruled every side of life. Books were burned because they
described or favored democracy. Almost the entire Jewish population of Germany
was killed or forced to flee from their homes to other lands. Germany became a
land of blood and iron in which the rights of people or other nations counted for
nothing. In this cruel manner, Hitler and his followers conquered most of Europe
before they were forced back within the borders of German territory.
Since World War II, however, the West German people have been under a
democratic government, and they now can learn how to govern themselves. In this
way, they are much better off than their East German neighbors, who live under a
government that carries out the orders of the Soviet Union.
Topography
Germany is divided into two main regions-the North German Plain which is
part of the Great European Plain, and the central highlands and Alpine foothills
which extend southward into the Alps.
The country has many rivers for transportation. In the south, the Danube
flows eastward from the Black Forest region to Austria and the Balkans. The Oder
connects eastern Germany with the Baltic Sea. The Elbe, the Weser, and the Rhine
rivers flow to the North Sea.
There are also many canals throughout Germany. The Kiel Canal, one of the
busiest in the world, connects the Baltic and the North Seas. Unfortunately, much
65
of the usefulness of the German system of inland waterways is lost because of the
Soviet Unions Iron Curtain which divides East and West Germany.
Climate
The climate of Germany is influenced by its topography and distance from
the sea. The northwest feels the effect of ocean winds. Winters are mild, summers
cool, and there is quite a little rainfall. Toward the southwest, summers are hotter,
winters colder and there is less rain, although it is enough for farming.
Scientific Farming
The German farmer knows how to get the best results, with the least work,
time, and money. Much of the soil is not naturally fertile because of sand deposits
in many areas. To take care of this, German farms use chemical fertilizers, and
select their plants and seeds very carefully for planting. Animals too are selected
and bred for best results.
Germany is an important sugar beet grower. Dairying and livestock are also
stressed. On the northern plain, these activities are carried on very scientifically.
The eastern part of old Prussia was one of the last places in Europe to give up the
old feudal system of agriculture. In this system, serfs, who were almost slaves,
worked on huge estates owned by the wealthy ruling class. After World War II,
Eastern Prussia became part of Poland.
The northern plain of Germany is part of the great rye and potato belt of
Europe. In the drier, warmer south, wheat, barley, beets, fruits, as well as rye and
potatoes, are grown. Germanys well-kept forests, mostly in the hilly lands, teach
all countries how to save their forests. German forests are taken care of like crops,
and they look as neat as city parks.
Raw Materials for Industrial Leadership
German industrial leadership is based on scientific use of her excellent
supply of raw materials.
66
She has rich deposits of coal in the Ruhr and Saar Valleys. Germany owned
the rich coalfields of Silesia before World War II, but they have been given to
Poland. German coal is of high quality and is easy to mine. But Germany lacks
enough iron ore for her industries. She has some iron ore in the Rhineland, but has
to import much of what she needs from France and Sweden.
Germany has most of the worlds supply of potash, which is used as
fertilizer. Lead, zinc, copper, and salt are present also in some quantities.
Germanys chemical industry uses coal, slag, salt, and potash to manufacture
products such as drugs, soap, rayon, and glass. Synthetic nitrates, camphor,
rubber, and fuels produced at home help make Germany less dependent on foreign
imports.
Science and Industry
Heavy industries depend upon science, and German scientists and
technicians have long had an excellent reputation. The government and large
industrial arms have encouraged scientific research. Research laboratories develop
new products such as plastics and synthetics.
German businessmen today are opening up many new markets abroad and
have used their imaginations to create new lines or merchandise, such as the
inexpensive Volkswagen car. Germany is a leader in the manufacture of electrical,
optical, and surgical instruments. Fine steel, cutlery, and machinery are other
specialties, along with German cameras which are world-famous.
Berlin
Let us look at some of the main economic regions of Germany. The metropolis of
Germany is a city with over 3 million people. It was the capital of Germany until
her defeat in 1945. Industrial suburbs surround the city. Factories make electrical
machines and clothing. Printing, publishing, and food processing are leading
occupations. It is a center of commerce, finance, air transportation, and culture.
The Rhineland
67
The Rhine River is the chief outlet to the sea for central Europe. It flows
through an industrial region that needs cheap transportation. The fertile valley of
the Rhine has timber, barley, wheat, tobacco, and fruit.
The Ruhr Valley-Heart of German Industry

The Ruhr Valley, center of German economic strength, meets and Rhine at
Duisberg. The Ruhr Valley, which is forty miles long and ten miles wide, is an
almost solid mass of industrial cities.
The Ruhr is the most important coal district in Europe. Before the war, Ruhr
coal was used in the production of three-quarters of Germanys iron and steel.
With Silesia now under foreign control, the Ruhr produces an even greater
percentage of Germanys steel.
From the by-products of the coal industry, German scientists and
manufactures make a variety of products. These include coal, tar, benzene,
perfume, aspirin, pitch, synthetic rubber, explosives, plastics, and many other
products necessary for both home and industrial use.
The Ruhr is a closely packed industrial region. Metal, textile, and chemical
plants are located near the rich coal deposits. The great industrial cities of Essen,
Dusseldorf, and Dortmund are found in this area.
The Saar
To the west of the Rhine near the French border is the important industrial
area known as the Saar. When the Germans controlled the Lorraine region of
France before World War I, there was a close connection between the coal of the
Saar and the iron of Lorraine. In the peace settlement that followed World War II,
Lorraine was given back to France. The connection between the two areas was
disrupted. Today the Saar is a state of the West German republic. The Common
Market makes certain that France has her share of Saar coal.
The Bavarian Uplands
68
Munich and Nuremberg are important manufacturing centers in this section
of southern Germany. Electric and scientific equipment, pencils and toys are
examples of their products.
The Saxony Industrial Region

Saxony, the area south of Berlin, now in East Germany, has good soil for
sugar beets, wheat, barley, rye, oats, and potatoes. It also has some coal. The city
of Chemnitz is noted for textiles, and the city of Dresden for fine china. Leipzig
specializes in printing and publishing and is the center of a famous trade fair.
Problems Follow the War
Besides being a divided country, Germany faced many other serious
problems after the war. France had been invaded by German armies three times
within seventy years, and she was afraid to see her large neighbor rebuilding its
heavy industry. It was hard for the French people to trust the Germans or
cooperate with them. However, the threat of Russian communism was a danger to
both France and West Germany. If democracy was unable to give them a decent
standard of living, the people of both counties might revolt and establish
Communist government.
After the war, the first great effort by the people of Western Europe to
improve their living standards was known as the Schuman Plan. The foreign
ministers of France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries (Belgium,
Netherlands and Luxembourg) signed a fifty-year treaty. This would control the
coal and steel industries of these countries. By 1955, the European Coal and Steel
Community, formed according to Plan, was supplying two-thirds of all steel
products in world trade. It was doing away with things that made trade difficult,
such as customs duties and unfair prices. It set the pattern for the European
Common Market which helped trade and lowered taxes between these six
countries.
Divided Germany
69
In 1955, West Germany became an independent state after ten years of
occupation. It also became a member of NATO-the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. The Western powers, under NATO agreements, kept troops in West
Germany for the defense of Western Europe. East Germany remained a satellite
Communist state under Russian influence and control.
The future has many problems for the middle land made up of East and
West Germany. The biggest question is: Will the two states ever be reunited? The
Germans want this, but agreement must first be reached between the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. The Soviet Union will
allow unification only if Germany is neutralized and cut off from her close
alliance with the Western powers. Berlin itself is in a dangerously divided and
exposed position, deep in the heart of East Germany. It now seems that German
unification must await a general settlement of cold war tensions.

1. What are two main physical regions of Germany?
2. How was science played an important part in German agriculture and
industry?
3. What makes the Ruhr Valley the heart of German industry?
4. What is the danger in having a divided Germany?
5. How may the Common Market bring peace between France and Germany?
No Cities Rivers and Canals Regions
Berlin Dusseldorf Elbe River Kiel Canal Ruhr
Valley
Bonn Dortmund Weser River Saar
Essen Oder River Bavaria
Tabel 6. Look Up in the Dictionary
70
synthetic aggression cutlery
uplands optical economic
totalitarian surgical dictatorship
E. Rangkuman
Germany is divided into two main regions-the North German Plain which
is part of the Great European Plain, and the central highlands and Alpine foothills
which extend southward into the Alps. The country has many rivers for
transportation. In the south, the Danube flows eastward from the Black Forest
region to Austria and the Balkans. The Oder connects eastern Germany with the
Baltic Sea. The Elbe, the Weser, and the Rhine rivers flow to the North Sea.
The German farmer knows how to get the best results, with the least work,
time, and money. Germany is an important sugar beet grower. German industrial
leadership is based on scientific use of her excellent supply of raw materials.
Heavy industries depend upon science, and German scientists and technicians
have long had an excellent reputation.
Berlin some of the main economic regions of Germany. The Rhine River is
the chief outlet to the sea for central Europe. The Ruhr Valley, center of German
economic strength, meets and Rhine at Duisberg. Munich and Nuremberg are
important manufacturing centers in this section of southern Germany. Saxony, the
area south of Berlin, now in East Germany, has good soil for sugar beets, wheat,
barley, rye, oats, and potatoes.
F. Buku Sumber
Pembina Swajaya

Indah.

71
BAB VIII
The Low CountriesA ManMade Landscape
A. Pengantar
Belgia, Nederland (Belanda), dan Luxemburg merupakan negara kecil yang
terletak antara Perancis dan Jerman. Ketiga negara kecil ini minus akan barang
tambang, oleh karena itu, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan negaranya perlu mensuplai
dari negara-negara Eropa lainnya.
Belgia merupakan negara industri dengan hasil industri kerajinan, perak,
tekstil, dan industri bahan dasar. Hasil tambang negara ini antara lain, seng,
uranium, batubara, dan radium. Negara Belanda dikenal dengan negara air dan
negara kincir angin, karena hanya seperlima negaranya terdiri dari daratan.
Selama empat belas tahun negara ini berusaha untuk menimbun (didam), lokasi
yang sudah ditimbun dinamakan polder dijadikan areal pertanian perkotaan, dan
perindustrian. yang hasilnya. Dengan polder negara ini mapu menghasilkan
tanaman spesial seperti kacang-kacanagan, sayuran, buah-buahan, berbagai
macam jenis bunga, serta hasil industri susu, keju, dan margarin.
Luxemburg negara yang terkecil di antara ketiganya terletak di plato
Ardennes antara Perancis, Jerman dan Belgia. Hasil utama negara ini besi dan
baja. Untuk seluruh Eropa Luxemburg merupakan ranking tertinggi dalam industri
baja. Uraian selanjutnya dijelaskan dalam materi berikut.

mahasiswa mampu; (1) Menjelaskan konten konsep The Low Countries- A
Man-Made Landscape, (2) Mendiskusikan melalui tanya jawab The Low
Countries- A Man-Made Landscape, dengan contoh-contoh di peta, (3)
Menganalisis konten topik materi The Low Countries- A Man-Made
Landscape, (4) Menentukan inti pokok dalam
72 wacana (main idea) topik materi
The Low Countries- A Man-Made Landscape
Softskill: mampu menterjemahkan, dan memahami buku teks berbahsa
Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia
The Low Countries- A Man-Made Landscape

The Low Countries-Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-are wedged
between northern France and Germany. The North Sea is their western boundary.
The total area of the three countries is smaller than the state of Maine.
Luxembourg is hilly, as is eastern Belgium, but elsewhere the country is low and
barely above sea level.
1. The Netherlands
The Dutch are fond of saying, God created all the world except Holland;
Holland was created by the Dutch. It is certainly true that if all the dikes and
dams in the Netherlands were removed, much of the land would disappear beneath
the sea. Large areas of Dutch farmland are below sea level and were once under
water. First dams and canals were built. Then the land had to be pumped dry
before it could be used for farming. The name Holland, which is given to
certain provinces of the Netherlands, comes from the words hollow land.
Importance of Water
For many years flood waters from the sea had to be removed by hand in
wooden buckets. In the fourteenth century, however, windmills were built to drain
the flooded lands. The windmill became almost a Dutch trademark. With the help
of ditches and canals, the water was forced back to the river and the sea. Dikes
and dams were built to prevent the water from flooding the fertile farmlands.
Although windmills still remain, the job of draining the land is now done by
steam or electric pumps. The Dutch are constantly reclaiming more and more land
from the sea. A major project in recent years has been draining the large, shallow
Zuider Zee, formerly an inlet of the North Sea.
73
The reclaimed fields have rich soil and are ideal for agriculture. Dutch
farmers specialize in bulbs, seeds, vegetables and fruits, garden plants, and shrubs.
The Dutch are also known for their cattle and dairy products. Milk, cream,
butter, and cheese are major Dutch exports. There is also a large poultry
industry.
Busy Traders The
Dutch are a nation of merchants as well as farmers. Three large rivers-the
Rhine, the Meuse, and the Schelde-have their outlets in the Netherlands. These
important rivers, connected to each other by a system of canals, are a vital link
between central Europe and the sea. The Dutch have a large merchant marine and
are very active in international trade. The ports of Amsterdam and Rotterdam are
very important to world commerce.
With few raw materials, the Dutch have not developed much heavy industry.
A few textile plants exist, and margarine and cocoa are made from products
shipped in from their colonies. A well-known pottery named for the city of Delft
is also a specialty.
The Netherlands has suffered greatly from the successful revolt of
Indonesia, her richest colony. It probably will never regain its hold on this trade
because of the ill feeling resulting from the war of Independence. The Netherlands
is one of the oldest democracies; the Dutch people are among the most tolerant
and courageous in the world.
A sign in the middle of a high dam on the Zuider Zee tells us something
about the quiet pride of the Dutch people. It reads: A wise people provides for its
future.
2. Belgium
Belgium, like the Netherlands, has had to battle against the sea and flooding
rivers. Much of the coastal areas have been drained and reclaimed from the sea.
Although Belgian farmland is fertile, farming is not the leading activity in
74
Belgium as it is in the Netherlands. Most farming consists of raising garden
vegetables to feed large city populations. This is known as truck gardening.
A Manufacturing Nation
Belgium is a manufacturing country. In the southeast of Belgium is
Ardennes Plateau. Zinc and coal are mined here. A long narrow coalfield stretches
through central Belgium for the eighty miles. This fields is the foundation for
industry.
Steel mills convert coal, iron ore, and limestone into steel and machinery.
Much iron ore is imported from nearby Luxembourg and France. Belgium
factories make sand into glass, clay into pottery, and flax into linen. The moist
climate is an aid to spinning and weaving. Old handicraft arts are used in the
making of lace. Manufactures still get copper, diamonds, radium, and uranium
from Katanga Province in the Republic of the Congo, formerly a Belgian colony.
Brussels is the capital and leading city of the country. Antwerp, on the
Schelde River, is its greatest port. Like her neighbor, the Netherlands, Belgium is
a hard-working country which is trying to provide for its future.
3. Luxembourg
The small country of Luxembourg is located in the heart of the Ardennes
Plateau. Its borders are formed by France, Germany, and Belgium. Although
mainly a land of small farms, Luxembourg has an important iron and steel
industry. Her iron ore deposits are a continuation of those found in eastern France.
Coal or coke for her heavy industries, however, must be gotten mostly from the
Ruhr. As a producer of steel, Luxembourg ranks high in Western Europe.
Benelux
A landmark in the history of the Low Countries was the creation on January
1, 1948, of the customs union known as Benelux. Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxembourg agreed to remove tariffs, or taxes, on each others products. This was
75
a step to the wider unity of the European Common Market which was formed in
1957.

1. Name the Low Countries.
2. What is the origin of windmills in Holland?
3. What advantages do the Dutch have for trade?
4. What is the importance of the coalfield of Belgium?
5. Explain the importance of Benelux.

No Countries Rivers and Plateaus Cities
1 Netherlands Meuse River Amsterdam
2 Belgium Schelde River Rotterdam
3 Luxembourg Ardennes Plateau Brussels
E. Rangkuman
The Low Countries-Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-are wedged
between northern France and Germany. Belgium, like the Netherlands, has had to
battle against the sea and flooding rivers. The small country of Luxembourg is
located in the heart of the Ardennes Plateau. Its borders are formed by France,
Germany, and Belgium.
Dutch farmers specialize in bulbs, seeds, vegetables and fruits, garden
plants, and shrubs.The Dutch are also known for their cattle and dairy products.
Milk, cream, butter, and cheese are major Dutch exports. There is also a large
poultry industry. Belgium is a manufacturing country, Zinc and coal are mined
stretches through central Belgium for the eighty miles. This fields is the
76
foundation for industry. Luxembourg has an important iron and steel industry. As
a producer of steel, Luxembourg ranks high in Western Europe.
F. Buku Sumber
Pembina Swajaya

Indah.

77

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BAB I

RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SATU SEMESTER

A. Rencana Belajar Mahasiswa

C. Sinopsis : Menganalisis dan memahami buku teks berbahasa Inggeris

2. Learning Outcome (Capaian Pembelajaran) Pendukung

Setelah membaca buku teks, mahasiswa mampu menterjemah, memahami, dan

Kemampuan mahasiswa menganalisis dan memahami literatur berbahasa Inggris

1. Ujian Mid semester : 30 %

B. Sinopsis : Menganalisis dan memahami buku teks berbahasa Inggeris

Setelah melakukan tanya jawab dan diskusi, mahasiswa dapat: (1)

D. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Pertama

Menterjemahkan merupakan seni (art) yang didukung oleh kecintaan,

Jelas bahwa Rabin tidak membedakan antara terjemahan dengan interpretasi,

Terjemahan di atas merupakan hasil pemaksaan bentuk kalimat, sehingga

Agar penilaian pembaca tetap baik pada penerjemah, penerjemah harus

Terjemahan harfiahnya adalah;

Anton Hilman mengemukakan beberapa pedoman dalam menterjemahkan

Newman memperkenalkan cara menterjemah yang dinamis mengutamakan

B. Learning Outcomes (Capaian Pembelajaran)

Setelah membaca membaca buku teks mahasiswa mampu; (1)

C. Uraian Materi Pembelajaran

b. What are The Earths Motions?

2. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 3

3. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 4

The Sun and Its Energy

D. Review Questions and Task

Hanafi, Nurachman. (1984). Teori dan Seni Menterjemahkan. Mataram: Nusa

Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: K B I

Setelah membaca buku teks mahasiswa mampu; (1) menterjemahkan materi

C. Uraian Materi Pembelajaran

Location, Time, and Maps

2. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaram Minggu Ke 6

What are Latitude and Longitude?

3. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 7

4. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu ke 8

What are Maps?

D. Review Questions and Task

E. Fairchild, Johnson. (1964). Principle Of Geography. New York, United States

Hanafi, Nurachman. (1984). Teori dan Seni Menterjemahkan. Mataram: Nusa

Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: K B I

B. Learning Outcomes (Capaian Pembelajaran)

C. Uraian Materi Pembelajaran

c. Where are The Continents?

d. What are The Continents Like?

2. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 11

a. How were The Continents Formed?

c. What Causes Geologic Change?

D. Review Quastions and Task

E. Fairchild, Johnson. (1964). Principle Of Geography. New York, United States

Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: KBI Corporation.

B. Learning Outcomes (Capaian Pembelajaran)

Setelah mempresentasikan hasil kerja kelompok melalui power point

C. Uraian Materi Pembelajaran

c. How are Mountains Formed?

2. Uraian Materi Kegiatan Pembelajaran Minggu Ke 13

c. How do Mountains Affect Human Life?

E. Fairchild, Johnson. (1964). Principle Of Geography. New York, United States

Hanafi, Nurachman. (1984). Teori dan Seni Menterjemahkan. Mataram: Nusa

Simanjuntak, Herpinus. (1984). Kamus Idiom Lengkap. Jakarta: KBI Corporation.

B. Learning Outcomes (Capaian Pembelajaran)

Setelah mempresentasikan hasil kerja kelompok melalui power point

D. Review Questions and Task

Tabel 3. Locate on the Map

Tabel 4. Look Up in the Dictionary