nyeri
psikoterapi
kanker
Terapi
rehabilitatif
intervensional
TERAPI FARMAKOLOGI UNTUK NYERI KANKER
TERAPI NYERI BERDASAR KEPARAHAN
DAN STATUS INFLAMASI
MILD MODERATE SEVERE
• NSAID or
coxib or • Weak opioid ±
inflam NSAID or coxib
aspirin Strong opioid ±
mation • Combination
ombination of
• Paracetamol weak opioid and NSAID or coxib
and (NSAID paracetamol ±
or coxib or NSAID or coxib
aspirin)
± Adjuvant (antidepressant, corticosteroid, α-2 adrenergic agonist,
neuroleptic, anticonvulsant) if needed
No Combination of
inflam Paracetamol weak opioid and
mation paracetamol Strong opioid
Developed by Cancer Pain Management Advisory Board member based on WHO ladder
Paracetamol
Advantages • Does not produce end-organ
end toxicity
commonly seen with NSAIDs on the
gastrointestinal tract, kidney and
cardiovascular
• Lack the CNS and opioid-related side
effects
Discadvantages • Lacks anti inflammatory effect
• If used as single drug, its analgesic
potency is less than that of NSAIDs
• Less potent analgesic effect as compared
to NSAIDs
• Has a dose--related hepatotoxicity (in high
dose)
Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Professional; 11th ed: Oct 2005
NSAID/COX inhibitors
NSAID/COX-2
Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Professional; 11th ed: Oct 2005
Opioids
Advantages • Strong
trong analgesic
analge effect
• Do not produce end-organ
end toxicity
commonly seen with NSAIDs on the GI
tract, kidney and cardiovascular
• Relatively safe when used in
appropriate doses and when
monitored effectively
• No ceiling effect (strong opioid)
Disadvantages • Opioid related side effects:
nausea, vomiting, constipation,
drowsiness
rowsiness, dizziness, respiratory
depression tolerance ,risk of abuse
depression,
Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Professional; 11th ed:: Oct 2005
Kombinasi Non--opioid and opioid
• Kerugian:
• Spektrum efek samping seperti paracetamol dan tramadol
Medve RA, Wang Julia, Karim . Tramadol and Acetaminophen for dental pain. Anesth prog 48:79-81.
48:79 2001
Ho ML, Chung CY, Wang CC et al. Efficacy and safety of tramadol/acetaminophen
/acetaminophen in the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients. Saudi Med J.
2010 Dec;31(12):1315-9. Schnitzer. Anaesthesiology. 1996;20(S12):13
Formulasi Opioid untuk Nyeri Kanker
Equianalgesic Starting
Drug
oral dose oral dose
Adults ≥ 50 kg Adults ≤ 50 kg
Morphine 30 mg q3-4 h 15-30 mg q3-4 h 0.3 mg/kg q3-4 h
Codeine 130 mg q3-4 h 60 mg q3-4 h 1 mg/kg q3-4 h
Hydromorphone 5 - 7.5 mg q3-4 h 6 mg q3-4 h 0.06 mg/kg q3-4 h
Hydrocodone* 30 mg q3-4 h 10 mg q3-4 h 0.2 mg/kg q3-4 h
Levorphanol* 4 mg q6-8 h 4 mg q6-8 h 0.02 mg/kg q6-8 h
Meperidine* 300 mg q2-3 h Not recommended Not recommended
IV = intravenous
SC = subcutaneous
O = oral
Penanganan sindrom Nyeri Kanker
Spesifik
Jenis Nyeri Kanker Strategi
Nyeri inflamasi NSAID dan kortikosteroid
Nyeri Metastasis tulang dan emergensi onkologi NSAIDs, acetaminophen, steroid
Biphosphonate
Nyeri diffuse : hormonal terapi atau kemoterapi
Lokal : radioterapi, penguatan vertebra,
radiofrequensi ablation
Pertimbangkan adanya fraktur patologis
Pertimbangkan konsultasi ke ortopedi
Pertimbangkan intervensional management
Obstruksi Saluran Cerna Evaluasi penyebab. Bila karena kanker upayakan
tindakan operatif
Parsial : kortikosteroid dan metoclopramide
Paliasi ; puasa, NGT. Anticholinergic, dan octrotide
Nyeri saraf Ditambahkan kortikosteroid, antidepresan,
anticonvulsan
Latihan Simulasi
1. Seorang wanita menderita nyeri pada pinggang dan kelemahan
anggota gerak bawah. BAB sulit.. BAK Lancar. Nyeri muncul mulai 6
bulan makin lama makin berat,, dan menganggu tidur, nafsu makan
menurun. 2 minggu terakhir nyeri muncul bahkan saat tiduran dan
rasa pegal, dan seperti patah, kesemutan menjalar, dan kedua
tungkai tidak bisa digerakkan.
pemeriksaan fisik dijumpai benjolan di payudara kanan dan
supraklavikula kanan.. Paraparesis inferior
Ilustrasi hasil-hasil imaging (contoh
contoh)
Bagaimana kita melakukan pengkajian
nyeri?
Pengalaman
Etiologi
Patofisiologi
Pain specific syndrome
Tujuan yang diharapkan tiap pasien
Risiko toleransi dan abuse
Terapi apa yang harus diberikan