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Caprock
Definisi
• Batuan yang relatif impermeabel yang
Seal atau Cap rock membentuk penghalang, tudung (cap) atau
dan Trap sekat (seal) diatas dan sekitar batuan reservoir
sehingga fluida tidak dapat bermigrasi
melewati reservoir
• Permeabilitas batuan tudung harus
mempunyai nilai 0

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Lapangan minyak dunia dengan jenis caprock

Contoh batuan tudung shale, evaporit
(anhidrit, garam) dan Karbonate (porositas 0)

Lapangan gas dunia dengan jenis caprock

Seal depths of the world’s giant oil fields. Almost of half of the ultimately recoverable
reserves in the world’s giant fields are sealed at depth of 1 to 2 km. (Allen & Allen, 1990).

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Trap
• Definisi
• Seolah-olah minyak terjebak atau tersangkut
dalam suatu keadaan sehingga tidak bisa lepas
lagi (Koesoemadinata, 1980)
• Susunan geometris dari batuan yang
memungkinkan akumulasi hidrokarbon yang
signifikan di bawah permukaan (Kevin T
Biddle, 1994, AAPG Memoir 60)

Seal depths of the world’s giant gas fields. For the world, the depth distribution is similar to
that for oil. Deep gas may, however, be under-represented relative to its occurrence in
nature, since in many cases it is uneconomic to explore for deep gas. (Allen & Allen, 1990).

• Dua komponen yang harus ada dalam trap:

– Reservoir
– Seal/caprock
• Istilah dalam trap:
– Crest or culmination
– Spill point
– Spill plane
– Closure
– Pay (Productive reservoir):
• Net pay Edge Edge
• Gross pay water water

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• Trap berisi:
– Minyak dan air (OWC)
– Gas dan air (GOC)
– Gas, minyak dan air (GOC dan OWC)

• Batas kontak gas, minyak dengan air: TRAP CLASSIFICATION

TRAP TYPES CAUSES

– Kontak tajam: reservoir permeabel Structural Traps Fold Traps
– Kontak gradasi: reservoir permeabilitas rendah Compressional Tectonic

dengan tekanan kapiler tinggi Compactional Depositional / Tectonic

Diapiric Tectonic
Fault Traps Tectonic
Stratigraphic Traps Reefs Depositional
Pinchout
Channel
Bars
Truncation Unconformity
Onlap
Replacement Diagenetic
Solution
Gas hydrates
Hydrodynamic
Combination

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Perangkap Struktur

Structural Folds Occur In Areas Undergoing Tectonic

Compression.
1. Generally Associate With Plate Convergent
Boundaries
2. Transpression Along Strike-slip Boundaries

Lipatan karena pengaruh kompaksi

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Perangkap Stratigrafi
• Definisi:
– satu di mana elemen pembuat perangkap utama adalah
beberapa variasi dalam stratigrafi, atau litologi, atau
keduanya, dari batuan reservoir, seperti perubahan fasies,
porositas lokal variabel dan permeabilitas, atau
pemancungan keatas batuan reservoir, terlepas dari
penyebab (Levorsen, A.I., 1967)
– Geometri perangkap stratigrafi adalah karena variasi
litologi. Variasi ini dapat dikontrol oleh pengendapan asli
dari strata, seperti dalam kasus bar, channel atau
terumbu. Alternatif lain, perubahan itu dapat bersifat
pasca-pengendapan seperti dalam kasus jebakan
pemancungan (truncation), atau mungkin karena
perubahan diagenetik.

Stratigraphic traps, due to lateral and vertical changes in rock type, account for about
13% of the world's reserves. They fall within a wide range of categories. Some are
associated with unconformities, whether above or below them. Others are updip
stratigraphic pinchouts within fluctuating transgressive-regressive sequences.

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Stratigraphic traps may also be related to diagenetic changes, where

differential solution or cementation have caused the rock type to vary laterally.
Some sandstone traps are elongated bodies, either channels or coastal barrier
bars (shoestring sands).

Perangkap kombinasi

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These are usually surrounded by shales, which may act as both source rock and seal.
Carbonate reefs can form stratigraphic traps if a high porosity is preserved or a
secondary porosity is developed. They often occur along shelf margins, adjacent to deeper
basins where source rocks can accumulate.

When compared to structural

traps, evidence for stratigraphic
traps is often subtle and they have
historically been difficult to find.
However, seismic techniques which
detail lithologic changes have since
become available to aid in the
search for stratigraphic traps.

Combination traps contain about

9% of the world's petroleum
reserves. These traps are often
found in areas where faults and
folds were actively growing during
deposition. In many cases, these
growing structures produced
lateral changes in sediment facies
or unconformities, which helped
form the trap.

Perangkap hidrodinamik Perangkap struktur dari seismik

In a hydrodynamic trap, a downward movement of water prevents the upward
movement of oil or gas. Pure hydrodynamic traps are extremely rare, but a
number of traps result from the combination of hydrodynamic forces and
structure or stratigraphy. A monoclinal flexure is developed which has no genuine
vertical closure; oil could not be trapped within it in a normal situation.
Groundwater, however, is moving down through a permeable bed and is preventing
the upward escape of oil. Oil is trapped in the monoclinal flexure above a tilted
oil-water contact. Pure hydrodynamic traps like this, however, are very rare.

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Channell dari Diapiric dari

seismik seismik

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Perangkap stratigrafi

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