30 m. 36.9 m.
1 2 3 4 5
CD4 ≤ 200 CD4 ≤ 350 CD4 ≤ 350 CD4 ≤ 500 All HIV+
+ TasP
2013 2015
guidelines guidelines
• Rekomendasi PNPK
– Terapi ARV dini pada meningitis kriptokokus tidak direkomendasikan
pada pasien dewasa, remaja, anak-anak dengan HIV dan meningitis
kriptokokus karena dapat meningkatkan mortalitas.
– Terapi ARV sebaiknya ditunda hingga 4-6 minggu pasca-pemberian
terapi antijamur
(sangat direkomendasikan, kualitas bukti tinggi pada dewasa dan
kualitas bukti sangat rendah pada anak-anak dan remaja).
•
TIMING KOIINFEKSI TB
TIMING KOIINFEKSI TB
• TB ekstra paru
– Tes cepat molekular harus digunakan sebagai tes diagnostik awal pada
pasien yang dicurigai dengan HIV ko-infeksi TB atau TB-MDR
dibandingkan mikroskop konvensional, kultur, dan uji tuberkulin
(sangat direkomendasikan, kualitas bukti tinggi)
– Tes cepat molekular harus digunakan sebagai tes diagnostik awal dari
cairan serebrospinal pada pasien yang dicurigai dengan meningitis TB
dibandingkan mikroskop konvensional, kultur, dan uji tuberkulin
(sangat direkomendasikan, kualitas bukti sangat rendah)
TIMING KOIINFEKSI TB
– Semua ibu hamil dengan HIV harus diberi terapi ARV, tanpa harus
menunggu pemeriksaan jumlah CD4, karena kehamilan itu sendiri
merupakan indikasi pemberian terapi ARV yang dilanjutkan seumur
hidup (sangat direkomendasikan, kualitas bukti sedang).
•
– Bedah sesar elektif pada usia gestasi 38 minggu untuk mengurangi
risiko transmisi vertikal infeksi HIV dilakukan pada ODHA hamil
dengan viral load ≥1000 kopi/mL atau yang viral load tidak diketahui
pada trimester ketiga kehamilan (sangat direkomendasikan, kualitas
bukti sedang).
Target population WHAT IS EXPECTED IN 2015 ART GUIDELINES?
Reference: Steve Kanters, For WHO ARV GDG, 5-7 June 2019
2019 WHO recommendations: First-line ART regimens
2019 WHO recommendations: First-line ART regimens
2019 WHO recommendations: Second-line ART regimens
The public health response to HIVDR Guidelines meeting: 20-21 March 2017
Safety and Efficacy of DTG and PIs (LPVr) in 2nd line ART
(summary 2019 WHO Sys Review & NMA)
major outcomes DTG vs LPVr quality of
evidence
Viral suppression (4-96 weeks) DTG better high
outcomes
Efficacy
Reference: Steve Kanters, For WHO ARV GDG, 5-7 June 2019
2019 WHO recommendations: Second-line ART regimens
PNPK 2019
The public health response to HIVDR Guidelines meeting: 20-21 March 2017
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome
• Reflects newly invigorated immune system mounting an inflammatory
response against an infection that was previously clinically silent in the
face of severe immunodeficiency
• Common among patients with robust rise in CD4 count (e.g., over 100
cells/mm³) in the first several weeks following initiation of ART
MAC Lymphadenitis, high fever, infiltrates 1 - 12 wk Resolves with continued ART and anti-
on chest x-ray MAC therapy; may require
corticosteroid therapy
CMV Retinitis and vitreitis 1 - 2 mo Resolves with continued ART and anti-
CMV therapy
Uveitis 2 mo - 2y Macular edema, epiretinal membrane
formation, cataracts
Herpes Localized 1 - 4 mo Resolves with acyclovir therapy
zoster
TB Fever, worsening infiltrates/effusion 1 - 6 wk Resolves with continued ART and
on chest film, mediastinal and antituberculous therapy; may require
peripheral lymphadenopathy corticosteroid therapy
Cryptococcal New headache, meningismus, 1 wk - 8 Resolves with continued ART and
meningitis increased number of white mo antifungal therapy
blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid
IDENTITY :
The public health response to HIVDR Guidelines meeting: 20-21 March 2017
6.Seorang penderita TB paru dalam pengobatan OAT 1 bulan ternyata
screening HIV reaktif , menginginkan segera mendapat ARV apa saran
anda kapan waktu yang tepat:
A. Tunggu CD4 dibawah 200
B. Tunggu pengobatan TB dengan OAT selesai
C. Mulai dulu ARV 6 bulan bila tidak ada reaksi segera OAT
D. Bila CD 4 dibawah 50 segera ARV paling cepat 2 minggu setelah OAT
E. Tunggu OAT setelah fase inisiasi untuk menghindari IRIS
Jawaban 6
• ODHA dengan TB yang dalam keadaan imunosupresi berat (CD4 <50
sel/μL) harus mendapat terapi ARV dalam 2 minggu pertama
pengobatan TB (sangat direkomendasikan, kualitas bukti sedang)
7. Dari TS neuro pemeriksaan lumbal pungsi didapatkan criptococcus
antigen positif apa saran anda:
A. Meropenam 3x 1gram
B. Flukonazol 2x 200mg
C. Pirimetamin dan clindamisisn
D. Dexamethason dan ceftriaxon
E. Bukan semuanya.....
Jawaban 7
• Fase induksi: amfoterisin B (1mg/kg/hari) IV selama 2 minggu
dikombinasikan dengan flukonazol 1200mg/hari per oral untuk
dewasa, 12 mg/kg/hari untuk anak-anak dan remaja dengan dosis
maksimal 800 mg/hari
Ahmad Danial
(Chayakulkeeree M, 2006).
CASE
IDENTITY :
• Foto klinis pasien
Name : Mr. Jas
Sex : Male
Age : 43 yrs
Address : Surabaya
Occupation : Driver
HISTORY
Chief complain: • No chest pain
• Dyspnea • Fever 2 weeks PTA
Present illness • No night sweating
• Dyspnea since 2 weeks prior • Lost of appetite 4 months
to admission (PTA) PTA
• Cough • Weight loss 12 kgs in 4
• Thick sputum months
• Oral ulcer+
• No headache or seizure
HISTORY
Past illness:
• The history of DM,HT, and Tuberculosis were denied
• Smoking and alcohol +
• History of drug abuse denied
• History of free sex +
• Was diagnosed with HIV at Soewandhie Hospital 2
weeks PTA
Physical Examination
anemia (-)
GCS 346, somnolent ict (-)/ cyan (-)
/dysp (+)
Vital Sign:
BP 100/70 mmHg Ronchi + on 2/3
Pulse 111 bpm both hemithorax
Resp rate 30-32 tpm
Axillary temp 38,30 C
SpO2 94 % Within
normal limit
Within
normal limit
LABORATORY FINDINGS
CBC Chemistry Panel ABG Urinalysis
Hb 10,8 BUN 17 pH 7,52 Gluc -
HCT 33,3% Scr 0,98 pCO2 29 Bil -
MCV 93,4 GDA 93 pO2 52,2 Keto -
MVH 30,2 Alb 2,58 HCO3 24,2 SG 1,008
MCHC 32,4 SGOT 24 BE 1,0 Bld -
leuco 6510 SGPT 14 SO2 90,4% pH 6,9
Gran 85,6% D Bil 0,30 AaDO2 58,7 prot -
PLT 257000 T Bil 0,56 Nit -
Na 142 Leu trace
K 4,3 Color yellow
Cl 104 Clar clear
eri 0-2/lp
leu 0-2/lp
Supportive Examination
• cxr • Cor: within normal limit
• Pulmo: Reticulogranular pattern in both
hemithorax. Trachea in the middle, left
and right costophrenicus angle were
sharp,. Soft tissue does not appear
abnormalities. The visualized bone looks
good.
Supportive Examination
• Gambar ct scan
No hipodense / hiperdense
lesion in the parenchymal
brain. No contrast
enhancement. Sulcus and
gyrus seemed normal. The
ventricular system and
cysterna are normal. Pons and
cerebellum are normal. No
apparent abnormal
calcification. No midline
deviation looks.
Consultation with Pulmonolgy
Department
• Suspicion of Bacterial Pneumonia with
pneumonitis cranii and respiratory failure
S : cough +
O: BP : 110/80 HR : 83bpm RR : 20 t : 36,6
A: AIDS
Cryptoccoccus Neoformans infection
Respiratory Failure (improved)
Candidiasis Oris
Hipoalbumin (Improved)
• The polysaccharide
capsule, composed
mainly of
glucuronoxylomannan,
• The exopolysaccharides
of the capsule may
contribute to virulence
(Aberg & Powderly, 2006)
• Mortality of HIV-associated Cryptococcus infected is
quite high at around 10% -30%.
(Brinzedine, et al,2011).
On this Patient :
(Brinzedine, et al,2011).
• Any patients with HIV On this Patient:
infection, particularly those
who are CD4-deplete, On the fifth day of treatment we
found the results of examination
should be investigated for of gram sputum germicoccus
CM. gram posap positive gram
staphylococcus hominis and
yeast cell formation is
• Serum CrAg, blood culture cryptococcus neoformans.
and chest X-ray. CT or
MRI
The result of blood culture
examination was adapted yeast
• The new lateral flow assay cell formation cryptococcus
(LFA) for measuring neoformans and we follow up with
LFA examination.
cryptococcal antigen
On the eighth day of treatment
we got positive Lateral flow assay
(LFA)