GYMNOSPERMAE
Spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji) merupakan klad yang sudah memiliki fitur utama
menghasilkan biji dan fitur lainnya seperti: memiliki pembuluh kambium yang memunculkan kayu
dan kambium gabus. Pertumbuhan pada kambium pembuluh dan kambium gabus dikenal sebagai
pertumbuhan sekunder yang menginisiasi pembentukan silem sekunder ke arah luar dan floem
sekunder ke arah dalam. Spermatophyta memiliki 2 sister clad yaitu: Gymnospermae dan
Angiospermae.
Gymnospermae memiliki karakter: biji terbuka karena tidak tertutup oleh daun buah (karpel) pada
saat terjadi polinasi, tidak memiliki bunga. Berdasarkan kajian filogenetik pada kelompok gymnospermae,
kelompok cycadophyta merupakan kelompok gymnospermae basal, diikuti Ginkgophyta dan
Coniferae (termasuk di dalamnya Gnetales).
Dalam praktikum gymnospermae ini akan dibagi 2 sesi pengamatan sebagaimana diatur
seperti di bawah ini.
Tujuan Pengamatan : 1. Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri dari species yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok
……………, ……………, …………… dan ……………
2. Menemukan ciri khas klad ……………, ……………,.....................dan
……………
3. Membandingkan karakter khas dari klad ……………,.....................,
…………… dan ……………
4. ………………………………………………………………………….
5. Dst
Alat dan Bahan
Alat : 1. Mikroskop Cahaya/Stereo/Digital
2. Cutter
Bahan : 1. Cycadales : Cycas rumphii, Cycas revoluta, Zamia sp, Encephalartos sp,
Bowenia sp, Dioon sp, Macrozamia, Lepidozamia, Ceratozamia
2. Ginkgoales : Ginkgo biloba
3. Gnetales : Gnetum gnemon, Welsitschia mirabilis, Ephedra sp.
4. Pinopsida : Pinus merkusii, Abies sp, Picea sp
5. Cupressopsida : Cupressus sp, Chamaecyparis sp, Juniperus sp, Thuja
sp (Cupressaceae); Araucaria sp, Agathis dammara
(Araucariaceae); Podocarpus sp (Podocarpaceae); Taxus cuspidatus
(Taxaceae)
catatan: Specimen yang dicetak tebal usahakan temukan objeknya langsung karena relatif bisa
ditemukan sekitar kita. Specimen yang dicetak biasa, cari dan bawa gambar foto
yang lengkap dan komprehensif mulai organ vegetatif s.d organ generatifnya
Landasan Teori
1.1 Cycadales, Ginkgoales & Gnetales Praktikum 1
A. CYCADALES: Cycadaceae & Zamiaceae
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B. GINKGOALES: Ginkgoaceae
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Langkah Kerja
1. Siapkan semua peralatan dan bahan yang diperlukan
2. Deskripsikan ciri-ciri struktur vegetatif semua tumbuhan yang harus anda amati meliputi: akar batang
dan daun sesuai petunjuk pendeskripsian tanaman.
3. Deskripsikan dan jika objeknya ada serta perlu (sedikit) desktruktif/merusak/membongkar
struktur reproduktifnya meliputi: struktur reproduktif jantan dan betinanya sampai temukan
gamet dari masing-masing struktur reproduktif tsb sesuai petunjuk
4. Kelompokkan persamaan ciri yang anda temui pada semua jenis tumbuhan yang anda amati dan
deskripsikan. Jika perlu ditabulasi (dibuatkan hasilnya dalam tabel perbandingan) dan temukan
kekhasan ciri mulai dari klad terrendah (mis:familia) sampai klad yang umum.
5. Analisis hasil pengamatan anda dalam pembahasan untuk mengungkap kebenaran data empiris
dan data teoritis
Hasil Pengamatan
Aspek yang diamati Perbandingan antar Species Cycadophyta
Cycadaceae – Cycas sp Zamiaceae – Encephalartos Zamiaceae – Bowenia,
sp Zamia
Habitus (Perawakan) : _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Batang : _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Pola percabangan : _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Batang
DAUN
Tipe/Jenis daun : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Tepi / Pinggir : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Duduk daun : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Pertulangan daun : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Daun Muda : _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Struktur Reproduktif :
(seksual) _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Aspek yang diamati Perbandingan antar Species Cycadophyta
Cycadaceae – Cycas sp Zamiaceae – Encephalartos Zamiaceae – Bowenia,
sp Zamia
Megastrobilus : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Letak/Posisi : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Jumlah Megasporofil : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Jmlh biji/Karpel : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Keterbukaan ovulum :
(bakal biji) _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Mikrostrobilus : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Letak / Posisi : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Jumlah Mikrosporofil : _______________ ______ __ ______ _____ ___ ______
_ _
Jmlh mikrosporangium :
/ mikrosporofil _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Umur Tumbuhan : _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
Manfaat ekonomi : _______________ ________ ______ ________ ______
_ _
- Biji
- Buah
Buahnya berbentuk bulat, berwarna
kuning. Buah diproduksi dalam jumlah
yang banyak dan mengalami absisi pada
bulan Oktober.
Pertanyaan
Setelah melakukan pengamatan terhadap sejumlah spesimen tumbuhan yang termasuk
Gymnospermae, jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut. Apabila belum dapat menjawabnya
lakukan pengamatan lagi.
1. Adakah perbedaan ukuran dan bentuk antara strobilus jantan dan strobilus betina pada :
a. Cycadaceae & Zamiaceae
b. Pinopsida dan Cupressopsida
c. Cupressaceae (antara Genus Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis)
d. Cupressopsida (antara Familia Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, Taxaceae)
e. Gnetales (antara Genus Gnetum, Welwitschia, Ephedra) dan Ginkgoales
2. Dapatkah anda menemukan kekhasan ciri yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing familia dalam hal
bentuk dan ukuran daun ?
3. Ciri apakah yang anda gunakan untuk memilah spesimen yang anda amati menjadi dua kelompok ?
4. Berdasarkan data tabel, dapatkah anda menemukan kesamaan ciri dari spesimen-spesimen
anggota suatu familia tertentu ?
5. Berdasarkan data dalam tabel, dapatkah anda membedakan ciri-ciri khas masing-masing familia ?
6. Jika anda diberi satu anggota Gymnospermae, dapatkah anda menentukan termasuk ke dalam
familia manakah spesimen tersebut ?
Jawaban :
a.
b.
2.ciri yang kami amati untuk memilah spesimen yang anda amati menjadi dua kelompok
3.
4.
5.ciri khas
- Cycadophyta : Ciri-ciri Cycadophyta adalah bakal biji tidak dilindungi bakal buah. Alat
perkembangbiakan berupa runjung atau strobilus. Pembuahan tunggal yaitu terjadi satu kali pembuahan
antara sperma dan ovum. Berumah dua artinya jenis kelamin (jantan dan betina) terpisah dalam beda
pohon.
- Klad Gnetales: Anggota kelompok ini berupa perdu, liana (tumbuhan pemanjat) dan pohon. Daun
berbentuk oval/lonjong dan duduk daun berhadapan dengan bentuk urat daun menyirip. Pada xilem
terdapat trakea dan floem tidak memiliki sel pengiring.
- Pinopsida – Pinaceae: Pinaceae ( tusam-tusaman) ini berbantuk pohon, perdu ( jarang) mempunyai
resin. Daunnya tunggal, berbentuk spiral dan linearis sampai berbentuk jarum , tersebar dalam dua baris
atau dalam ikatan. kebanyakan berumah satu.
- Cupressopsida – Cupressaceae: 1. Daun bentuk sisik & tersusun berhadapan atau berseling; sisik dan
braktea bersatu. 2. Tiap braktea dengan sejumlah biji kecil tanpa sayap. 3. Strobilus jantan dan betina
dalam satu pohon; strobilus jantan berbentuk kerucut, strobilus betina berbentuk bulat; terletak aksilaris. 4.
Penyerbukan & penyebaran biji dengan bantuan hewan. 5. Cotyledon banyak.
5. ya dapat, hal yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan melihat terlebih dahulu tanamannya memiliki biji
terbuka atau tertutup lalu deskrpsikan suatu tanaman itu, cari ciri ciri yang mendekati dari famili mana
tumbuhan Gymnospermae tersebut.
Pembahasan
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