INFESTASI LARVA Cuterebra spp PENYEBAB MIASIS PADA ANJING

Oleh

Yosi Barlay | 185130101111004| 2018 B| Absen 20

A. ANAMNESA
Di dalam sebuah studi kasus, seekor
anak anjing terrier Skotlandia betina
berumur 8 minggu, utuh, dengan berat
1,67 kg (3,67 lbs), ada pertumbuhan massa
kelopak mata selama 2 minggu. Pasien
awalnya datang ke dokter hewan yang
merujuk untuk selulitis fokal dan tusukan Gambar 1. Infestasi larva Cuterebra di

luka di dekat canthus lateral mata kanan. lateral canthus mata kanan anjing terrier

Dokter hewan meresepkan salep antibiotik Skotlandia betina (Crumley et al, 2011).

kombinasi neomisin-polimiksin B bacitra-

cin oftalmik tiap 6 jam (Crumley et al, B. ETIOLOGI

2011). Anjing (Canine) dan kucing (Felines)

Selama 2 minggu berikutnya, lukanya tergolong inang yang tidak disengaja untuk

terus menghasilkan cairan bernanah lalat cuterebra disebut Trypoderma specie

mukosa yang diwarnai dengan darah, dan atau Cuterebra yg menyebabkan kelainan

area fokus selulitis perlahan meningkat kulit akibat parasit pada hewan

dalam ukuran, tampak seperti massa. diistilahkan dengan Cuterebriasis atau

Selama 2 minggu ini, anak anjing menjadi biasa di kenal dengan Miasis. Bentuk

lesu, tidak bersaing untuk waktu penyakit termasuk myiasis furuncular

menyusui, mengalami penurunan berat (kista subkutan dengan larva instar ke-3

badan, pertumbuhan terhambat. Anak yang matang di kulit anjing yang

anjing tersebut memiliki skor kondisi terinfeksi) (Boated and bekinwari, 2020).

tubuh 4/9 dan cukup terhidrasi (Crumley et Larva cuterebra tergolong parasit

al, 2011). oportunistik anjing, kucing, dan musang.

Infestasi disebabkan oleh hewan pengerat
atau Lalat bot kelinci, Cuterebra spp (ordo
Diptera, famili Cuterebridae). Berdasarkan
pernyataan dari Moriello (2019), lalat
Cuterebra dewasa berukuran besar dan
mirip lebah serta tidak makan atau
menggigit. Infestasi terjadi saat hewan
melewatinya daerah yang terkontaminasi
Gambar 2. Larva Cuterebra instar ketiga
(Crumley et al, 2011).
C. GEJALA KLINIS
Temuan klinis pada anjing yang
mengalami infestasi cuterebra, ditandai
dengan lesi pembengkakan berbentuk
seperti benjolan/fistula ( diameter sekitar 1
cm), berbatas tegas, lembut,tidak rata di
kulit, dan terjadi pembengkakan subkutan
di bawah lesi, Adanya pembengkakan
tersebut terjadi karena larva yang
membesar. Infeksi tipikal berupa eritema
dan fibrosis yang mengelilingi lubang
pernapasan dari larva cuterebra serta
eksudat purulen dari lesi ulseratif (Boated
and bekinwari, 2020).Nyeri di tempat
tersebut bervariasi dan biasanya
berhubungan dengan infeksi sekunder.
Rambut anjing sering kusut, biasanya
Anjing dan kucing sering merapikan area
tersebut secara agresif (Moriello, 2019).
Moriello (2019) menyatakan di
kulit, lesi khas tersebut terlihat di sekitar
kepala, leher, dan badan. Tanda-tanda
klinis sering dikaitkan dengan SSP anjing
mungkin mengalami depresi, lesu, atau
kejang; infeksi pernapasan atas; atau suhu
tubuh yang tidak normal (baik hipertermia
atau hipotermia). Salah satu temuan tanda-
tanda neurologis yang disebabkan oleh
infestasi Cuterebra adalah episode akut
bersin hebat berminggu-minggu sampai
berbulan-bulan sebelum presentasi klinis.
Temuan neurologis yang umum termasuk
kebutaan, kelainan mental, dan tanda-tanda
penyakit prosencephalic unilateral.
Yorkshire terrier mungkin berisiko tinggi
dan dapat memiliki respons inflamasi
sistemik yang ditandai, DIC, atau
keduanya.
D. DIAGNOSA
Berdasarkan pernyataan dari Crumley
et al (2011), diagnosa di dapatkan dari
visualisasi langsung yang menunjukkan
adanya massa. Di tengah massa, pori
melingkar terlihat memiliki debit
mukopurulen dan bukti perdarahan
sebelumnya. Setelah pemeriksaan lebih
dekat, massa tampak berdenyut, dan pori
ditemukan mengandung dua spikula
simetris. Pembuangan kotoran mengung-
kapkan keberadaan larva yang berkembang
dengan baik. Terlihat larva Cuterebra
dalam lesi berwarna putih, krem, coklat,
atau hitam dengan duri hitam tebal
menutupi tubuhnya (Keith and Patterson,
2017). Diagnosis banding yang paling
umum adalah abses atau benda asing
(Moriello, 2019).
E. PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Pemeriksaan penunjang yang
dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan darah dan
glukosa darah. Volume sel yang dikemas
(34%; kisaran referensi, 29-33,8%), total
padatan (5.0 g / dL; rentang referensi, 5.0–
6.5 g / dL), glukosa darah (111 mg / dL;
rentang referensi, 73–113 mg / dL)
(Crumley et al, 2011).
F. PATOGENESIS
Lalat betina menyimpan telur di
sekitar lubang. sarang hewan, liang, atau di
atas batu atau tumbuhan di area ini. Lalat
betina menyimpan 5–15 telur per lokasi
dan> 2.000 telur seumur hidupnya.
Infestasi terjadi saat hewan melewatinya
daerah yang terkontaminasi; telur lalu
menetas. Saat berada di di tubuh inang,
larva tersebut memasuki tubuh melalui
mulut atau lubang hidung atau melalui
luka terbuka. Setelah penetrasi, larva
bermigrasi ke berbagai lokasi subkutan
spesifik di tubuh, tempat mereka berkem-
bang dan bernapas dengan udara melalui
pori pernapasan. Setelah ~ 30 hari, larva
keluar dari kulit, jatuh ke tanah, dan
menjadi kepompong. Durasi kepompong
bervariasi tergantung pada faktor
lingkungan dan diapause musim dingin
(Moriello, 2019).
G. TREATMENT
Penanganan dilakukan dengan
Pengangkatan larva secara manual, diikuti
dengan pembersihan luka dan perawatan
suportif (Moriello, 2019). Tindakan
lainnya juga dapat di lakukan dengan
mengambil larva cuterebra melalui
prosedur pembedahan; flush cuterebra dari
salurannya dengan hidrogen peroksida
(Boated and bekinwari, 2020). Lesi yang
dicurigai harus dieksplorasi dengan hati-
hati dan memeriksa fistula pernapasan
larva dengan tang nyamuk. Biasanya
parasit masuk ke dalam pori-pori yang
terbuka, sehingga sulit untuk mengambil-
nya. Fistula tersebut di tutup dengan
menggunakan petroleum jelly putih selama
10−15 menit. Lesi tersebut tidak boleh
diperas/tekan, karena dapat mematahkan
larva dan menyebabkan penyakit kronis
reaksi benda asing dan infeksi sekunder
(Moriello, 2019).
Gambar 3. Pengangkatan larva secara
manual dari (Crumley et al, 2011).
 Kemuadian Larva tersebut diharuskan
dibuang dalam keadaan utuh. Area tersebut
harus benar-benar dibilas dengan larutan
garam steril, dibersihkan dari jaringan (jika
perlu), dan dibiarkan sembuh granulasi.
Penyembuhan mungkin lambat. Ivermectin
sebagai pengobatan untuk kucing dengan
cuterebriasis SSP. Diphenhydramine (4
mg/kg, IM) diberikan 1-2 jam sebelum
ivermectin (400 mcg / kg, SC) dan
deksametason (0,1 mg / kg, IV). Antibiotik
untuk pengobatan cuterebriasis pada anjing
adalah ivermectin, canvenia, doksisiklin,
proksida, dan kortikosteroid untuk
membunuh larva anjing selama migrasi
(Boated an bekinwari, 2020).
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Boate, Rosemary., Bekinwari, Bobmanuel
Rosetta. 2020. Botfly (Diptera:
Oestridae) And Cuterebriasis In
Dogs (Canine Canine) In Yena-
goa Metropolis, Bayelsa State,
Nigeria Ukoroije. Internati-onal
Journal of Innovative Research
and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS).
Volume 7 Issue 3
Crumley WR, Rankin AJ, Dryden MW.
2011.Ophthalmomyiasis externa
in a puppy due to Cuterebra
infesta-tion. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc. 47(6):e150-155.
Keith Hnilica, A., Patterson, Adam P.
2017.Small AnimalDermatology
fourth Edition.Belanda: Elsevier
Moriello, Karen A. 2020. Cuterebra
Infestation in Dogs and Cats.
USA: Merck Sharp & Dohme
Corp.
 MSD MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955

Cuterebra Infestation in Dogs and

Cats
By Karen A. Moriello , DVM, DACVD, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Wisconsin-Madison

Last full review/revision Nov 2019 | Content last modified Dec 2019

Infestation by rodent or rabbit bot fly larvae is most commonly seen in late summer or early fall and may
affect dogs, cats, or ferrets. A fistulous swelling that may exude purulent exudate is typical. Definitive
diagnosis is made by finding and identifying a larva. Treatment is manual extraction of the parasitic bot.
The lesion is cleaned and allowed to heal by granulation.

Cuterebra larvae are opportunistic parasites of dogs, cats, and ferrets. Infestation is caused by the rodent or
rabbit bot fly, Cuterebra spp (order Diptera, family Cuterebridae). Flies are usually host- and site-specific relative to
their life cycle. However, rabbit Cuterebra are less host-specific and are usually associated with dog and cat
infestations. Rarely, cats and dogs may be infested with Hypoderma spp or Dermatobia hominis. Ferrets housed outside
may be infested by Hypoderma or Cuterebra spp.

Etiology

Cuterebra bot

COURTESY OF DR. KAREN A. MORIELLO.

Adult Cuterebra flies are large and bee-like and do not feed or bite. Females deposit eggs around the openings of
animal nests, burrows, along runways of the normal hosts, or on stones or vegetation in these areas. A female fly may
deposit 5–15 eggs per site and >2,000 eggs in her lifetime. Animals become infested as they pass through
contaminated areas; the eggs hatch in response to heat from a nearby host. In the target host, the larvae enter the
body through the mouth or nares during grooming or, less commonly, through open wounds. After penetration, the
larvae migrate to various species-specific subcutaneous locations on the body, where they develop and communicate
with the air through a breathing pore. After ~30 days, the larvae exit the skin, fall to the soil, and pupate. The duration
of pupation varies depending on the environmental factors and winter diapause.

Clinical Findings and Diagnosis

A well-demarcated, soft, fistulous swelling in the late summer or early fall is the key sign
 Definitive diagnosis is made by identification of the parasitic larva

Cuterebra lesions are most common in the summer and fall when the larvae enlarge and produce a fistulous swelling
~1 cm in diameter. Dogs, cats, and ferrets are abnormal hosts for this parasite; aberrant migrations can involve the
head, brain, nasal passages, pharynx, and eyelids. In the skin, typical lesions are seen around the head, neck, and
trunk. The hair is often matted, and a subcutaneous swelling is present beneath the lesions. Cats often groom the
area aggressively. Pain at the site is variable and usually associated with secondary infections. Purulent material may
exude from the lesion; the most common differential diagnosis is an abscess or foreign body.

Cuterebra lesion, cat

COURTESY OF DR. KAREN A. MORIELLO.

Cuterebra bot site

COURTESY OF DR. KAREN A. MORIELLO.

Free-roaming cats are more likely than indoor cats to develop lesions. Clinical signs are often associated with the CNS
and typically occur between July and September. Cats may have depression, lethargy, or seizures; upper respiratory
infections; or abnormal body temperatures (either hyperthermia or hypothermia). One key historical finding in cats
with neurologic signs caused by Cuterebra infestations is an acute episode of violent sneezing weeks to months
before clinical presentation. Common neurologic findings include blindness, abnormal mentation, and signs of
unilateral prosencephalic disease. Idiopathic vestibular signs in cats may be due to aberrant migration of the parasite.
Yorkshire terriers may be at increased risk and can have a marked systemic inflammatory response, DIC, or both.
Definitive diagnosis is made by finding and identifying a larva. In cats, CT scans may help identify larvae. Second
instar larvae are 5–10 mm long and are gray to cream in color. Third instar larvae are dark, thick, heavily spined, and
are the stage most commonly seen by veterinarians.

Treatment
Manual removal of larva, followed by wound cleaning and supportive care

Educate owner on disease and risk factors to keep from recurring

Cuterebra bot removal

COURTESY OF DR. KAREN MORIELLO.

Suspect lesions should be explored by carefully enlarging and probing the breathing pore or fistula with
mosquito forceps. It is not unusual for the parasite to retreat into the opened pore, making it difficult to grasp.
Covering the breathing pore with white petroleum jelly for 10−15 minutes before grasping the parasite can make it
easier to remove. The lesion should not be squeezed, because this may rupture the larva and lead to a chronic
foreign body reaction and secondary infection. There are anecdotal reports of larval rupture causing anaphylaxis. If
possible, the larva should be removed in one piece; recurrent abscesses at the site of previous Cuterebra infestation
suggest residual infection or remaining pieces of larva.
The area should be thoroughly flushed with sterile saline, debrided (if necessary), and allowed to heal by
granulation. Healing may be slow. Ivermectin has been described as a treatment for cats with CNS cuterebriasis.
Diphenhydramine (4 mg/kg, IM) is administered 1–2 hours before ivermectin (400 mcg/kg, SC) and dexamethasone (0.1
mg/kg, IV). Ivermectin is not approved for use in cats.
Owner education on the parasite's life cycle and risk factors to pets can help avoid recurrent episodes.

Key Points
 Opportunistic Cuterebra infestation of outdoor animals is most commonly seen in late summer and
early fall.

Fluctuant soft tissue swellings with a fistula are typical and should be explored for parasitic larvae.

The opening/breathing pore is enlarged and the parasite removed by forceps.

The wound is cleaned and flushed to remove debris and allowed to heal by granulation.

For More Information

Also see pet health content regarding Cuterebra infestation in dogs and in cats.

© 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA)
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51774776

Ophthalmomyiasis Externa in a Puppy due to Cuterebra Infestation

Article  in  Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · November 2011

DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5584 · Source: PubMed

CITATIONS READS

8 616

3 authors, including:

Michael Dryden
Kansas State University
127 PUBLICATIONS   3,313 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Canine tick-borne diseases View project

Cat flea insecticide resistance View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Michael Dryden on 07 March 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

CASE REPORTS

Ophthalmomyiasis Externa in a Puppy due to

Cuterebra Infestation
William R. Crumley, DVM, Amy J. Rankin, MS, DVM, DACVO, Michael W. Dryden, MS, PhD, DVM

ABSTRACT
An 8 wk old Scottish terrier was evaluated for a 232 cm mass located directly adjacent to the lateral canthus of the right eye.
Examination revealed a well-developed Cuterebra larva at the lateral aspect of the orbital cavity, anchored at the lateral
canthus. The larva was manually removed under general anesthesia, and the eyelid margin was repaired. Systemic and
topical antibiotics along with systemic anti-inflammatory treatment were instituted. The lesion healed completely, revealing
a normal functional right eye 10 days after removal of the Cuterebra larva. Careful manual removal of the larva is recom-
mended along with correction of any resultant conformational defects. The remaining cavity can be left to heal; however,
antibiotic therapy is recommended. (J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:e150–e155. DOI 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5584)

Introduction less frequently reported, Cuterebra infestations have also been

Ophthalmomyiasis is a term used to describe the invasion of
mammalian ocular tissues by the larvae or eggs of flies in the order
Diptera. Various fly species represent this group of parasitic flies,
1
including the genera Cuterebra, Hypoderma, Oestrus, Chrysomyia,
2
and Dermatobia. The effects of their infestation can be seen
across many host species, including rodents, lagomorphs, ungu-
lates, and even humans. Each fly species has a typical host species
in which development occurs based on their geographic location
and life cycle; however, atypical hosts are often accidentally para-
sitized, such as non-native rodents and lagomorphs, carnivores,
ungulates, and primates.3
Ophthalmomyiasis can be further divided into three classes:
externa (larval invasion of the ocular adnexa), interna anterior
(larval invasion of the anterior chamber), and interna posterior
(larval invasion of the posterior segment).4,5 Ophthalmomyiasis
is rarely reported in humans and tends to affect those persons in
close contact with host species (e.g., sheep and cattle). The par-
asitic species most frequently reported to cause ophthalmomyiasis
in humans are Oestrus ovis (external form), Hypoderma bovis (in-
6–8
ternal form), Dermatobia hominis, and Calliphoridae sp. Although
documented in humans.6–11
In dogs and cats, ophthalmomyiasis is rarely reported in the
literature. There are only nine reported cases of ophthalmo-
myiasis interna in cats and two reported cases of ophthalmo-
myiasis interna in dogs.4,5,12–17 There appears to be only one
reported case of ophthalmomyiasis externa in a dog.18 In all re-
ported cases of ophthalmomyiasis in dogs and cats, the larvae
present were reported as Cuterebra species.
Cuterebra are host-specific, obligate parasites of various
rodents and lagomorphs, with .30 species found across North
America. Unlike many other Dipteran species, the adult Cuterebra
has no functional mouthparts and does not directly bite or de-
posit eggs on its host. Eggs are deposited in the environment,
often on vegetation surrounding the burrows of the target species.
When an animal is in close proximity to the egg, the first-instar
larva quickly hatches in response to the host’s body heat. Once
transferred to the typical host, the larva gains entry to the tissues
(often via an orifice, wound, or the eyes) and spends the next
week or so migrating until it localizes in subcutaneous tissue to
continue its maturation. The larva establishes a pore through

From the Department of Clinical Sciences (W.C., A.R.) and Department IM intramuscularly; OD right eye; OS left eye; PO per os
of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (M.D.), College of Veterinary
Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Correspondence: wcrumley@vet.upenn.edu (W.C.)

e150 JAAHA | 47:6 Nov/Dec 2011 ª 2011 by American Animal Hospital Association

which to respirate and void excrement and then molts to the
second-instar stage. The larva feeds on the host’s interstitial tis-
sue and blood as the host forms a capsule around the parasite
composed of collagen, connective tissue, and inflammatory cells
(i.e., a “warble”). Eventually, the larva matures to the third-instar
stage, which can be as large as 3 cm long and 1 cm wide. The larva
reaches maturity in approximately 30 days, at which time it exits
the host and pupates in the environment to hatch the following
year. The remaining open wound (warble) closes a few days
after the larva exits the pore and usually heals without incident
1–3
in 1–2 wk.
A similar process occurs when a Cuterebra larva enters an
atypical host; however, significant differences can exist in both
the host and larval responses when this occurs. Incomplete life
cycles, poorly developed warbles, and alterations in migration
patterns are potential problems that affect the larvae in atypical
3
hosts. The hosts themselves are not adapted to carrying these
parasites and therefore tend to have more severe complications
when infested. Complications in atypical hosts that have been
reported include temporary paralysis during larval migration,
aberrant migration (invasion of respiratory, cerebrospinal, and
ocular tissues), nutritional deficits, and poorly healing or infected
3–5,12–17,19,20
warble (warble sites).
This report describes the diagnosis and treatment of
ophthalmomyiasis externa in an atypical host due to Cuterebra
infestation. This is the second report to do so; however, it is the first
report of ophthalmomyiasis externa involving the eyelid margin,
a unique location of the warble pore in this case.
Case Report
An 8 wk old, intact, female Scottish terrier puppy weighing 1.67 kg
(3.67 lbs), presented to Kansas State in early July for a growing
eyelid mass of 2 wk duration. The patient had originally presented
to the referring veterinarian for a focal cellulitis and puncture
wound near the lateral canthus of the right eye. The veterinarian
prescribed an ophthalmic neomycin-polymyxin B-bacitracin com-
bination antibiotic ointment q 6 hr. Over the next 2 wk, the wound
continued to produce copious amounts of blood-tinged muco-
purulent discharge, and the focal area of cellulitis slowly increased
in size, taking on the appearance of a mass. The enlarging mass
caused the globe to shift medially and the owner began noticing
frequent blepharospasms. During this 2 wk time period, the
puppy became lethargic and was not competing with littermates
for time to nurse. Upon showing evidence of weight loss and
stunted growth, the owner began bottle feeding the puppy sepa-
rately. The puppy appeared to return to a more normal body
condition, although her activity level remained diminished.
Ophthalmomyiasis Externa in a Puppy
On presentation to Kansas State, the puppy was bright, alert,
and responsive, although not overly exuberant. The puppy had
a body condition score of 4/9 and was adequately hydrated. No
other abnormalities were noted on general physical examination.
Ocular examination revealed a 232 cm mass present at the lateral
canthus of the right eye (OD). The mass appeared to involve the
lateral canthus, conjunctiva, and adjacent upper and lower eyelids.
At the center of the mass, a circular pore was noted with copious
mucopurulent discharge and evidence of previous hemorrhage.
Upon closer examination, the mass appeared to be pulsating,
and the pore was found to contain two symmetrical spicules.
Removal of the discharge revealed a well-developed larva present
in the lateral aspect of the orbital cavity, anchored at the lateral
canthus of the OD (Figure 1). The normal canthal anatomy was
disrupted by the circular pattern of the pore itself, and the eyelid
margins were no longer congruent. The right globe was severely
displaced ventromedially by the mass effect produced by the
growing larva and was unable to be assessed. Examination of the
left eye (OS) revealed iris to iris persistent pupillary membranes,
a normal Schirmer Tear Testa (19 mm/60 sec; .15 mm/60 sec
considered normal), and no fluorescein stainb uptake. Differential
diagnoses considered for the right lateral canthal mass included
external ophthalmomyiasis (Cuterebra spp., Hypoderma spp., or
Oestrus ovis), abscess, or foreign body. External ophthalmomyiasis
was confirmed upon visualization of larval spicules, cuticular
spines, and pulsating movements generated by the parasite.
A packed cell volume (34%; reference range, 29–33.8%), total
solids (5.0 g/dL; reference range, 5.0–6.5 g/dL), blood glucose
(111 mg/dL; reference range, 73–113 mg/dL) were performed in
FIGURE 1 On presentation, the larva can be seen displacing the
globe and altering normal canthal conformation.
JAAHA.ORG e151
preparation for anesthesia. The patient was premedicated with
c d
diazepam (0.2 mg/kg intramuscularly [IM]) and butorphanol
e
(0.2 mg/kg IM) and induced with propofol (9 mg/kg IV, to effect)
and maintained on an oxygen-isofluranef gas mixture for the
g
duration of the procedure. One dose of ampicillin-sulbactam
was administered (20 mg/kg IV) before the start of surgery. The
area around the lateral canthus was clipped and prepared with
a dilute povidone iodine solutionh. The larva was then grasped
with tissue forceps and extracted with gentle traction to avoid
damaging the larva, causing release of internal larval contents.
A large, intact larva was extracted from the orbital cavity and
placed in formalin for identification (Figure 2). Copious amounts
of saline were used to flush the warble cavity of debris, revealing
a large defect in the right orbit (approximately 132 cm) sur-
rounded by a thick fibrous capsule. The margins of the wound
were debrided, focusing on the tissue directly adjacent to the
lateral canthus and eyelid margins. The lateral canthus was re-
paired with 5-0 polyglactin 910 suturei using four simple inter-
rupted skin sutures. The first suture recreated the lateral canthus
by apposing the upper and lower eyelid margins in proper con-
formation and was located on the epidermal surface just lateral
to the canthal margin. Additional, evenly spaced sutures were
placed to close the skin defect.
Postoperatively, the patient was prescribed 1% ofloxacinj oph-
k
thalmic solution (1 drop OD q 6 hr for 14 days), meloxicam (0.1
mg/kg per os [PO] q 24 hr for 3 days), and amoxicillin-clavulanic
FIGURE 2 Manual removal of the larva from the lateral canthus
while the patient was under general anesthesia.
e152 JAAHA | 47:6 Nov/Dec 2011
acidl (14 mg/kg PO q 12 hr for 14 days). An Elizabethan collar was
placed on the patient to protect the canthotomy repair, and she
was discharged from the hospital the next day. The globe remained
ventromedially displaced in the orbit at the time of discharge from
the hospital.
The larva was submitted to the Kansas State University
Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostic Laboratory for identification.
The larva measured 2.2 cm long and 1.1 cm wide. The cuticle
was a dark brown color and was covered in dark, conical spines.
It was identified as a third instar larva of the Cuterebra sp. based
on characteristic size, color, and appearance, and arrangement
of spines (Figure 3).21,22 The patient returned 10 days later for
reevaluation and suture removal. At that time, the puppy was
bright, alert, and responsive, and more active during examination
than the previous visit. Physical examination revealed no abnor-
mal findings. The skin sutures were removed. Ocular examination
revealed a healed lateral canthus with good apposition and mild
alopecia noted along the incision line. The overall cosmetic out-
come was excellent (Figure 4). The right globe had returned to
normal position, had normal ocular motility, and normal retro-
pulsion. The patient navigated well through the room and could
follow cotton balls readily. The patient lacked a menace response,
which was expected, as this is a learned response and is generally
not present in puppies of her age. Intraocular examination of
the OD revealed persistent pupillary membranes. No remaining
conjunctival wound could be found. Normal Schirmer Tear Testa
values (15 mm/30 sec OD, 24 mm/60 sec OS) and intraocular
pressuresm (13 mm Hg OD, 11 mm Hg OS) were noted in both
eyes. There was no fluorescein stainb uptake in either eye. The
puppy was released to the owner with no further treatments nec-
essary. The dog was not examined again after being sold to a new
owner who lived out of state.
Discussion
In this case, a third-instar Cuterebra larva was found inhabiting
the orbital cavity and adjacent adnexal tissues. The larva was
nearly fully mature, with a well-developed cuticle covered in
spines. The time of year was consistent with the predicable sea-
sonal occurrence of Cuterebra infestation, which lasts from late
spring until fall.1 The owner noticed a “bite wound” present 2 wk
before presentation, which was presumed to have been acquired
during various incidences of rough housing among the puppies.
Though Cuterebra larvae have been observed to enter through
wounds,23 the mature state of the larva 2 wk after the initial
wound was noticed suggests an earlier presence. Either the warble
pore had just been established at the time of initial presentation
to the referring veterinarian or the pore had finally grown to

FIGURE 3 The larva measured 2.2 cm long and 1.1 cm wide.
It had a dark brown cuticle with numerous dark spines. It was
diagnosed as a third-instar Cuterebra larva.
a more noticeable size. In either case, the larva had likely devel-
oped to the second- or third-instar stage by the time the wound
was recognized by the owner. As an atypical host, the puppy was
likely infested while investigating her environment in the 1–2 wk
before the first signs of disease. Discussions with the owner
revealed the patient had access to the outside environment, in-
cluding areas of unkempt natural habitat likely to house local
rodent or lagomorph species.
Definitive speciation was not obtained for the larvae in this
case, as classification of the adult fly would be required; how-
ever, cuticular platelet characteristics (raised, mostly single-pointed,
spine-like platelets) suggested it could have been of the lagomorph
variety (Figure 5).24,25 The lagomorph-infesting Cuterebra species
with a known home range within the patient’s environment of
eastern Kansas include C abdominalis, C rufricus, C buccata, and
C jellisoni.2 Of those species, C jellisoni is known to have a site
FIGURE 4 The patient 10 days after removal of the larva.
Ophthalmomyiasis Externa in a Puppy
FIGURE 5 The cuticular platelet characteristics (raised, mostly
single-pointed, spinelike platelets) suggest it may be of the lagomorph
variety.
preference in the tissues of the head in its typical host, including
the areas around the eyes.23 Site preference has been witnessed
in other Cuterebra species; however, this patient represented an
23
atypical host. As discussed earlier, migration and maturation
are often abnormal when the infestation occurs outside of the
typical host species, suggesting that speciation based on warble
site specificity would be difficult to prove in this atypical host.
The systemic implications of living as an active host of the
larva are clear in this patient. According to the owner, the patient
seemed thinner than other litter mates, was lethargic, and was
unable to compete for time nursing, suggesting this was related
to the discomfort and nutrient loss created by the large, mature
larva. When given supplemental feedings by the owner, the patient
gained weight and continued to thrive. To better understand any
possible systemic effects on the patient, complete blood count
and blood chemistry profile could have been performed. Due to
the relative health of the puppy and lack of systemic clinical signs
at the time of presentation, these diagnostics were not pursued
(although the packed cell volume, total solids,and blood glucose
were performed in preparation for anesthesia and were within
normal limits).
The treatment recommended for Cuterebra infestation is
manual removal with forceps. Asphyxiation can also be attempted
by placing petroleum jelly over the respiratory pore of the larva,
forcing it to exit to respirate.8 It is important to remove the larva
in its entirety and take every precaution to not macerate the
JAAHA.ORG e153

cuticle when it remains in the host, as exposure to internal larval
contents can reportedly cause anaphylaxis or severe hypersensi-
tivity reactions.19 To facilitate removal, a 2% solution of lidocaine
can be used to paralyze the larva.7 When the parasite is located
elsewhere in the body, the host animal is often awake or mildly
sedated when the larva is removed. For our patient, the decision
to place the animal under general anesthesia was made due to
the proximity of the larva to the globe and the necessity for
lateral canthus repair after larva removal.
As discussed earlier, empty warble sites tend to heal quickly
and without complication in typical host animals. In atypical hosts,
healing can be delayed and secondary bacterial infections have
been observed.3 In this case, the location of the warble necessi-
tated minor debridement to facilitate proper apposition of the
eyelid margins; however, the majority of the cavity was left to
heal by second intention. The cavity was located primarily in
the vascular conjunctival and orbital tissues, which have excellent
healing potential. The orbital tissues were displaced by the fibrous
capsule of the warble, and ocular anatomy was difficult to assess
at the time of surgery. Aggressive debridement of affected tissues
might have compromised the normal tissues and was deemed
unnecessary. The heavy purulent discharge present at the time of
presentation could have represented a secondary bacterial infec-
tion or a vigorous atypical host response to the presence of the
parasite. Cytology or culture of the effected area could have been
performed to identify a bacterial infection and help direct anti-
biotic therapy, although they were not performed in this case in
favor of empirical treatment with topical and systemic antibiotics.
Conclusion
External ophthalmomyiasis is uncommon in domesticated pet
animals; however, exposure to typical host animal environments
increases the risk of infestation. Cuterebra larval infestation can be
recognized by its characteristic wound appearance, subcutaneous
swelling, and warble pore, with or without a purulent discharge.
The time of year and important historical clues can also aid in
diagnosis. Due to the close proximity to important ocular struc-
tures, it is recommended to carefully remove the larva manually
and correct any important conformational defects. The warble
cavity proper can be left to heal by second intention; however,
antibiotic therapy is recommended in atypical hosts due to higher
rates of secondary infection.1,3,18,23
FOOTNOTES
a
Schirmer Tear Test; Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp., Union,
NJ
b
Bio Glo; Rose Stone Enterprises, Alta Loma, CA
e154 JAAHA | 47:6 Nov/Dec 2011
c
Diazepam; Hospira, Lake Forest, IL
d
Torbugesic; Fort Dodge, Fort Dodge, IA
e
PropoFlo; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL
f
IsoFlo; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL
g
Ampicillin-sulbactam for injection, USP; Baxter Healthcare Corp.,
Deerfield, IL
h
Povidone-iodine solution 10%; Major Pharmaceuticals, Livonia, MI
i
Vicryl; Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ
j
Ofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3%; Hi Tech Pharmacal Co.,
Amityville, NY
k
Metacam; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St. Joseph, MO
l
Clavamox; Pfizer, New York, NY
m
Tonovet; Tiolat Oy, Helsinki, Finland
REFERENCES
1. Catts E. Biology of new world bot flies: Cuterebridae. Annu Rev
Entomol 1982;27:313–38.
2. Sabrosky C. North American species of Cuterebra, the rabbit and
rodent botflies (Diptera: Cuterebridae). College Park, MD:
Entomological Society of America; 1986.
3. Slansky F. Insect/mammal associations: effects of Cuterebrid bot
fly parasites on their hosts. Annu Rev Entomol 2007;52:17–36.
4. Brooks D, Merideth R, Wolf E. Ophthalmomyiasis interna in two
cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20:157–60.
5. Gwin R, Merideth R, Martin CL, et al. Ophthalmomyiasis interna
posterior in two cats and a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20:
481–6.
6. Doxanas MT, Walcher JR, Ludwig RA. Ophthalmomyiasis externa:
a case report. Md Med J 1992;41(11):989–91.
7. Rao S, Berkowitz FE, Metchock B. External ophthalmomyiasis in
an urban infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9(9):675–6.
8. Jun BK, Shin JC, Woog JJ. Palpebral myiasis. Korean J Ophthalmol
1999;13(2):138–40.
9. Glasgow BJ, Maggiano JM. Cuterebra ophthalmomyiasis.
Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119(4):512–4.
10. Stacey MJ, Blanch RJ. A case of external ophthalmomyiasis in
a deployed U.K. soldier. J R Army Med Corps 2008;154(1):60–2.
11. Rodrigues MM, Weiss CB, Muncy DW. Ophthalmomyiasis of
the eyelid caused by Cuterebra larva. Am J Ophthalmol 1974;78(6):
1024–6.
12. Harris BP, Miller PE, Bloss JR, et al. Ophthalmomyiasis interna
anterior associated with Cuterebra spp in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;216:345,352–55.
13. Johnson BW, Helper LC, Szajerski ME. Intraocular Cuterebra in
a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;193(7):829–30.
14. Kaswan R, Martin C. Ophthalmomyiasis interna in a dog and cat.
Canine Pract 1984;11:28–34.
15. Stiles J, Rankin A. Ophthalmomyiasis interna anterior in a cat:
surgical resolution. Vet Ophthalmol 2006;9(3):165–8.
16. Wyman M, Starkey R, Weisbrode S, et al. Ophthalmomyiasis
(interna posterior) of the posterior segment and central nervous
system myiasis: Cuterebra spp. in a cat. Vet Ophthalmol 2005;8(2):
77–80.
17. Ollivier FJ, Barrie KP, Mames RN, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for
the treatment of ophthalmomyiasis interna posterior in a dog.
Vet Ophthalmol 2006;9(4):259–64.

18. Rosenthal JJ. Cuterebra infestation of the conjunctiva in a puppy.
Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1975;70(4):462–3.
19. Bordelon JT, Newcomb BT, Rochat MC. Surgical removal of
a Cuterebra larva from the cervical trachea of a cat. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 2009;45(1):52–4.
20. Tieber LM, Axlund TW, Simpson ST, et al. Survival of a suspected case
of central nervous system cuterebrosis in a dog: clinical and magnetic
resonance imaging findings. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2006;42(3):238–42.
21. Kipling E, Brody A. Some taxonomic characters of cuterebrine
(Diptera) larvae, with larval descriptions of two species from
Georgia. J Parasitol 1940;26:33–43.
View publication stats
Ophthalmomyiasis Externa in a Puppy
22. Haas GE, Dicke RJ. On Cuterebra-horripilum Clark (Diptera:
Cuterebridae) parasitizing cottontail rabbits in Wisconsin. J Parasitol
1958;44(5):527–40.
23. Baird CR. Development of Cuterebra jellisoni (Diptera:
Cuterebridae) in six species of rabbits and rodents. J Med Entomol
1971;8(6):615–22.
24. Slansky F. Feline cuterebrosis caused by a lagomorph-infesting
Cuterebra spp. larva. J Parasitol 2007;93(4):959–61.
25. Slansky F, Huckabee J. First records of rodent-infesting Cuterebra
bot flies parasitizing raccoons (Procyon lotor) in North America.
J Parasitol 2006;92(6):1369–73.
JAAHA.ORG e155
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341459664

Botfly (Diptera: Oestridae) and cuterebriasis in dogs(Canine canine) in

Yanagoa, bayelsa state

Article · March 2020

CITATIONS READS

0 73

1 author:

Rosemary Ukoroije
Niger Delta University
23 PUBLICATIONS   23 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

The efficacy of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum gratissimum and Dracaena arborea against the household pest Periplaneta america View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Rosemary Ukoroije on 18 May 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020 ISSN: 2394-4404

Botfly (Diptera: Oestridae) And Cuterebriasis In Dogs (Canine

Canine) In Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate Bobmanuel Rosetta Bekinwari

Biological Sciences Department, Niger Delta University Biology Department, Ignatius Ajuru University of
Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, State, Nigeria

Abstract: The study on botfly and cuterebriasis was carried out in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State aimed at checking the
prevalence of the disease among dogs and educating dog owners on the symptoms, treatment, prevention and control
should there be an epidemic. The methodology was sample survey occasioning the use of questionnaires distributed and
retrieved from veterinary professionals as respondents.There was 100% report on the prevalence of cuterebriasis in their
clinics at different points in time. 80% reported the insect botfly as the vector and pathogenic organism of cuterebriasis in
dogs. Symptoms of the disease are: excessive food intake due adlibitum feeding of larvae on host tissues (40%), weight
loss (35%), fever (20%) and fluid bumps on skin (5%). Should there be outbreak of cuterebriasis: consult a veterinarian
for prompt diagnosis and treatment (65%) or isolate infested dog (30%). Regarding medication and treatment: use
antibiotics (40%), flood infected area with antiseptic (25%), use topical penicillin ointment to debride the infected surface
(20%) and the use of anesthesia against the pains (15%). Pet owners can prevent their dogs from being infested by
preventing them from rodent habitat (50%) and hunting (40%) or generally cleaning the environment (10%). Life cycle of
the infective cuterebra larvae in an infested dog is 30 days (80%), 14 days (15%) and 60 days (5%). Therefore,
cuterebriasis disease of dogs can be eradicated through good hygienic sanitary practices, isolation of healthy dogs from
infested dogs and prompt visit to the veterinarian in case of an epidemic in Bayelsa State.

Keywords: Cuterebriasis, Botfly, Host tissue, Veterinarian, Antibiotics.

I. BACKGROUND
Botfly commonly called cuterebra fly is a large fly with
close semblance to bee and of the insect order Diptera, family
Cuterebridae and subfamily Cuterebrinae comprising two
subgenera Cuterebra (12 species) and Trypoderma (24
species) respectively (Pape & Thomas 2001; Capcvet.org,
2012; Blondoff-Indelicato, 2013; Ward, 2016). Botflies are
cosmopolitan in nature and are primarily but not exclusively
found in warm tropical and subtropical regions thus infests
animals during warmer months of the year (Helmenstine,
2018). It is a large non- biting fly that lays its eggs near the
openings of rabbits and rodents burrows or in garden mulch.
The insect is obligate opportunistic parasite of rodents, rabbits,
cats, ferrets, mice, dogs, squirrels, chipmunks, livestock, wild
animals and even humans, hence parasitic to mammals (Drees
& Jackman, 1999; Pape & Thomas, 2001, Jennison et al.,
2006; Piper & Rose, 2007; Capcvet.org 2012; Bull, 2013;
Moriello, 2013; Sciencedirect, 2017; Helmenstine, 2018).
Cats and dogs are accidental or reservoir hosts of the infective
developmental stage (precisely larval instar stages 1-3) of
botfly called “warbles‟ or cuterebra which are less host-
specific and there is the absence of host to host infection,
hence cuterebriasis is not contagious Capcvet.org (2012);
Moriello, (2013). Infection only occurs via entrance of newly
hatched larva into a susceptible host animal (Capcvet.org,
2012). The female botfly lays 100-400 eggs on the soil, or
plants basically grasses during warmer days. When the eggs
come in contact with animal body, the eggs attach themselves
to the animal fur and egg hatching into larvae is triggered once
they are exposed to the warmth from the hosts body due
changes in the ambient temperature (that is encountering a
warm-blooded organism) (Dunleavy, 2005; Cascade, 2014).
The larvae are white or creamy, brown or black larvae with

Page 84 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com

 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020
black spines covering them which can penetrate host skin
under 10 minutes (enter through the mouth, nose or external
wounds of the host, migrating to subcutaneous sites typically
the head, neck, trunk, nostrils, pharynx, eyelids and even brain
(Moriello, 2013, Sciencedirect, 2017). The larvae possess
rows of spines they used for boring through the host‟s tissue as
well as for attachment. Mouth hooks are also present used for
feeding continuously from the host tissues. A cocoon, cyst or
thick capsule called “warbles” (earning the larva its name) is
created under the skin as the larva grows, while a circular hole
(lesion/ulceration) (for breathing and escape root of fully
matured larva) with matted hair appears, fluid exudate drains
from the openings (Bloudoff-Indelicato, 2013; Cascade,
2014). The larva molts thrice to become the fully matured
larvae that eventually falls unto the ground, metamorphose
into pupa and emerge as adult which becomes sexually active
almost immediately (Blondoff-Indelicato, 2013) and looks for
another host to commence its life cycle all over again. The
adult botfly does not feed. The developmental cycle of the
botfly larva in an infested dog ranges between 3-8.5 weeks
(19-60 days), pupation lasts 14-28 days in favorable warm
environmental condition or overwinters for about 7-11 months
depending on specie of botfly while adult botfly has a life
expectancy of about 9-14 days that is about 2 weeks (Ward,
2016; Helmenstine, 2018).
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The diagnostic features of cuterebriasis in dogs include
direct visualization of cuterebra larva within the lesion created
by its presence and the presence of breathing holes on the skin
of an infested dog signifying its presence Ward (2016).
Dogs (Canine) and cats (Felines) serve as accidental hosts
to cuterebra fly called Trypoderma specie or Cuterebra which
causes the parasitic skin disorders in the animal termed
“cuterebriasis” (Drees et al., 1999). The disease condition
cuterebriasis in dogs manifest with symptoms of subcutaneous
lesions, ulcerations such as lumps or bumps on the skin called
warble or cuterebra cysts with small circular/central breathing
holes usually in the middle of about 0.5cm in diameters (Freed
et al., 1986, Ondrak & Julie, 2009) which is commonly
observed by the owner. Erythema and fibrosis surrounding the
breathing hole of the cuterebra and purulent exudate from
ulcerative lesion is typical of infection. Others include matted
hairs with fluid exudates around holes, loss of hair strands
making the dog looks malnourished, pains, aggression,
isolation, circular motion, voracious appetite, anorectic, fever,
shortness of breath, cough, paralysis, fatigue, dehydration,
lameness, blindness, seizures and even shock (Moriello, 2013;
Cascade, 2014; Sciencedirect, 2017).
Botfly cannot complete its life cycle in a dead host, thus it
needs a living host to attain maturity. The larvae can be
transferred to other dogs through process such as grooming or
during body contact with other dogs when mating. The larva
also causes the disease known as Myiasis which is parasitic
infestation on the body of a live animal by the botfly larva
(maggot) that grows inside the host while feeding on the host
tissue. The forms of disease include furuncular myiasis
(subcutaneous cysts with mature 3rd instar larvae in skin of
Page 85 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com
ISSN: 2394-4404
infected dog), neurological and other disease manifestations
from the migration of young botflies through deeper tissues of
the body and thirdly, respiratory distress or upper respiratory
disease from migration of young botflies through the host
animal trachea and diaphragm (Bogglid et al., 2002; Bhandari
et al., 2007; Capcvet.org, 2012; Pet.com, 2019). There are
different species of botfly hence its economic importance
through the losses they cause in livestock operations such as
cattles, sheep, goats, reindeers, horses and also produce a
bacteriostatic secretion as they develop (Bordelon et al.,
2009). Complications arising from cuterebriasis infestation in
dogs include allergic reactions, anaphylaxis shock and
secondary bacterial infections by Clostridium species Cascade,
if dogs are not well treated (2014).
Treatment of infested dogs should be done by the
veterinarian and include the followings: use of anesthesia at
the site of cyst, cocoon or capsule; enlargement of breathing
holes with hemostats to remove larvae using forceps; remove
cuterebra larvae through surgical procedures; flush cuterebra
from its tract with hydrogen peroxide, saline water or iodine
which causes warble to poke out of the hole hence facilitating
the removal; debride the necrotic tissue, wounds/lesions and
use topical antibiotic preparations with or without systemic
antibiotics to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections;
administer systemic antibiotics for 10-14 days to kill the
warbles; administer systemic macrocyclic lactones to kill
larvae during migration; also the use of dewormers such as
dichlorvos and trichlorfon and allow wounds to heal by second
intention (Pariser, 2006; Ondrak & Julie, 2009; Orfanous et
al., 2011; Cascade, 2014; Sciencedirect, 2017; Helmenstine,
2018; Capcvet.org, 2019; MSPCA-Angell, 2019; Pet.com,
2019; Tarantino, 2019; Turner, 2019a). Antibiotics for the
treatment of cuterebriasis in dogs are ivermectin, canvenia,
doxycycline, proxcide and corticosteroids to kill the larvae in
the dogs during migration (Cascade, 2014; Mariello, 2017;
Sciencedirect, 2017; MSPCA-Angell, 2019). The use of
trimethoprim-sulfa to treat secondary bacterial infection and
the use of alcohol, antibiotic ointment like penicillin and silver
sulfadiazine (silvadene cream) applied topically to clean up
surgical site Ondrak & Julie, (2009).
For the prevention and control of dogs from the incidence
of cuterebriasis, dogs should be kept indoors to avoid
exposure especially during warmer period which is the
breeding season of botflies. Dogs should be groomed by
regularly brushing their coats or furs to remove eggs or larvae
in early stage of development (Cascade, 2014). Also, general
cleaning and good hygiene is paramount Helmenstine, (2018);
Turner, (2019b). Furthermore, fly control and protective
screens should be provided dog kennels (Sciencedirect, 2017).
Finally, the use of topical insecticides such as fipronil and
imidacloprid are beneficial as they provide dogs protection
from infestation (Capcvet.org, 2012, Pet.com, 2019).
Cuterebriasis in dogs has posed great disadvantage to pet
lovers who find it difficult to keep dogs given that they‟ve
experienced their pets die out of this disease infestation at
other times, hence the reason for this study to throw light on
the causes, signs, symptoms, treatment, control and prevention
of the incidents of cuterebriasis in dogs so as to give them
healthy lives and reduce the fear of pet lovers from breeding
them. Also the research seek to provide answers to questions
 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020
that are been posed by pet lovers as to when and where to take
their dogs to in order to receive prompt medical attention
should there be an outbreak of disease upon their pets. This in
the long run would save the lives of the dogs and reduce
economic loss by the owners of the dogs eventually. Hence,
this research is aimed at carrying out a survey on the
prevalence of cuterebriasis in dogs living in Yenagoa
metropolis of Bayelsa State with the intent of educating pet
owners and care givers on the diagnosis, signs/symptoms and
treatment of the disease condition in dogs. Finally this study
seeks to educate pet owners on the best preventive control
practices against cuterebra infestation and cuterebriasis in their
dogs.
Source: Helmenstine, (2018)
Plate 1-2: Warble fly Hypoderma lineatum
Source: Hill & Roxanne, (2008)
1-3rd larval instar stages of Botfly Cuterebra
III. THEORITICAL ANCHORING OF STUDY
Sample survey method of Nodu et al., (2013); Turner,
(2019b) employing the use of descriptive open ended
questionnaire was adopted for this research. About 20 open
ended questionnaires bounding on the study of “botfly and
cuterebriasis in dogs (Canine canine) in Yenagoa metropolis
of Bayelsa State were distributed to veterinary health
professionals in veterinary service centers in Yenagoa,
Bayelsa State. The questions covered knowledge of subject
matter on insect associated with cuterebriasis, mode of
transmission of cuterebra larva, symptoms of infestation,
diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. The
questionnaires were retrieved after a period of 3 days.
Page 86 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com
ISSN: 2394-4404
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There is no statistical significant relationship between non
infested healthy dogs and dogs that lay down in dirty rodent
infested areas while hunting for food in gardens in a bid to
eliminate the incidence of cuterebriasis in Bayelsa State.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The retrieved questionnaires were collated appropriately
based on answers provided by respondents. Results were
calculated and analyzed statistically in percentages using
Microsoft excel version for windows 2010. All charts were
plotted using Microsoft excel and by the authors.
IV. FINDINGS
A total of 20 questionnaires were distributed and retrieved
from respondents who were veterinary professionals in
Bayelsa State making a total of 100%.
Fig.1 below gives the knowledgebility of cuterabriasis in
dogs. A total of 100% of respondents reported that
cuterebriasis have been prevalently reported in dogs in
Yenagoa, Bayelsa State at different points in time.
Figure 1: Chart showing the report of incidence of
cuterebriasis in dogs in Yenagoa
Fig. 2 provides response as to the causative organism of
cuterebriasis in dogs. Total of 80% reported that the insect
botfly was the vector and pathogenic organism of cuterebriasis
in dogs while 15% vote for rat and 5% for mites respectively.
Figure 2: Percentage distribution of vector and causative
organism of cuterebriasis in Dogs
Regarding symptoms of cuterebriasis in dogs, a total of
40% respondents reported excessive food intake due adlibitum
feeding of larvae on host tissues, 35% supported weight loss
while 20% reported fever and 5% accepted fluid bumps on
bodies of dogs respectively for symptoms of cuterebra
infestation (fig. 3).
 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020 ISSN: 2394-4404

Figure 3: Percentage distribution of symptoms of

Figure 6: Percentage distribution of possible ways of treating
cuterebriasis in an infested dog
Cuterebriasis in dogs
Concerning what should be done in case of cuterebriasis
For diagnosis of cuterebriasis in dogs, 85% supported
outbreak in dogs, 65% of the respondents recommended
taking the infested dog to veterinary professional for possible
consultation of a veterinarian for prompt diagnosis and
diagnostic test, 10% opted for physical examination of the dog
treatment without delay, 30% demanded isolation of the dog
while 5% supported the use of instruments respectively (fig.
from other pets at home while 5% called for the use of any
7).
other means of treatment (fig. 4).

Figure 4: percentage distribution of what a pet owner needs to
do in case of cuterebriasis outbreak in his/her dog?
Fig. 5 represents the response of the health officers on
why it is not adviceable to treat the infected dogs locally at
home but by a veterinary heath provider. A total of 90% were
in support of the motion that dogs who display symptoms of
cuterebriasis should not be treated at home for fear that the
larvae may not be adequately removed from the dog‟s tissue
which may lead to other secondary bacterial infection while
10% were against the idea and stated the condition can be
treated locally at home.
Figure 7: Percentage distribution of diagnosis of
Cuterebriasis in dogs
Fig. 8 below gives the ways pet owners can prevent their
dogs from Cuterebriasis infestations. A total of 50% supported
preventing the dogs from rodent habitat, 40% supported
restricting the dogs from hunting while 10% supported
preventing them from dirty environment.

Figure 8: Percentage distribution of methods of preventing

Figure 5: Chart showing percentage distribution of
respondents on treatment of cuterebriasis only by veterinary
health providers and not locally at home
For possible medication and treatment of Cuterebriasis in
dogs, a total of 40% supported use of antibiotics, 25%
supported flooding the infected area with antiseptic, 20%
voted for the use of Penicillin ointment to debride the infected
surface while 15% went for the use of anesthesia against the
pains (fig. 6).
dogs from cuterebriasis infestation
Fig. 9 gives the response of the best possible way of
removing Cuterebra larvae from an infested dog. A total of
50% supported the enlargement of breathing holes with
hemostats to remove larvae using forceps as instruments, 45%
reported removal of larvae via surgical procedures while 5%
supported the use of medication such as ivermectin and
canvenia respectively.

Page 87 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com

 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020
Figure 9: Chart showing percentage distribution of the best
practice concerning the removal of Cuterebra larvae from an
infected dog
Fig. 10 below shows response to the life cycle of the
cuterebra larvae in an infested dog. A total of 80% of the
respondents stated 30 days (one month), 15% went for two
weeks (14 days) while 5% reported two months respectively
(60 days).
Figure 10: Percentage distribution of respondents on the life
cycle of Cuterebra larvae in an infested dog
Regarding the possibility of using red palm oil in the
treatment of cuterebriasis in an infested dog, 80% respondents
affirmed to its possibility in the killing of the cuterebra larvae
while 20% were against its ability to produce the needed result
of killing the cuterebra larvae (fig. 11).
Figure 11: Percentage distribution of respondents on the
possibility of using red palm oil in the treatment of
cuterebriasis in an infested dog
This research was carried out via the sample survey
method employing the use of questionnaire. A total of 20 open
ended questionnaires were distributed and the 20 were
retrieved from the respondent. A total of 100% of the
respondents who are veterinary health service providers
reported that they were aware of the prevalence of the
opportunistic parasitic disease (cuterebriasis) of dogs in
Bayelsa State.
A total of 80% respondent reported the insect Botfly as
the vector and causative animal for cuterebriasis in dogs. This
report is in conformity with those found in literature that the
vector and causative organism of cuterebriasis in dogs is the
insect botfly of the order Diptera and family cuterebridae
(Bloudoff-Indelicato, 2013; Bull, 2013; Sciencedirect, 2017;
Pet.com, 2019). Also, 15% respondent reported rat to be the
causative animal, and 5% respondent reported mice which
were animals whose habitat only served as breeding ground
for the adult botflies to lay their eggs.
Furthermore, in the case of the symptoms associated with
cuterebriasis in dogs, a total of 40% respondents reported
excessive food intake, 35% affirmed weight loss, 20%
reported fever and 5% reported that fluid bumps on bodies as
Page 88 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com
ISSN: 2394-4404
symptoms of cuterebriasis in dogs. All these are possible
symptoms and are in agreement with those of previous authors
such as Freed et al., (1986); Ondrak & Julie, (2009); Moriello,
(2013); Cascade, (2014); Sciencedirect, (2017).
On the aspect of what to do when cuterebriasis outbreak is
noticed in a dog, a total of 65% respondents reported consult a
veterinarian, 30% reported isolating the dog and 5% reported
using any means possible to get the dog treated. While
concerning how advisable it is to treat an infected dog locally
at home. A total of 90% respondent reported against treating
the disease locally at home while 10% agreed to that. Pet
owners are advised expressly to seek medical attention from
veterinary hospitals should there be an outbreak of disease
condition and not treat them locally since they are ignorant of
the particular infection so as to avoid premature dog death.
This is in agreement with the report of Piper & Rose (2007);
Ondrak & Julie (2009); Bordelon, et al., (2009); Capcvet.org
(2012); Bloudoff-Indelicato, (2013); Bull, (2013); Moriello,
(2013); Ward, (2016); Sciencedirect, (2017); Helmenstine,
(2018); Tarantino, (2019); Pet.com, (2019).
Consequently, on the type of medication effective for
treating cuterebriasis in dogs, 40% respondent reported the use
of antibiotics, 25% voted for antiseptic, 20% reported
penicillin ointment and 15% called out for the use of
anesthesia in killing the pains. These methods of treatment are
also in conformity with those stated by different authors such
as Orfanous et al., (2011); Capcvet.org (2012); Ward, (2016);
Helmenstine, (2018); Turner, (2019b).
Regarding the diagnose of cuterebriasis in dogs, a total of
85% respondent reported carrying out diagnostic test to
determine the actual cause of disease and the proper
medication to administer while 10% reported physical
examination using forceps and 5% suggested use of
instrument in diagnosing cuterebriasis in infested dogs.
Diagnostic tests are required by the veterinarian to determine
the actual dog infection, the stage of the disease and the
appropriate medication to be administered to the dogs for
quick recovery. According to Freed et al., (1986), Ondrak &
Julie, (2009); Capcvet.org, (2012); Ward, (2016), diagnosis
involve the direct visualization of the cuterebra larva within
the lesion and the actual presence of breathing holes of the
warbles on the dogs which are also visible to the pet owners.
Other diagnostic tools include the use of radiologic imaging
which reveals larval migration tracks as well as the larvae
themselves and secondly, surgical exploration during which
larvae can be removed and examined for identification
(Capcvet.org, 2012).
Remarkably on the best method of preventing dogs from
cuterebriasis and cuterebra larvae, a total of 50% reported that
dog owners should prevent their dogs from playing around
rodent habitats, 40% reported restricting dogs from hunting
and 10% reported preventing them from dirty environment to
avoid cuterebriasis in dogs. These points are in conformity
with those of Helmenstine, (2018); Turner, (2019b) who
reported personal cleaning and good hygiene as a requirement.
Cascade, (2014) stated that dogs should be kept indoors to
avoid exposure especially during warmer period which is the
breeding season of botflies. Dogs should be groomed by
regularly brushing their coats or furs to remove eggs or larvae
in early stage of development and spraying them with topical
 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020
insecticides like fiprinol and imidacloprid which are
beneficial. Sciencedirect, (2017) further stated the provision of
dog kennels with fly control and protective screens to prevent
botflies from coming around to lay their eggs Helmenstine,
(2018); Turner, (2019 a,b).
Concerning the best method of eliminating the cuterebra
larva from an infested dogs, a total of 50% respondent
reported the use of instruments such as forceps, 45% said by
medication such as antibiotics and 5% reported surgical
application respectively. These methods are in line with the
reports of Bogglid et al., (2002); Cascade, (2014); Ward,
(2016); Sciencedirect, (2017); Helmenstine, (2018);
Capcvet.org, (2012),
Invariably, regarding the life cycle of cuterebra larva in an
infested dog, a total of 80% respondents reported 30 days,
15% reported 2 weeks and 5% gave 2 months which also
aligns with the observations of Ward, (2016); Helmenstine,
(2018), who stated that the developmental cycle of the botfly
or cuterebra larva in an infected dog ranges between 3-8.5
weeks (19-60 days), pupation lasts 14-28 days in favorable
warm environmental condition or overwinters for about 7-11
months, while adult botfly has a life expectancy of about 9-14
days that is about 2 week.
Finally observations on the potency of using local red
palm oil in treating an infested dog, 80% respondents reported
(Yes) which means that they are aware that local palm oil can
be used to treat an infested dog while 20% respondents were
against its use for the treatment of cuterebriasis in dogs.
However Pariser, (2006); Mariello, 2017; Helmenstine, (2018)
recommended the topical application of petroleum jelly to seal
the holes made by the cuterebra larvae on the dog thus
suffocating the larvae with subsequent enlargement of the
holes and the larvae is thereby removed with forceps or
tweezers. In like manner, the palm oil serves same function as
the petroleum jelly when applied topically on the holes lead to
widening as the warbles make their way to the surface in the
bid to struggle to breath in air and are removed mechanically
with hand gloves or by the use of forceps (Personal
communication, 2019).
V. SUMMARY
Cuterebriasis is a parasitic disease affecting rodents,
livestock and mammals. The etiologic agent is the larval
development of botflies of the Cuterebra or Trypoderma
genera in the subcutaneous tissues of warm blooded animals.
Felines and Canines serve as accidental hosts to Trypoderma
species. Cuterebra larvae or warbles which cause Cuterebriasis
disease (subcutaneous myiasis) in dogs enters into the body by
first-instar larvae which occurs via mucous membranes of
natural orifices such as the mouth and nose or open wounds as
opposed to direct dermic penetration. The Cuterebriasis comes
with symptoms such as bump on the skin, lesion or ulceration
with a small hole in the middle, pains, discomfort, fever,
partial blindness and others. Failure to treat infested dogs
could lead to secondary bacterial infections, shock and
eventual death of animals.
Page 89 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com
ISSN: 2394-4404
VI. CONCLUSION
The problem of cuterebriasis in dogs can be eradicated in
Bayelsa State and in any other places in Nigeria. This can be
achieved through general cleaning, good hygienic sanitary
practices, isolation of healthy dogs from infested dogs and
prompt visit to the veterinarian in cases of outbreak of
cuterebriasis in dogs. Dogs should be groomed by regularly
brushing their coats or furs to remove eggs or larvae in early
stage of development. Furthermore, fly control and protective
screens should be provided dog kennels while topical
insecticides such as fipronil and imidacloprid are beneficial as
they provide dogs protection from infestation (Capcvet.org,
2012, Pet.com, 2019). Vaccines and other antibiotics should
be provided by dog owners to treat disease outbreak in dogs.
Above all, dogs should be taken to veterinary hospitals for
routine checks.
VII. RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that proper sanitation be practiced in
the area that we live, and again those that already having pets
in their houses should prevent them from hunting for food in
gardens and rodent infested areas, lying down in areas that are
dirty so as to eliminate the problem of cuterebriasis.
Furthermore, vaccines such as antibiotics (Ivermectin),
anesthesia and antiseptics, should be produced to eradicate or
solve this problem. Finally, the masses especially pet owners
and dog owners should be educated on the diagnosis, mode of
transmission, symptoms, treatment, prevention and control of
cuterebriasis in dogs with the major objective of limiting and
or completely eradicating the prevalence of cuterebriasis in
dogs in Bayelsa State.
REFERENCES
[1] Bloudoff-Indelicato, M. (2013). Botfly invasion: why
parasites pop out of animals skin. National geographic
Society, Washington, DC 200236. Blog. national
geographic.org/.
[2] Bordelon, J. T., Newcomb, B. T., & Rochat, M. C. (2009)
“Surgical Removal of cuterebra larvae from the cervical
Trachea of a cat”. Journal of the American Animal
Hospital Association, 45(1): 52-54.
[3] Bhandari, R., Janos, D. P., & Sinnis, P. (2007).
“Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis in a
returning traveler”. The American Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, 76 (3): 598-599.
[4] Bogglid, A. K., Keystone, J. S., & Klain, K. C. (2002).
Furuncular myiasis: a simple and rapid method for
extraction of intact “Dermatobia hominis”. Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 35 (3): 336-338.
[5] Bull, J. W. (2013). Botfly invasion: why parasites pop out
of animals skin. National geographic Society,
Washington, DC 200236. Blog. national geographic.org/.
[6] Capcvet.org (2012). Cuterebriasis for dog: Companion
Animal Parasite Council Veterinary.org.
Capcvet.org/guidelines/cuterebriasis.
 International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS)
Volume 7 Issue 3, March 2020
[7] Cascade, K. (2014). Cuterebra infestations: facts you
should know. Cascade Kennels Newsletter, Woodinville,
WA 98072. www.cascadekennels.com/.
[8] Drees, B.M., Jackman, A.P., & John K.E. (1999). “Horse
Bot Fly”. Field Guide to Texas Insects. Houston, Texas:
Gulf Publishing Company. Retrieved 2013-6.
[9] Dunleavy, S. (2005). Life in the undergrowth: intimate
Relations (Programme synopses) BBC. Retrieved 2008-
12-17.
[10] Freed, L. A. (1986). Territory and sexually selected
infanticide in tropical House Wrens. Behav Ecol
Sociobiol 19: 197-206.
[11] Helmenstine, A. M. (2018). Fascinatingly Gross Botfly
Facts. Dotdash publishing family.
www.thoughtco.com/botfly-facts-4173752
[12] Hill, S. K., & Roxanne, C. C. (2008). Featured creatures:
Entomolology and Nematology. University of Florida.
[13] Jennison, C. A., Rodas, L. R., & Barrett, G. W. (2006).
Cuterebra fortinella parasitism on Peromyscus leucopus
and Ochrotomys nuttalli. Southern Naturalist, 5 (1): 157-
168.
[14] Moriello, K. A. (2013). Overview of cuterebra infestation
in small animals. The Merck Veterinary Manual (MSD
MANUAL), Merck Sharp and Dohme Corporation, a
subsidiary of Merck and Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
www.msdvetmanual.com/.
[15] MSPCA-Angell (2019). Cuterebriasis (Cuterebra - Botfly
larva) in pets. MSPCA Newsletter, USA, EIN: 04-
2103597. www.mspca.org/angell_services/botfly-larva-
in-pets//.
[16] Nodu, M. B., Vincent. K. P. & Owen O. J. (2013). Palm
weevil larva (Rhynchophorus Ferrgineus) consumption as
supplement of Human protein in the Diets of inhabitants
of Bayelsa State, Nigeria international Journal of Health
and Medical information, 2(1), 2350-2353.
Page 90 www.ijiras.com | Email: contact@ijiras.com
View publication stats
ISSN: 2394-4404
[17] Ondrak, E. E., and Julie A. G. (2009). “Ask The Vet:
Treating Bot Infestations In Horses”. Lambriarvet.com.
Retrieved 2009-9-10.
[18] Orfanous, D. C., Papadopoulos, E., Cripps, P. S., &
Athanasious, L. (2011). Myiasis in dog shelter in Greece:
epidemiological and clinical features and therapeutic
considerations. Vet. Parasitol., 181(2-4): 374-378.
[19] Pape, E.G., & Thomas P. K. (2001). “Phylogeny of
Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera)”. Systematic Entomology. 26
(2): 133-171.
[20] Pariser, H. S. (2006). Explore Costa Rica. Manatee press.
ISBN: 1-893643-55-7.
[21] Pet.com (2019). Cuterebriasis: Alien Invasion? Animal
poison control center. www.petpoisonhelpline.com.
Blog/cuterebriasis.
[22] Piper, S. S., & Rose, G. V. (2007). “Human Botfly”
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and
Unusual Animals. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
Publishing Group. 192-194. ISBN: 0-313-33922-8.
[23] Science direct, (2017). Cuterebra: parasitic skin disorders
in small animal dermatology. 4th Edition. www.science
direct.com/.
[24] Tarantino, M. (2019). How to treat cuterebra in pets: This
pesky parasite can invade your pets skin. The spruce Pets,
dotdash Publishing family. www.thesprucepet.com/.
[25] Turner, C. (2019a). Botflies (Maggots): Average cost.
Wag Labs. Inc. wagwalking.com
[26] Turner, C. (2019b). Botflies (Maggots): Botflies
(Maggots): Questions nd advice from veterinary
professionals. Wag Labs. Inc. wagwalking.com
[27] Ward, E. (2016). Cuterebra or „Warbles‟ in dogs.
Lifelearn Inc.Vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cuterebra-
or-warbles-in-dogs.