PENGERTIAN INHIBITOR

Inhibitor adalah substansi kimia, bila

ditambahkandalam konsentrasi yang
relatif sedikit ke lingkungan korosif,
secara efektif dapat menurunkan laju
korosi logam. Prinsipnya, pemakaian
inhibitor dimaksudkan untuk mengubah
interface antara logam dan lingkungan
korosi dengn cara mengisolasi satu dari
yang lainnya atau mengubah lingkungan
yang korosif menjadi kurang korosif.
KLASIFIKASI INHIBITOR

1. inhibitor anodik
2. inhibitor katodik
3. inhibitor campuran
4. inhibitor teradsorpsi
Inhibitor Anodik

INHIBITOR ANODIK DAPAT MENURUNKAN LAJU

KOROSI. PENURUNAN LAJU KOROSI TERSEBUT
ADALAH AKIBAT PENURUNAN LAJU TRANSPER ION-
ION METAL KEDALAM LARUTAN, KARENA ADSORPSI
PARTIKEL-PARTIKEL BERMUATAN POSITIF
KEDALAM LAPISAN GANDA ATAU AKIBAT
BERKURANGNYA DAERAH ANODA KARENA
PASIFASI.

INHIBITOR ANODIK : KROMAT, NITRIT, MOLIBDAT

DAN SEBAGAINYA.
 System Inhibitor Metal Concentration
protected
Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Steel, cast iron 10 ppm
+ others
Air Minum Polyphosphate Fe, Zn, Cu, Al 5 - 10 ppm
Ca(OH) 2 Fe, Zn, cu Sufficien t for pH 8.0
Na 2 SiO 3 Fe, Zn, Cu 10 - 20 ppm
Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Steel, cast iron 10 ppm
+ others
Air Na 2 CrO 4 Fe, Zn,, Cu 0.1%
Pendingin NaNO2 Fe 0.05%
NaH 2 PO 4 Fe 1%
Tabel Morpholine
NaH 2 PO 4
Fe
Fe, Zn, Cu
0.2%
10 ppm
Poliphosphate Fe, Zn, Cu 10 pp pm
Contoh beberapa Boilers
Morpholine
Hydrazine
Fe
Fe
variabel
O 2 scavenger

jenis inhibitor pada Ammonia

Octadecylamine
Fe
Fe
Neutrahzer
variabel
Na 2 SiO 3 Baja 0.01%
beberapa sistem dan Minyak Na 2 SO 3
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Baja

jenis logam Gas

Formalidehid
Ammonia
Baja 50 - 100 ppm

Ciclohexamin
Na 2 SiO 3 Zn 10 ppm
NaNO 2 Fe 0.5%
Air laut Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 All pH dependent
NaH 2 PO 4 +NaNO 2 Fe 10 ppm + 0.5%
Engine Na 2 CrO 4 Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb 0.1 - 1%
Coolants NaNO 2 Fe 0.5%
Borax Fe 1%
Giycol / air Borax + All 1% + 0.1%
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Morpholine Fe variabel
Kon den Ammonia Fe variabel
sasi
uap Ethylenediamine Fe variabel
Cyclohexylamine Fe
DOSIS INHIBITOR

KEMAMPUAN DAYA KERJA INHIBITOR KAOROSI DINYATAKAN

DENGAN EFISIENSI (%) YAITU SELISIH LAJU KOROSI SEBELUM
DAN SESUADAH DIGUNAKAN INHIBITOR DIBANDINGKAN
DENGAN LAJU KOROSI TANPA MENGGUNAKAN INHIBITOR :

Cro - Cri
E = --------------------------- X 100%
CRO
E : Efesiensi inhibitor
CRO : Laju korosi logam tanpa inhibitor
CRi : Laju korosi logam dengan inhibitor

TINGKAT KEMAMPUAN KERJA INHIBITOR TERGANTUNG PADA

LINGKUNGAN KOROSIF, JENIS DAN DOSIS INHIBITOR
YANG DIGUNAKAN
 E
3
EO
H+ / H2

E’’corr
1 A

Ecorr

E’corr 1
B

EO
Fe / Fe2+
2
I
Icorr’’ Icorr Icorr
’

Gambar Pengaruh inhibitor terhadap potensial dan

arus korosi
PENGUKURAN PENGARUH INHIBISI

CARA KEHILANGAN BERAT

PENGUJIAN KEMAMPUAN INHIBITOR DENGAN CARA INI
MEMERLUKAN WAKTU YANG CUKUP LAMA. KEMAMPUAN DAYA
KERJA INHIBISI KOROSI DIHITUNG DENGAN PERUMUSAN
DIATAS.

PENGUKURAN VOLUME GAS HIDROGEN

CARA INI HANYA BISA DI LAKUKAN DALAM LINGKUNGAN
ASAM. LAJU KOROSI DIAMATI BERDASARKAN VOLUME GAS
H2 YANG TERBENTUK DARI REAKSI BERIKUT :

M + 2 H+  2M+ + H2
KALAU INHIBITOR ITU AKTIF, VOLUME GAS H2 YANG
TERBENTUK AKAN LEBIH RENDAH DIBANDINGKAN DENGAN
TANPA INHIBITOR.
PENGUKURAN PENGARUH INHIBISI

PENGUKURAN BERDASARKAN KURVA POLARISASI

KURVA POLARISASI INI DI BUAT BERDASARKAN

HASIL PENGUKURAN POTENSIAL DAN ARUS
KOROSI SELAMA PROESE POLARISASI DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN ALAT POTENSIOSTAT. POLARISASI
DAPAT DIARAHKAN KE DAERAH KATODIK DAN
ANODIK. DARI HASIL PERPOTONGAN EKSTRA
POLARISASI PADA KURVA POLARISASI BISA
DITENTUKAN LAJU KOROSI DIDALAM MEDIA
ELEKTROLIT YANG MENGANDUNG DAN TANPA
INHIBITOR.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

 LINGKUNGAN AIR MERUPAKAN LINGKUNGAN KOROSIF

YANG SANGAT UMUM.
 AIR PELARUT KUAT YANG DAPAT MEMBAWA BERMACAM-
MACAM KONSTITUENAGRESIF, SEHINGGA PEMAKAIAN
INHIBITOR UNTUK INHIBISI KOROSI SANGAT TERGANTUNG
PADA JENIS DAN JUMLAH KONSTITUEN-KONSTITUEN YANG
TERLARUT DALAM AIR TERSEBUT, KARENA INHIBITOR
TIDAK UNIVERSAL UNTUK LINGKUNGAN AIR DAN JENIS
LOGAM.
 INHIBITOR DAPAT BEKERJA SECARA EFEKTIF DALAM
LINGKUNGAN AIR DAN JENIS LOGAM TERTENTU, TAPI
SEBALIKNYA KERJANYA KURANG EFEKTIF ATAU BAHKAN
BERBAHAYA DALAM LINGKUNGAN AIR DAN JENIS LOGAM
YANG LAINNYA.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

1. AIR DEMINERALISASI
 AIR DEMINERALISASI RELATIF TIDAK KOROSIF TERHADAP BAJA
KARENA MEMPUNYAI RESISTEN ELEKTRIK YANG TINGGI &
MENGUNDANG KONSENTRASI ION HIDROGEN YANG RENDAH.
 BILA AIR DEMINERALISASI KONTAK DENGAN ATMOSFIR, AIR AKAN
MENGADSORPSI KARBON DIOKSIDA DAN MEMBENTUK ASAM
KARBONAT YANG AKAN MENURUNKAN SISTEM ELEKTRIKNYA,
SEHINGGA AKAN MENYEBABKAN KOROSIF TERHADAP BAJA.
 DALAM KEADAAN SEPERTI INI, KONSENTRASI MINIMAL DARI
INHIBITOR-INHIBITOR SEPERTI SODIUM BENZOAT ATAU BORAK
ADALAH SANGAT EFEKTIF UNTUK INHIBISI KOROSI BAJA.
 BAJA MUDAH DIFASIFASI DALAM AIR DEMINEARLISASI ATAU AIR
DESTILAT KARENA DISAMPING PH NYA NETRAL DAN TIDAK ADA ION-
ION AGRESIF TERLARUT YANG DAPAT MENGGANGGU
PEMBENTUKAN LAPISAN PASIF.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

2. AIR MINUM
PENGOLAHAN AIR BAKU UNTUK AIR MINUM TIDAK DAPAT
DILAKUKAN DENGAN KEBANYAKAN INHIBITOR DIKARENAKAN
OLEH SIFAT TOKSISINYA. UNTUK PROTEKSI PIPA-PIPA YANG
TERBUAT DARI BAJA DAN BESI TUANG PADA SISTEM INI
UMUMNYA CUKUP DENGAN MENAMBAHKAN KAPUR. TETAPI
JIKA AIR BAKU TERSEBUT MENGANDUNG KONSENTRASI
KLORIDA DAN SULFAT YANG CUKUP TINGGI, PENGGUNAAN
INHIBITOR YANG SESUAI UNTUK INHIBISI KOROSI DALAM
LINGKUNGAN INI ADALAH POLISULFAT ATAU SILIKAT.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

2. SISTEM AIR PENDINGIN.

 SISTEM LANGSUNG DIBUANG (ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM).

- Sistem air yang telah dipakai sebagai pendingin langsung dibuang.
- Penggunaan inhibitor yang ekonomis pada sistem ini bila baja digunakan untuk
sistem ini mengandung konsentrasi klorida cukup tinggi garam-garam Zn atau
kalsium harus ditambahkan disamping inhibitor folisulfat. Paduan Tembaga -
Nikel dan Alumunium Brass lebih tahan terhadapair yang mengandung
konsentrasi klorida yang cukup tinggi dari pada baja.

 SISTEM SIRKULASI TERBUKA

- Pada sistem ini air disirkulasikan untuk digunakan sebagai pendingin.
- Inhibitor kromat atau sodium nitrit efektif bila baja digunakan sebagai konstruksi.
- Konsumsi inhibitor meningkat dengan adanya ion klorida.
- Sodium nitrit dapat membentuk amonia melalui proses reduksi pada daerah
katoda, oleh karena itu sodium nitrit tidak boleh digunakan dalam sistem yang
konstruki terbuat dari bahan brass atau tembaga, karena amonia dapat
mengakibatkan stress corrosion cracking pada bahan tersebut.
 METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

2. SISTEM AIR PENDINGIN

 SISTEM SIRKULASI TERTUTUP
- Sistem ini digunakan pada sistem pendingin mesin pembakar.
- Sebagai bahan pendingin pada sistem ni adalah campuran air - glikol. Untuk itu
oxidizing inhibitor seperti kromat atau nitrit tidak dapat digunakan sebagai inhibisi
korosi pada sistem, karena inhibitor tersebut dapat mengoksidasi glikol. Dalam
hal ini tidak hanya mengakibatkan pemakaian inhibitor dalam jumlah yang relatif
besar tetapi juga dapat mengakibatkan pembentukan asam organik yang bisa
merusak sistem pendingin.
- Pada sistem ini menggunakan campuran inhibitor borak dan
mercaptobenzolthiazole yang dapat menginhibisi korosi brass dan tembaga.
Aksi inhibitor borak untuk inhibisi korosi baja dalam kontak dengan
campuran glikol - air sangat memuaskan, tetapi borak dan glikol dapat
mnyerang logam seng dengan cepat dan logam seng dalam brass
membentuk senyawa kompleks seng.
- Inhibitor mercaptobenzothiazole sangat efektif bila digunakan pada sistem
pendingin mesin pembakar yang konstruksinya terbuat dari bermacam-macam
logam.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

 KERUSAKAN YANG SERING TERJADI PADA INSTALASI KILANG

MINYAK PADA UMUMNYA DISEBABKAN OLEH SEJUMLAH KECIL
AIR YANG MENGANDUNG UNSUR-UNSUR AGRESIF SEPERTI C1,
SO42-, SO2, H2S, CO2.
 SEDIKIT LARUT DALAM PRODUK PETROLIUM DAN KELARUTANNYA
MENINGKAT DENGAN TEMPERATUR.
 INHIBITOR ORGANIK SEPERTI SENYAWA-SENYAWA AMIN,
LICITHIN DAN MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE DAN INHIBITOR
ANORGANIK (SEPERTI SODIUM SULFIT DAN SODIUM SILIKAT)
SANGAT EFEKTIF UNTUK INHIBISI KOROSI DALAM
LINMGKUNGAN MINYAK.
 INHIBITOR KROMAT TIDAK DAPAT DIGUNAKAN UNTUK INHIBISI
KOROSI DALAM LINGKUNGAN MINYAK DISEBABKAN KARENA
INHIBITOR INI TIDAK STABIL OLEH ADANYA ORGANIK YANG
TERDAPAT PADA MINYAK TERSEBUT.
 KEPERLUAN DOSIS INHIBITOR PADA LINGKUNGAN MINYAK
TERGANTUNG PADA KADAR AIR YANG TERDAPAT DALAM MINYAK
TERSEBUT.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

 INHIBITOR YANG BANYAK DIGUNAKAN DALAM LINGKUNGAN ASAM

ADALAH PADA PROSES CUCI ASAM (PICKLING).
 PROSES CUCI ASAM ADALAH PROSES PENGHILANGAN LAPISAN
OKSIDA ATAU SENYAWA-SENYAWA LAINNYA PADA PERMUKAAN
LOGAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN LARUTAN ASAM.
 MASALAH YANG TIMBUL PADA PROSES CUCI ASAM ADALAH
DISAMPING PELARUTAN KERAK OKSIDA ITU SENDIRI DAN JUGA
DAPAT MENGAKIBATKAN PERAPUHAN HIDROGEN DISEBABKAN
KARENA GAS HIDROGEN YANG TERBENTUK SELAMA PROSES
BERLANGSUNG. UNTUK MENGATASI HAL TERSEBUT DIATAS
PROSES CUCI ASAM MAKA PERLU DI TAMBAHKAN INHIBITOR.
 BEBERAPA JENIS INHIBITOR YANG SERING DIGUNAKAN PADA
PROSES INI ADALAH SENYAWA -SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG
MENGANDUNG GUGUS S DAN N SEPERTI HEXAMETHHYLTCTRAMINE
(C6 H12 N4 ) THIOUREA [(NH2)2 CS], DLL.
METODA APLIKASI INHIBITOR

 KERUSAKAN YANG SERING TERJADI DI

LINGKUNGAN GAS SEPERTI PADA INSTALASI
PEMBORAN SUMUR GAS ALAM TERUTAMA DI
ZONE REFLUK.

 INHIBITOR YANG DIGUNAKAN UNTUK INHIBISI

KOROSI DALAM LINGKUNGAN INI ADALAH YANG
MUDAH MENGUAP (VOLATILE INHIBITOR)
SEPERTI FORMALDEHID DAN SENYAWA-
SENYAWA AMIN.
 2,2
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2

E 1
0,8
0,6 Fe3+
0,4
Fe2O3
0,2 AKTIF
PASIF
0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
Fe3O4
-0,8
-1 HFeO2-
Fe
-1,2
IMMUN AKTIF
-1,4
-1,6
-1,8
pH

Gambar Diagram korosi besi dalam air

Table Concentration effective of nitrite and phosphate
inhibitor with additional 0 ppm, 20 ppm, 200 ppm, and
400 ppm NaCl
Figure Relationship between concentration of effective
inhibitor and NaCl
INHIBITOR CHROMAT
• Membentuk lapisan pasif :
- Oksida feri alfa
- Oxida chrom
• Effisiensi Pencegahan
- Kosentrasi chromat pada awal proteksi
• Permasalahan Inhibitor Chromat :
- Ion C1- dapat menerobos lap protektif dan menyebabkan
korosi pada lapisan terbawah.
- Jika jumlah chromat tidak cukup  korosi lubang.
- Chromat bersifat racun
- senyawa pereduksi seperti minyak, hidrogen sulfida dan SO2
bereaksi dengan chromat membentuk ion chromium yang tidak
efektif
SO2 + H2O H2SO4
2H2CrO4 + 3H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 5H2O
INHIBITOR FOSFAT
Sodium Fosfat (inhibitor Anodik)

• Kemampuana protektif, ditentukan oleh :

a. Kehadiran O2
b. Nilai pH lar.

• Membentuk lapisan oksida gamma Fe2O3 tipis (memerlukan

waktu)

• Diskotinuitas lapisan  korosi terus berlangsung sampai

dengan terbentuk lapisan Ferri fosfat
Fe+2 + H2PO4  FeH2PO4+2
FeH2PO4+ + 2H2O  FePO4 + 2H2O + 2H+ + e
INHIBITOR FOSFAT
Polifosfat

• Contoh :
- Sodium piro fosfat
- Na-tripolyfosfat
- Na- Hesametafosfat
- Variasi “glassy” fosfat (polimer dengan BM tinggi).
• Walaupun demikian, polyfosfat akan berfungsi bila
adanya oksigen dan “hardness” didalam air, dan kembali
membentuk ortofosfat (berat molekul rendah). Jika
dipanaskan atau pada pH rendah atau tingkat Ca yang
tinggi.
INHIBITOR NITRIT, NaNO2

• Membentuk Lapisan pasif

• Mekanisme Oksida valensi rendah

NO2- + 8H+ + 6e- 6NH4+ + 2H2O
9Fe(OH)2 3Fe3O4 + 6H2O + 6H+ + 6e-
2H2O 2H+ + 2OH-

9Fe(OH)2 + NO2- 3Fe3O4 + NH4+ + 6H2O + 2OH-

INHIBITOR NITRIT, NaNO2

• Oksida valensi tinggi

NO2- + 8H+ + 6e- 6NH4+ + 2H2O
6Fe(OH)2 2Fe3O4 + 6H2O + 6H+ + 6e-
2Fe3O4+ + H2O 3 (k – 2Fe2O3) + 2H+ + 2e-
2H2O 2H+ + 2OH-

6Fe(OH)2 + NO2- 3(k – 2Fe2O3) + NH4+ + 3H2O + 2OH-

• Kehadiran O2 akan membentuk reaksi :

NH+ + 4H2O + +O2 NO2- + 3H2O + 2H+
DEFINITION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR

A CORROSION INHIBITOR IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH,

WHEN ADDED TO AN ENVIRONMENT, DECREASES
THE RATE OF ATTACK BY THE ENVIRONMENT ON A
METAL. CORROSION INHIBITORS ARE COMMONLY
ADDED IN SMALL AMOUNTS TO ACIDS, COOLING
WATERS, STEAM, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTS,
EITHER CONTINUOUSLY OR INTERMITTENTLY TO
PREVENT SERIOUS CORROSION.
 THE INHIBITOR MAY CAUSE :

1. INCREASED POLARIZATION OF THE ANODE

(ANODIC INHIBITION),

2. INCREASED POLARIZATION OF THE CATHODE

(CATHODIC INHIBITION), OR IT MAY

3. INCREASE THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF

THE CIRCUIT BY FORMING A THICK DEPOSIT ON
THE SURFACE OF THE METAL.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
ANODIC PASSIVATING INHIBITORS

• ANODIC INHIBITORS WHICH CAUSE A LARGE SHIFT IN THE

CORROSION POTENTIAL ARE CALLED PASSIVATING
INHIBITORS DANGEROUS INHIBITORS.
• TYPES OF PASSIVATING INHIBITOR.
• OXIDIZING ANIONS (CHROMATE Na2CrO4, NITRITE NaNO2).
• NITRITE CAN PASSIVATE STEEL IN THE ABSENCE OF
OXYGEN.
• NON OXIDIZING (PHOSPHATE, TUNGSTATE& MOLYBDATE).
• CHROMATE SHOULD NOT BE USED IN HYDROGEN SULFIDE
(H2S)-CONTAINING (OR SOUR) ENVIRONMENTS BECAUSE IT
IS LOST BY OXIDATION OF THE SULFIDE TO FREE SULFUR.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
ANODIC PASSIVATING INHIBITORS

• “CRITICAL CONCENTRATIONS” OF SODIUM CHLORIDE

(NaCl) AND SODIUM SULFATE (NA2SO4). THE CRITICAL
CONCENTRATIONS WILL VARY DEPENDING ON OTHER
FACTORS; FOR EXAMPLE, MORE CHLORIDE OR SULFATE
WILL BE REQUIRED FOR DEPASSIVATION AS THE
TEMPERATURE IS LOWERED, THE OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION IS INCREASED, OR THE PH IS
INCREASED.
• NONOXIDIZING PASSIVATORS SUCH AS SODIUM
BENZOATE. POLYPHOSPHATE, AND SODIUM CINNAMATE.
• NONOXIDIZING PASSIVATORS ARE ALSO DANGEROUS
WHEN USED IN INSUFFICIENT AMOUNTS BECAUSE THE
OXYGEN WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR PASSIVATION IS A
GOOD CATHODIC DEPOLARIZER.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
CATHODIC INHIBITORS

• THE CATHODIC REACTION IS OFTEN THE REDUCTION OF

HYDROGEN IONS TO FORM HYDROGEN GAS.
• COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY ARE
EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF INHIBITOR WHICH ARE
OFTEN USED IN ACIDS OR IN SYSTEMS WHERE OXYGEN
IS EXCLUDED.
• THE CATHODIC REACTION, HYDROGEN ION AND/OR
OXYGEN REDUCTION, CAUSES THE ENVIRONMENT
IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO THE CATHODES TO BECOME
ALKALINE; THEREFORE, IONS SUCH AS OXIDES TO FORM
A PROTECTIVE LAYER ON THE METAL.
• THE THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF INHIBITORS WHICH
AFFECT CATHODIC REACTION ARE CATHODIC POISONS,
CATHODIC PRECIPITATES, AND OXYGEN SCAVENGERS.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
CATHODIC INHIBITORS
Cathodic Poisons
• CATHODIC POISONS ARE SUBSTANCES WHICH INTERFERE
WITH THE CATHODIC REDUCTION REACTIONS,
• HYDROGEN ATOM FORMATION AND HYDROGEN GAS
EVOLUTION. WHILE SOME CATHODIC POISONS SUCH AS
SULFIDES AND SELENIDES ARE ADSORBED ON THE METAL
SURFACE.
• SULFIDES AND SELENIDES GENERALLY ARE NOT USEFUL
INHIBITORS BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT VERY SOLUBLE IN ACIDIC
SOLUTIONS, THEY PRECIPITATE MANY METAL IONS, AND THEY
ARE TOXIC, ARSENATES ARE USED TO INHIBIT CORROSION IN
STRONG ACIDS, BUT IN RECENT YEARS THE TREND HAS BEEN
TO RELY MORE ON ORGANIC INHIBITORS.
• A SERIOUS DRAWBACK OF THE USE OF CATHODIC POISONS IS
THAT THEY SOMETIMES CAUSE HYDROGEN BLISTERING OF
STEEL AND INCREASE ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HYDROGEN
EMBRITTLEMENT.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
CATHODIC INHIBITORS
Cathodic Precipitates
• THE MOST WIDELY USED CATHODIC PRECIPITATION-TYPE
INHIBITORS ARE THE CARBONATES OFCALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
BECAUSE THEY OCCUR IN NATURAL WATERS AND THEIR USE AS
AN INHIBITOR USUALLY REQUIRES ONLY AN ADJUSMENT OF PH.
• ZINC SULFATE (ZNSO4) PRECIPITATES AS ZINC HYDROXIDE
ZN(OH)2 ON CATHODIC AREAS AN IS CONSIDEREDAN INHIBITOR OF
THIS TYPE.
• THE OBJECTIVE OF CORROSION-INHIBITING WATER TREATMENT
IS TO INCREASE THE ALKALINITY OF THE WATER TO A PH AT
WHICH PRECIPITATION OF CACO3. IF THE APPROPRIATE PH IS
EXCEEDED, CACO3 WILL PRECIPITATE TO FORM A SLIMY, POROUS
DEPOSIT WHICH DOES NOT PROVIDE CORROSION BY CREATING
CONCENTRATION CELLS INVOLVING OXYGEN.
• ONCE A PROTECTIVE DEPOSIT IS FORMED, THE PH OF THE WATER
MUST BE MAINTAINED AT THE EQUILIBRIUM LEVEL, BECAUSE IF IT
IS ALLOWED TO BECOME ACIDIC, IT WILL REDISSOLVE THE
PROTECTIVE DEPOSIT.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
CATHODIC INHIBITORS
Oxygen Scavengers
• OXYGEN SCAVENGERS HELP INHIBIT CORROSION BY
PREVENTING THE CATHODIC DEPOLARIZATION CAUSED BY
OXYGEN.
• THE MOST COMMON OXYGEN SCAVENGERS USED IN WATER
AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES ARE SODIUM SULFITE (NA2
SO3)AND SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2). AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES, HYDRAZINE IS USED TO REMOVE OXYGEN.
• THE REACTION RATE OF SULFITES WITH OXYGEN AT LOW
TEMPERATURE IS SLOW, SO A CATALYST IS USUALLY ADDED.
COBALT, MANGANESE, AND COPPER SALTS ARE THE BEST
CATALYSTS.
• HYDRAZINE REACTS VERY SLOWLY WITH OXYGEN IN WATER
AT LOW TEMPERATURES IN THE ABSENCE OF A CATALYST,
AND THUS IS NOT OFTEN USED AT LOW TEMPERATURES.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
ORGANIC INHIBITORS
• ORGANIC INHIBITORS WILL BE ADSORBED ACCORDING
TO THE IONIC CHARGE OF THE INHIBITOR AND THE
CHARGE ON THE METAL SURFACE.
• CATIONIC INHIBITORS (POSITIVELY CHARGED, +), SUCH
AS AMINES, OR ANIONIC INHIBITORS (NEGATIVELY
CHARGED, -), SUCH AS SULFONATES, WILL BE
ADSORBED PREFERENTIALLY, DEPENDING ON
WHETHER THE METAL IS CHARGED NEGATIVELY OR
POSITIVELY (OPPOSITE SIGN CHARGES ATTRACT).

Synergism With Halogen Ions

• THE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC AMINES AS CORROSION
INHIBITORS IS IMPROVED WHEN CERTAIN HALOGEN IONS
ARE PRESENT.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
ORGANIC INHIBITORS

Effects Of Molecular Structure

• PRIMARY AMINES SUCH AS N-DECYLAMINE BECOME

MORE EFFICIENT INHIBITORS AS THE CHAIN LENGHT IS
INCREASED, BUT, IN CONTRAST, PRIMARY ALIPHATIC
MERCAPTANS SUCH AS N-DECYLAMINE BECOME MORE
EFFICIENT INHIBITORS AS THE CHAIN LENGHT IS
INCREASED.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
ORGANIC INHIBITORS

Adsorption

• ADSORPTION OF AN INHIBITOR FROM SOLUTION

ESTABLISHES THE FOLLOWING EQUILIBRIUM:
ISOLUTION  ISURFACE

• WHERE I IS THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUBLE

ORGANIC INHIBITOR.
• SOLUBLE ORGANIC INHIBITORS FORM A PROTECTIVE
LAYER ONLY A FEW MOLECULES THICK, BUT IF AN
INSOLUBLE ORGANIC INHIBITOR IS ADDED BY
DISPERSION AS FINE DROPLETS, THE FILM MAY
CONTINUE TO BUILD TO A THICKNESS OF SEVERAL
THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
PRECIPITATION INHIBITORS

• THE MOST COMMONT INHIBITORS OF THIS CLASS ARE THE

SILICATES AND PHOSPHATES. IN WATERS WITH A pH NEAR 7.0, A
LOW CONCENTRATION OF CLORIDES, SILICATES, AND
PHOSPHATES CAUSE PASSIVATION OF STEEL WHEN OXYGEN IS
PRESENT.
• SILICATE IS USED MOST OFTEN IN LOW SALINITY WATERS WHICH
CONTAIN OXYGEN.
• THE CONCENTRATION OF SILICATE REQUIRED FOR PROTECTION
DEPENDS ON THE SALINITY OF THE WATER. IN AERATED HOT
WATER SYSTEMS, SODIUM SILICATE PROTECTS STEEL, COPPER,
AND BRASS.
• PHOSPHATES, LIKE SILICATES, REQUIRE OXYGEN FOR
EFFECTIVE INHIBITION.
• A CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE, A
TYPICAL POLYPHOSPHATE, OF ABOUT 10 PPM PROVIDES
CORROSION INHIBITION IN AERATED WATER IF THE WATER IS IN
MOTION.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
PRECIPITATION INHIBITORS

• PHOSPHATES INHIBIT THE DEPOSITION OF CACO3; THEREFORE,

THE CONCENTRATION OF PHOSPHATE AND CALCIUM MUST BE IN
PROPER BALANCE TO OBTAIN EFFECTIVE INHIBITION.
• THE PHOSPHATE MUST NOT EXCEED TWICE THE
CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE. THEREFORE, IF A
WATER CONTAINS 10 PPM OF CALCIUM CARBONATE, THEN UP TO
20 PPM OF PHOSPHATE CAN BE USED FOR INHIBITION. IF THE
WATER IS EXCEEDINGLY SOFT, CALCIUM CAN BE INCREASED BY
THE ADDITION OF LIME.
• IF CHROMATE CANNOT BE USED, INDUSTRIAL COOLING TOWERS
CAN BE INHIBITED WITH ABOUT 50 PPM OF SODIUM
HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE. ADDITION OF A SOLUBLE ZINC ALT OFTEN
IMPROVES INHIBITION BY POLYPHOSPHATES.
• THE SILICATES AND PHOSPHATES DO NOT AFFORD THE DEGREE
OF PROTECTION THAT CAN BE OBTAINED WITH CHROMATES AND
NITRITES; HOWEVER, THEY ARE VERY USEFUL IN SITUATIONS
WHERE NONTOXIC ADDITIVES ARE REQUIRED.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS
• VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS (VPI), ALSO CALLED VOLATILE CORROSION
INHIBITORS (VCI), ARE COMPOUNDS WHICH ARE TRANSPORTED IN A
CLOSED SYSTEM TO THE SITE OF CORROSION BY VOLATILIZATION FROM A
SOURCE.
• IN BOILERS, VOLATILE BASIC COMPOUNDS SUCH AS MORPHOLINE OR
OCTADECYLAMINE ARE TRANSPORTED WITH STEAM TO PREVENT
CORROSION IN CONDENSER TUBES BY NEUTRALIZING ACIDIC CARBON
DIOXIDE. IN CLOSED VAPOR SPACES, SUCH AS SHIPPING CONTAINERS,
VOLATILE SOLIDS SUCH AS THE NITRITE, CARBONATE, AND BENZOATE
SALTS OF DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE, CYCLOHEXYLAMINE, AND
HEXAMETHYLENE-IMINE ARE USED.
• ON CONTACT WITH A METAL SURFACE, THE INHIBITOR VAPOR CONDENSES
AND IS HYDROLYZED BY ANY MOISTURE PRESENT TO LIBERATE NITRITE,
BENZOATE, OR BICARBONATE IONS. SINCE AMPLE OXYGEN IS PRESENT,
NITRITE, AND BENZOATE IONS ARE CAPABLE OF PASSIVATING STEEL AS
THEY DO IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION.
• THE MAIN FACTORS WHICH MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE APPLICATION OF
CORROSION INHIBITORS TO AQUEOUS SYSTEMS ARE SALT
CONCENTRATION, PH, DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION, AND THE
CONCENTRATION OF INTERFERING SPECIES.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS
Effects Of Various Dissolved Species
• IN THIS CASE, MINIMAL CONCENTRATIONS OF INHIBITORS
SUCH AS SODIUM CHROMATE, SODIUM NITRITE,
POLYPHOSPHATES, SODIUM BENZOATE, OR BORAX ARE
EFFECTIVE.
• OXYGEN (O2). IN NEUTRAL WATER, OXYGEN CAUSES
CORROSION. OXYGEN CAN BE UTILIZED IN PASSIVATING
STEEL BY ADDING A PASSIVATING INHIBITOR. ORGANIC
INHIBITORS ARE SELDOM AFFECTIVE AGAINST OXYGEN-
CAUSED ATTACK UNLESS THEY CONTAIN PASSIVATING
GROUPS SUCH AS BENZOATE OR NITRITE.
• CHLORIDE (CL-). STEEL, AS WELL AS MANY OTHER METALS,
IS MORE DIFFICULT TO PASSIVATE IN THE PRESENCE OF
THE CHLORIDE ION; THEREFORE, A HIGHER
CONCENTRATIONOF PASSIVATING INHIBITOR IS REQUIRED
IF CHLORIDES ARE PRESENT.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS

Effects Of Various Dissolved Species

• NONPASSIVATING INHIBITORS MUST BE USED IN HIGHER

CONCENTRATIONS ALSO BECAUSE CHLORIDE IONS ARE
STRONGLY ADSORBED BY STEEL.
• ACID (H+). HYDROGEN IONS INCREASE CORROSION
RATES AND INCREASE THE DIFFICULTY OF PASSIVATING
STEEL.
• PASSIVATION IS USED IN SULFURIC (H2SO4) AND
PHOSPHORIC ACIDS (H3PO4), BUT NOT IN HYDROCLORIC
ACID (HCL).
• NONPASSIVATING ORGANIC OR CATHODIC INHIBITORS
(E.G., GUANIDINE OR SODIUM ARSENATE) ARE
PREFERRED IN PICKLING ACIDS TO AVOID THE
DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES OF DEPASSIVATION.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS

Alkali (OH-)

• STEEL IS EASILY PASSIVATED IN ALKALINE

SOLUTIONS.
• AMPHOTERIC METALS SUCH AS ALUMUNIUM,
ZINC, AND LEAD CORRODE SLOWLY AT LOW
ALKALI CONCENTRATIONS, BUT ABOVE PH 9.0
THEIR RATES ARE VERY HIGH AND INHIBITORS
ARE REQUIRED.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS

Strong Acids

• SULFURIC AND PHOSPHORIC ACID

CONCENTRATION UP TO 70 % CAN BE INHIBITED
BY METHODS SIMILAR TO THOSE USED FOR
HYDROCLORIC ACID.
• CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFURIC ACID HIGHER
THAN 70 % ARE STRONGLY OXIDIZING, ATTACK
STEEL SLOWLY, AND DO NOT REQUIRE
INHIBITION.
• FERTILIZER GRADE PHOSPHORIC ACID (73%
BLACK ACID) ATTACKS STEEL READILY AND
USUALLY IS INHIBITED WITH POTASSIUM IODIDE.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS

Nonaqueous Systems

• CORROSION IN STEEL SYSTEMS HANDLING

WET OILS CAN BE INHIBITED WITH BOTH
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
• EFFECTIVE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INCLUDE
VARIOUS AMINES, LECITHIN, AND
MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE.
• THE INORGANIC INHIBITORS INCLUDE SODIUM
NITRITE AND SODIUM NITRATE.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS
Effect Of Elevated Temperatures

• HIGH TEMPERATURES INCREASE CORROSION RATES

(ABOUT DOUBLE FOR A 15 C RISE AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE), AND THEY DECREASE THE TENDENCY OF
INHIBITORS TO ADSORB ON METAL SURFACES.
• PRECIPITATE-FORMING INHIBITORS ARE LESS EFFECTIVE
AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES BECAUSE OF THE
GREATER SOLUBILITY OF THE PROTECTIVE DEPOSIT.
• POLYPHOSPHATES, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE HYDROLYZED BY
HOT WATER TO FORM ORTHOPHOSPHATES WHICH HAVE
LITTLE INHIBITIVE VALUE.
• MOST ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE UNSTABLE ABOVE
ABOUT 200 C (400F); HENCE, THEY MAY PROVIDE ONLY
TEMPORARY INHIBITION AT BEST.
 TYPES OF INHIBITORS
VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS

Effect Of Elevated Temperatures

• IN OXYGEN-FREE HOT WATER, STEL IS PROTECTED BY

FORMATION OF A NATURAL COATING OF MAGNETITE (FE3O4 OR
BLACK RUST) FORMED BY THE REACTION:
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2
Iron Water Iron Hydrogen
Oxide
• DEPOSITION OF SCALES IN BOILERS REDUCES HEAT TRANSFER
AND PRODUCES PITTING-TYPE CORROSION.
• THE PHOSPHATES PREVENT SCALING BY INCREASING THE
SUPERSATURATION OF CACO3 AND CASO4 IN WATER.
• HIGH TEMPERATURES ALWAYS INCREASE THE RATE OF ATTACK
OF METALS IN ACIDS BECAUSE THE DRIVING FORCE FOR THE
ANODIC AND CATHODIC REACTIONS IS GREATER AND
HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGEIS DECREASED.
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES

• CONTINUOUS INJECTION

• BATCH TREATMENT

• SQUEEZE TREATMENT

• VOLATILIZATION

• COATINGS
 Zinc - Phosphorous Acid Inhibitors

Dosages, mg/liter

Corrosion Rate, mpy

Phosphorous Acid Zinc

50 - 16

150 - 12

50 5 1
 Phosphonomethylamino Carboxylates

Compound M1 M2 M3 Q Z
1. H H H (CH2)3 CH2PO3H2
2. H H H (CH2)5 CH2PO3H2
3. H H H (CH2)7 CH2PO3H2
4. H H H (CH2)10 CH2PO3H2
5. H H H (CH2)11 CH2PO3H2
6. H H H (CH2)12 CH2PO3H2
7. H H H5NH (CH3CCH3)5 CH2PO3H2
8. H H H (CH3CCH3)5 CH2PO3H2
9. H H H5NH (CH2)5 CH2PO3H2
10. H H H 6H10 CH2PO3H2
11. H H H (CH2C6H4 CH2PO3H2
Cont.
 Phosphonomethylamino Carboxylates

Compound M1 M2 M3 Q Z
12. Na H H (CH2)5 CH2PO3NaH
13. Zn H H (CH2)5 CH2PO3ZnH
14. NH4 H H H CH2PO3 (NH4)H
15. Na Na H (CH3CCH3)5 CH2PO3Na2
16. Zn Zn H (CH3CCH3)5 CH2PO3Zn
17. NH4 NH4 H (CH2)5 CH2PO3(NH4)2
18. C2H5NH3 C2H5NH3 H (CH2)3 CH2PO3 C2H5NH2
19. H H H (CH2)5 (CH2)3N(CH2PO3H2)2
20. H H H (CH2)5 (CH2)3N(CH2PO3H2)2
21. H H H (CH2)5 (CH2)3N(CH2PO3H2)2
 Phosphonomethylamino Carboxylates

Concentration of
Compound Corrosion Rate
Control Corrosion Inhibitor (ppm) (mpy)
none

1 50 42
1 150 6
2 50 0.7
2 150 3
11 50 1.7
11 150 0.7
 2. Phosphonomethylamino Carboxylates

Inhibitor Composition Zn/Inhibitor, Final Corrosion

molar ratio pH Rate, mpy
Blak control - 7.9 44.1
ZnSO4 7H2O (control) - 8.0 36.0
ZnSO4 7H2O +
N(CH2PO3H2)2(CH2)5COOH
25 ppm 2/1 8.1 17.9
25 ppm 3/1 8.2 10.6
50pm 1/1 7.9 14.8
50pm 2/1 7.1 0.7
50 3/1 7.1 0.2
 Phosphonomethylamino Carboxylates

Inhibitor Concentration
2- (  - Aminopentyl) Corrsion Rate
Phosphonobutane (g/m 2/day)
Benzimidazole
1,2,4-Trycaboxylic Acid
ppm

-* - 21.05
20 - 18.96
40 - 0.74
- 5 20.61
- 40 16.99
20 1 5.67
20 3 4.95
20 5 2.45
20 40 2.39
40 1 0.39
40 5 0.37
 Diphosphonoalkane Carboxylic Acids

(I) 2 - Phosphono-butene- 1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid

(II) 3 - Phosphono-pentane- 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid
-
(III) 3,3- Diphosphono - pentane
1,5-dicarboxylic acid
(IV) 1,1 - Diphosphono - propane -3- carboxylic acid

MHT Values at pH 11 g-
Complex Former
ions Ca/mol acid

I 1.60
II 1.26
II 2.91
IV 2.20
 Amino - Phosphonic - Sulfonic Acids

Total hardness after heating

X = % inhibit or
Total hardness before heating

Calsium Scale Inhibitor

Compound Concentration % Inhibitor
Example 1 100 ppm 86
Example 2 100 ppm 24
Example 2 200 ppm 60
Polyphosphate - Phosphonic-Polyacrylic Acid compositions

Parts
(A) Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 10
Amino - tris - methylenephosphonic acid, potassium salt 10.2
Copolymer of acrylic acid and methacrylik acid in the
proportion 2:1 9.8
Water 70
(B) Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 17
Ethane -1- hydroxy-1,1 -di phosphonic acid, sodium salt 13
Polyacrylic acid 5
Water 65
(C) Sodium tripolyphosphate 15
Hexamethylenediaminetetramethylene
phosphonic acid, sodium salt 25
Polymethacryilic acid 1
Water 59
Polyphosphate - Phosphonic-Polyacrylic Acid compositions

Parts
(D) Sodium hexametaphsphate 5.7
Ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid,
alkanolamine salt 14.3
Acrylicacid/vinilsulfonic acid copolymerin the proportion 2:1 10
Water 70
(E) Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate 5.5
Epoxyethane -1,1-diphosphonic acid, sodium salt 10.4
Acrylic acid / acrylamide copolymer in the proportion 2:1 4.6
Water 79.5
(F) Potassium tripolyphosphate 20.2
2-Sulfo-1-hydroxyethane -1,1-diphosphonic acid,
potassium salt 9.8
Acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer in the proportion 1:5 5
Water 65
Polyphosphate - Phosphonic-Polyacrylic Acid compositions

Parts
(G) Sodium hexametaphosphate 10.7
Diethyl -2-methyl -1,2-dihydroisoquinoline -1-phosphate,
sodium salt 4.3
Methacrylic acid/vinyl acetate copolymer in the 15
proportion 2:1
Water 70
(H) Sodium tripolyphosphate 5
Pentamethylenehexamine - octakis - methylphosphonic
acid, sodium salt 5
Copolymer of acrylic acid and vinyl phosphonic acid in the
proportion 2:1 10
Water 80
(i) Sodium hexametaphosphate 20.2
Nitrilio - tris - methylenephosphonic acid, sodium salt 8
Polyacrylic acid 1.7
Water 70.3
Polyphosphate - Phosphonic-Polyacrylic Acid compositions

Table Standard Synthetic Cooling Water

Treatment Composition* Corrosion Inhibitors, %
- 0
A 90
B 95
C 92
D 92
E 89
F 96
G 90
H 91
I 99
Polyphosphate - Phosphonic-Polyacrylic Acid compositions

Table Standard Synthetic Cooling Water Residual

Concentration Of 2 ppm Hydrogen Sulfide
Treatment Composition* Corrosion Inhibitors, %
- 0
A 88
B 94
C 90
D 89
E 85
F 95
G 88
H 88
I 97
Treatment level is 25 ppm (total solids basis)
Polyphosphate - Phosphonic-Polyacrylic Acid compositions

Table Standard Synthetic Cooling Water Containing 75

ppm Mixed Hydro Carbon Contaminants

Treatment Composition* Corrosion Inhibitors, %

- 0
A 89
B 95
C 90
D 90
E 85
F 95
G 90
H 89
I 90

98
Treatment level is 25 ppm (total solids basis)
 Phosphate - Phosphonate -Polmaleic Acid compositions

A B
Components
(parts by weight)

Sodium Hexametaphosphate 15 15

Amino (trimethylenephosphonic acid) 4 0

Ethane - 1-hydroxy -1,1-diphosphonic acid 0 4

Hydrolized polymaleic anhydride 1 1

 Carboxyalkane - Phosphorus Compounds

Corrosion
1 2 3 4 5
Ex. n R R R R R Inhibitor Rate
(mg Fe/m2)

1* - - - - - - none 1,400
O CH2COOH
(HO)2P-C-
2* 0 -CH2CH2 COOH -CH2COOH - - OH CH2CH2 92.6
COOH
HOOCCH2
3 0 H H - - OH PO3H2
19.7
HOOCCH
4 0 H CH3 - - OH 34.7
(CH3)PO3H2
HOOCCH2
5 0 H H H H OH 8.3
PO3H2
HOOCCH
6 1 H CH3 H H OH (CH3)CH2P 7.8
O3H2
Phenolic Resin - Polyphosphate Compositions

Table : Short Term Test, 20 Hours

Inhibitor Concentration Weight Loss

(ppm) (mg)
None - 1,268
SAFR 1,000 13
SAFR 500 82
SAFR 100 1,099
SAFR ++/Zn 100/25 59
MDSA 500 51
MDSA 100 227
RFR 100 874
RFR++/Zn 100/25 90
Phenolic Resin - Polyphosphate Compositions

Table : Short Term Test, 20 Hours

Concentration Weight Loss
Inhibitor
(ppm) (mg)
SAFR/Glass H 50/50 24
SAFR/Glass H 75/25 32
SAFR/Glass H 30/30 33
MDSA/Glass H 50/50 39
MDSA/Glass H 30/30 43
RFR/Glass H 30/30 39
SAFR/PPE 50/50 53
SAFR/PPE 30/30 44
MDSA/PPE 50/50 39
MDSA/PPE 30/30 46
 Phenolic Resin - Polyphosphate Compositions

Table : Long - Term Test, 10 Days

Maintenance Corrosion
Inhibitor Dosage Rate
(ppm) (mpy)
SAFR 100 39**
SAFR ++ /Zn 30/5 66
SAFR/Glass H 10/10 1.5
SAFR/Glass H 6/6 0.9
MDSA/Glass H 6/6 0.8
SAFR/PPE 6/6 1.7
Glass H 12 1.9
PPE 12/12 3.2
* An i nhibitor dosage five times the maintenance dosage is employed for the
first four days.
** Test Terminated after seven days due to breakdown of initial
Corrosion protection
 Thioammonium Phosphamates
Galvanic Measurements Using 1010 Steel Anode and Platinum Cathode

24 - Hour
Test
Aditive(ppm) Corrosion
No.
Rate(mpy)

1 None - 70
2 ZnSO 4 5 5
3 TKTP* 10 6
4 TKTP 10
ZnSO 4 5 1.5
5 TKTP 20
Sodium gluconate 8 1.25
6 ZnSO 4 5
Sodium gluconate 8 1.25

* 1,3,5 - triazine-4- 6- diketo -2- dithioammonium phosphamate

 Thioammonium Phosphamates
Using Model 1180 Corrater (Magna Corporation)

24-Hour
Test
Aditive(ppm) Corrosion
No.
Rate(mpy)

1 TKTP 20
ZnSO4 15
Sodium gluconate 16 1.2
2 TKTP 20
ZnSO4 15
Sodium gluconate 16
Dequest* 10 0.8
3 TKTP 20
ZnSO4 15
Dequest* 28 0.45

60% ethane -1- hydroxy -1,2- diphosphonic acid

Azole-Phosphonic Acid Formulations

24-Hour Corrosion
Test Additive Rate(mpy)
Steel Copper Brass
1 Blank (no treatment) 19.6 1.1 1.7
2 Mercaptobenzothiazole (I) 19.2 0.2 0.2
10 ppm
3 Benzotriazole (II) 10 ppm 24.5 0.3 0.2
4 Phosphoric Acid (III) 3 ppm 20.2 0.56 0.36
5 Hexamethylenediaminetetra 35.8 0.76 1.32
(methyl-phosphonic acid)
(IV) 3.1 ppm
6 I 5 ppm, III 3 ppm, IV 3.1 3.9 0.18 0.29
ppm
7 I 5 ppm, III 3 pmm, thylene- 30 0.17 0.25
dia-minetetra methylphosp-
honic acid ) 3.1 ppm
Azole-Phosphonic Acid Formulations

24-Hour Corrosion
Test Additive
Rate(mpy)
8 I 5 ppm, III 3 pmm, N-2(- 3.5 0.21 0.24
hydroxyethyl)nitrilo -N, N-di
(methylphosphonic acid) 6.2 ppm
9 I 5 ppm, III 3 pmm, -2-hydroxy pro- 4.5 0.17 0.29
pylene 1,3 -diaminetetra
(methylphosphonic acid ) 3.1 ppm
10 I 5 ppm, III 3 pmm, aminotri 5.9 0.27 0.34
(methylphosphonic acid ) 3.1 ppm
11 I 5 ppm, III 4.2 pmm, 1-hydroxy- 5.6 0.31 0.32
ethylidenediphos phonic acid (V)
6 ppm
12 I 5 ppm, III 3 pmm, V 3.1 ppm 4.6 0.09 0.13
13 I 6.6 ppm, III 4.5 pmm, IV 4.7 ppm 1.7 0.15 0.22
14 II 5 ppm, III 10.7 ppm, V 6 ppm 3.6 0.27 0.41
15 III 3 ppm, V3.1 ppm 17.3 0.90 0.70
Azole-Phosphonic Acid Formulations

Table 1.

Protection
Concentra Water
Inhibitor 8 Hours 24 Hours
tion (ppm) Composition
(%)

Type A 25 1X 10 5
Type A 100 10X 20 37
Azole-Phosphonic Acid Formulations

Table 2.

Protection
Concentra Water
Inhibitor 8 Hours 24 Hours
tion (ppm) Composition
(%)

Type B 100 1X 36 34

Type B 100 10X 41 33

Azole-Phosphonic Acid Formulations

Table 3.

Inhibitor Combination Protection

Water
Type A Type B 8 Hours 4 Hours
Composition
(ppm) (%)

33 66 1X 86 89
16 33 1X - 77
25 75 1X 89 87
50 50 1X 97 96
20 80 1X 93 85
Composition for Combating Slime

MIC
Test A/B
Values Q Q Q /Q Q /Q X
No. (wr ratio) A B A B b B
(mg/I)

Comporative 100/0 40 40 0 - - -
1 93/7 10 9.3 0.7 0.23 0.35 0.58
2 52/48 10 5.2 4.8 0.13 0.24 0.37
3 40/60 10 4.0 6.0 0.10 0.30 0.40
4 8/92 10 0.8 9.2 0.02 0.46 0.48
Comporative 0/100 20 0 20 - - -