Resume 1
DIGESTIF
RESUME
dr
Tommy
Lesmana
SpB
KBD
editing
by
Yuda
Handaya
ESOFAGUS
ANATOMI
• Posisi
:
-‐
1/3
proksimal
:
deviasi
ke
kiri
• Panjang
:
-‐
krikoid
–
kardia
:
22-‐28
cm
• 3
lokasi
penyempitan
:
1.
Setinggi
kartilago
krikoid
(sphincter
pharyngoesophageal)
:
15
cm
2. Penekanan arkus aorta dan bronkus kiri : 22 dan 27 cm)
2. Submukosa
3. Muskularis eksterna
-‐ 1/3 distal : otot polos 2 lapis dalam sirkuler, luar longitudinal.
• Aliran
arteri
;
bersifat
segmental
§ Bag.
Servikal
:
a.
tiroidea
inferior
§ Bag.
Thoracal
:
• a.
broncialis;
-‐
b.
esophageal
(langsung
dari
oarta)
§ Bag.
Abdominal
:
• Cabang
a.
phrenikus
inferior
sinistra;
• Cabang
a.
gastrika
sinistra
• Inervasi
Ø Inervasi
sekretomotor
ke
kelenjar
dan
motorik
ke
lapisan
muskuler
Ø Memiliki
inervasi
simpatis
dan
parasimpatis
Ø Inervasi
instrinsik
(pleksus
myenterikus)
-‐
Pleksus
Auerbach
:
diantara
otot
longitudinal
dan
sirkuler
• Endoskopi
(esofagoskopi)
o Sekaligus
unuk
biopsy
• Manonictri
csofagus
o Untuk
kelainan
fungsiona1
/
Motilitas
esofagus:
achalasia,
nutcracker
esophagus
Gejala kelainan
1. Nycri
2. Disfagia (sukar ruenelan) & regurgitasi
3. Perdarahan & anemia
Diagnosa
banding
disfagia
dan
obstruksi
esophagus
Gangguan Motilitas
• Primer
:
Jika
esophagus
merupakan
penyebab
utama
dan
tidak
ada
obstruksi
organic
atau
tidak
ada
tekanan
extrinsic
• Sekunder
:
Terjadi
akibat
kelainan
diluar
esophagus
→
chages,
sckroderma
-‐
Inadekuat
LES
relas
:
ackolasi
Keluhan Utama :
• Disfagia
• Nyeri
dada
Pemeriksaan
• Surgical :
• Osgood
1889
• 3-‐5%
pasien
dengan
gangguan
motilitas
esophagus
• definisi
:
adanya
kontraksi
simultan
pada
>20%
menelan
cairan
(wet
swallow)
• Gejala
:
-‐
Dyshagia
&
nyeri
epigastrium
&
retorsternal
• Pemeriksaan
Penunjang
:
o Radiologis
:
corkscrew
esophagus
o Esophagoscopy
:
tidak
spesifik,
melihat
kemungkinan
malignancy
o Manometri
esophagus.
§ Durasi
kontraksi
lama
§ Gelombangn
amplitudo
tinggi
§ Tekanan
LES
normal/meningkat
• Therapi
:
o Medis
:
efek
hanya
sesaat,diberikan
Nitrat
/
anti
cholinergic
o Dilatasi
esophagus
:
pada
orang
tua
/
pasien
dengan
resiko
operasi
tinggi
o Pembedahan
:
Myotomi
di
tempat
yang
hypertrophy
(thoracotomy
dextra)
+
fundoplikasi
(untuk
mencegah
reflux)
Maingot
:
peran
bedah
minimal
Thorkorsoknal esophagus
• Pope
1977
• Hipersentitif
esophagus
(irntasle
esophagus)
• Amplitudo
tinggi
(>180
mmHg)
• Durasi
kontraksi
lama
(>6
detik)
• Tekanan
LES
normal/meningkat,
relaksasi
normal
Tx : -‐ Kontravenol
-‐ Sutrat-‐suftdepan
-‐ Aundepresret
-‐ deklarasi
-‐ mengology
Peningkatan
tekanan
LES
(>45
mmHg)
dengan
peristaltic
esophageal
body
normal
dan
relaksasi
LES
yang
normal
Scleroderma
ACHALASIA
=Cardiospasme= Megaesofagus
Kausa
Penurunan
sintesis
NO
(nitric
oxide)
dan
VIP
(vasoactive
intestinal
polypeptide)
yang
merupakan
medikator
penting
untuk
relaksasi
LES
(SCNA
2005).
NDY : newproptidey
Teori
4. genetik
Patologi
Segmen
esophagus
diatas
sfingter
gastroesofageal
(sepanjang
2-‐8
cm)
menyempit
dan
tidak
dapat
berelaksasi
Bentuk
esophagus
proksimal
tergantung
lama
proses
:
bentuk
botol,
fusiform,
atau
sigmoid.
Patofisiologi
:
Hk.
Cannon
→
jika
suatu
segmen
tidak
mengandung
neuron
efferent,
maka
bagian
yang
terisolir
tersebut
menjadi
sangat
peka
6x Disfogia = 70-‐97
regurgitas = 75
Insiden
0,5-‐1/100.000
Gejala Klinis
Disfagia
progresif
(gejala
utama).
rata-‐rata
keluhan
2
tahun
(sering
didiagnosis
sebagai
GERD).
Dipengaruhi emosi.
Disfagia
sering
terjadi
saat
stress
atau
minum
dingin
(SCNA
2005).
Terutama
jika
makan
makanan
padat
→
perlu
minum
banyak.
Terjadi
radang
sal,
nafas
ok
regurgitasi
&
aspirasi
(SCNA
2005
:
komplikasi
bronkopulmoner
10%)
Penurunan
BB
signifikan
(>15lbs),
gejala
yang
cepat
(<6
bulan),
usia
tua
(>50th)
:
harus
dicurigai
pscudoakalasia
karena
keganasan
atau
obstruksi
ekstraluminer
(SCNA
2005)
-‐
pada
fase
lanjut
bisa
tampak
divertikzula
puLsion
yang
incnunjukkan
ketcmahan
dinding
&
tingginya
telsanan
intralumen_(DigSurg_2004) _____________________
-‐ rutin untuk mcmbcdakan kelainan jinak/ganas lain yang mcnycrupai akalasia
-‐ scring kcsulitan karena ada sisa makanan -‐ uce /!nirL
-‐ gaiiibaran kiasik: inukosa rapuh dan ulscrnsi karena stasis naLzuian -‐4-‐
-‐
bus
scope
dapat
masuk
lambung:
hanis
rctroflexed
view
tintuk
melihat
ahnornial
las
GE
junction
-‐ bila scope tak dapat masuk; harus curiga striktur peptic alan kcganasan
Pemeriksaan
Thorax foto
• pelebaran mediastinum
• airiluid level di midesofagus
• tidak tampak gastric air bubble (ASI 50%)
• kelainan paru karena aspirasi
Barium
swallow
• Gold standart
• tckanan LES >35 mmHg
• relaksasi LES inkomplit: klasik & spesifik untuk menegakkan disgnosis pada>8O%px
(DigSurg 2004)
• DD :/Maligiancy, Stenosis esophagus, stricture esophagus, corpus alienum
• Komplikasi
1. Paru(pneumonia
aspiras,bronciectasis,
bronchitis,
bahkan
abscess
paru)
2. Malignancy
(0.3-‐20%)
3. Esophageal
diverticle
(1/3
distal
pulsion
type)
4. Esophageal
varices
tanpa
CH
5. Esophageal
perforation
6. Sendi
Terapi
Semua
tcrapi
untuk
akalasia
ditujukan
sebagai
paliatif
terhadap
keluhan
dan
tidak
dapat
menyembuhkan
patologi
dasamya.
1. Konservatif
a. Farmakoterapi
(smooth
mucle
relaxan)
b. Botox
c. Pneumatic
dilatation
2. Operatif:
Heller
myotomi
(+
funduplikasi
?)
Penurunan
LES
Penurunan
gejala
Nitrat
30-‐65%
0-‐75%
• lndikasi:
1.
Pada
awal
penyakit
dimana
belum
ada
dilatasi
csofagtis
2. Tidak
dapat
dilakukan
dilatasi
atau
pembedahan
3. Menolak
terapi
invasif
4. Gagal
dengan
botox
(DigSurg
2004)
Botulinum
toxin
(Botox)
• Neurotoxin
oleh
clostridiurn
botulinum
• Inhibitor
pelepasan
acethylcholine
dari
nervus
presinaptik
terminal
yang
irreversibel
• Injeksi
via
endoskopi
kè
LES
• Efektif
pada
60-‐80%
px
• Keuntungan:
aman,
mudah.
efek
samping
minimal
• Kerugian:
o Tidak
berespon
pada
1/3
px
o Rekurensi
50%
setelah
6
bulan
o Perlu
injeksiI
multiple
o Respon
berkurang
setelah
injeksi
mutipel
o ES:
fibrosis
GE
function
• SCNA
2005:
Lebih
efektif
untuk
px
tua
dan
akalasia
berat
• DigSurg
2004:
efek
lebih
rendah
daripada
dilatasi
baton
Dilatasi
dgn
balon
(pneumatic
dilatation)
• Terapi
nonoperatif
standar
• Dengan
endoskopi,
panjang
balon
10cm,
insuflasi
sampai
diameter
3cm
(tekanan
300mmHg
/
10-‐12
psi)
selama
1-‐3menit
• Respon
rate
60-‐80%
• 50%
kambuh
dalam
5
tahun
• Perlu
dilatasi
ulang
15-‐48%
px
(rata
rata
1,2-‐1,6
kaLi/px)
(DigSurg2004)
•
Efikasi
berkurang
setelah
2x
dilatasi
(SCNA2005)
• Terbentuk
scar
sehingga
menyulitkan
bila
akan
dioperasi
• Kontraindikasi:
jika
terdapat
resiko
perforasi
(hernia
hiatus,
dilatasi
esofagus
>7cm,
ada
divertikel
cpifrenik)
(SCNA200S)
• Komplikasi:
perdarahan,
hematoma
intramural
dan
perforasi.
Perforasi
terutama
di
alas
kardia
di
sisi
postcrolater
kiri
esofagus
• Respon
lebih
rendah
pada
pasien
muda
disebabkan
karena
jaringannya
lebih
lentur
sehingga
pada
saat
dilatasi
hanya
akan
terjadi
regangan
dan
bukan
robekan
otot.
Helter
myotomy
(Ernest
Heller
1913):
esophagocardiomyotomy
extramucus
• Klasik:
memotong
sphincter
cardia
tanpa
membuka
mukosa
sepanjang
8cm
di
sisi
anterior
dan
posterior
• Modifikasi
olch
Dc
Brune
Groenfeldt
(1918)
&
Zaaijer
(1923):
hanya
miotomi
di
sisi
anterior
saja
• Jika
perforasi:
tutup
perforasi
±
myotomy
pada
sisi
kontra
lateral
• Indikasi
myotomi
(Norton200I,
SCNA2005)
1. Usia
muda(<4Oth):
perlu
terapi
efektif
tunggal
jangka
paniang
2.
Gagal
setelah
tcrapi
pneumatik
/
botox
berulang
(2X)
3. Ada
resiko
perforasi
dengan
dilatasi
baton
(misal:
divertikel
4. Pilihan
pasien
untuk
menghindari
prosedur
berulang
Norton
2001:
• Approach:
transthorocic
/
transabdominal?:
Transthoracic
S
tidak
bisa
dilakukan
prosedur
antirefluks
(funduplikasi)
schingga
beresiko
GER
post
operasi
• Haruskah
prosedur
antirefluk.s
ditakukan
(setelah
miotomi)?
1. Ekstensi miotomi
2. Prosedur antirefluks
I. Ekstensi miotomi
harier antirefluks
2. Prosedur anlirefluks
Dor (1800)
Approach 9j<
-‐Laparoskopi
Thorakoskopi
.
. Incomplete myotomi
. Perisophageal scarring
. Obstructing fundoplication
. Megaesophagus
. Indikasi esophagectomy :
mengatasi gejala
• Komplikasi:
. Perforasi
. Gastroesophagealk reflux
. I-‐{emia diaphragmatica
. Risiko malignancy:
o Prognosis lcbih buruk & biasanya unrescctablc kin tunior terjadi pads
o 90 % SCC
KARSINOMA ESOFAGUS
Insiden meningkat sesuai usia : 60% kasus terdiagnosis saat usia 60 th.
ETIOLOGI
• Diet
§ Tinggi
karbohidrat
:
Rendah
protein
hewan,
sayur,
buah,
vit
A,
C,
riboflavin
→
predisposisi
SCC
§ Anemia
defisiensi
Fe
(Syndroma
Patterson
Kelly)
:
terjadi
atrofi
mukosa
orofaring
&
esophagus
→
predisposisi
SCC
§ Nitrosamin
:
acar,
ikan/daging
yang
diawetkan,
alkohol,
makanan
yang
terkontaminasi
jamur
§ Obesitas
→
GER
:
predisposisi
ACA
• Rokok
&
Alkohol
§ Peningkatan
resiko
terutama
SCC
§ Resiko
rokok/alkohol
:
meningkat
8-‐6
x
§ Resiko
rokok
+
alkohol
:
meningkat
10
x
(sinergistik).
§ Alkohol
sebagai
promoter
:
meningkatkan
proliferasi
sel
dan
menurunkan
ketahanan
sel
terhadap
karsinogen.
• GER
§ Terjadi
komplikasi
esophagus
Barret
pada
6-‐14
%
(Norton 2001)
Gejala Klinis
• Disfagia
progresif
(sulit
menelan)
:
padat
→
cair
(DD
dengan
achalasia
:
cair
→
padat).
• Barium
intake/swallow/esofago-‐gastro-‐duodenografi
§ PET
Akurasi staging :
N1 Kgb regional
(tumor
servikal
:
kgb
servikal;
tumor
intrathoraks
:
kgb
mediatinal
dan
perigastrik,
tidak
termasuk
kgb
celiac)
b. Metastasis jauh.
T N M 5ysr
0 Is 0 0 Baik
I 1 0 0 >50%
II A 2/3 0 0 15 %
II B ½ 1 0 10%
3 1 0
III <10%
4 Any 0
IV A Any Any 1a -
IV B Any Any 1b
KGB
regional
esophagus
Cervical Scalenus
Jugularis intena
Supraclavicula
Periesofageal cervical
Intrathoracal Periesofageal
Subcarinal
GE Junction Kgb esophageal bawah (di bawah azygos)
Diakfragmatik
Perikardial
Gastrika sinistra
Celiac
T
staging
CT Scan
Kurang
folder
1
gambar
30
§ Semua
pasien
dengan
metastasis
tulang
dan
otak
juga
dapat
metastasis
di
abdomen
dan
thoraks.
-‐ Fungsi PET pada Ca Esofagus : terutama untuk deteksi metastasis jauh
-‐
PET
:
berguna
untuk
diagnosis
dimana
biopsy
endoskopi
tidak
dapat
dipakai
pada
obsturksi
Ca
Esofagus.
Klasifikasi
ACA
sekitar
GEJ
Type
I
:
Esophageal
Type
II
:
Cardiac
Type
III
:
Subcardiac
Tidak hanya diagnosis dan staging, tapi juga keadaan umum, faal jantung dan paru
3.
Periksa
Lab
lengkap,
BGA,
thoraks
AP,
ECG,
faal
paru
(komplikasi
meningkat
bila
FEV
berkurang
>
20%)
a. BMI, 18,5
c. BB berkurang 20 %
d. Hipoalbumin
e. Obesitas
3. Persiapan psikologis
5. Profilaksis AB
Terapi
3. Ekstensi limfadenektomi
Reseksi Tumor
§ Tujuan
:
1.
Mengurangi
staging
error
4. Meningkatkan 5ysr
§ Kgb
Cardia
D
+
S
§ Kgb
sepanjang
kurvatura
minor
§ Kgb
a.
gasrika
S,
a.
hepatica,
a.lienalis.
Conduit
§ Gaster
-‐
Terbanyak
dipakai
Route
§ Prevertebral
:
terbanyak
§ Retrosternal
Level anastomosis
Cara anastomosis
Pilihan Operasi
Bila tumor fixed vertebra atau pembuluh darah leher → batal, radioterapi paliatif
Bila
laring
terkena
:
dipotong
enblok
bersama
esophagus
bersama
kgb
para
esofagol
bilateral
dengan
mempertahankan
v.jugularis,
m.sternokleido,
dan
a.
11.
Ivor Lewis
Trans hiatal
Left thoracotomy
1. Pulmoner
2. Leakage anstomosis
-‐ Anastomosis servikal tidak menjamin kebocoran tidak masuk anggota thoraks.
Terapi : konservatif :
1. NGt + suction
2. Local drainage
3. Antibiotika
4. Jejunostomy feeding
3. Chilothorax
Terapi : Trakeostomi
Thyroplasty
5. Stenosis anastomosis
Terapi : dilatasi
Terapi Adjuvan
1. Operasi
2. Kemoradiasi
Terapi Paliatif
1. Kemoradiasi
§ Complete
respon
rate
untuk
locallya
advanced
meningkat
(13
%
vs
60
%)
§ Median
survival
rate
meningkat
(12,5
vs
8,9
bulan).
2.
Kemoterapi/Radioterapi
saja
:
efek
paliatif
lebih
lama
daripada
laser/intubasi.
3. Dilatasi
Indikasi :
§ Therapy
of
choice
untuk
tumor
stenotik
dan
2
cm
dari
cricopharing
§ Efektif
untuk
fistel
trakcobronkial
atau
perforasi
esophatus
§ Plastik
:
diet
liquid/semiliquid;
Metal
:
diet
solid
pada
50
–
80%
pasien
§ Komplikasi
:
plastik
>
metal
Komplikasi
meningkat
pada
pemberian
kemoradiasi
pre
Op
o Perforasi
:
6
–
8%
o Perdarahan
:
3
–
5%
o Aspirasi
pneumonia
:
2
–
16%
o Mortalitas
:
2
–
12%
6.
Laser
terapi
(Nd
YAG)
§ Indikator
prognosis
terpenting
:
1.
Kedalaman
penetrasi
tumor
Barium
Swallow
Endoscopy
and
biopsy
Diagnosis
of
cancer
History,
examination
And
chest
X
ray
Resection
Clinical
evidence
impossible
Or
Of
metastases
metastases
seen
No
clinical
evidence
Palliation
Of
metastases
Inresectable
Computerized
Tomography
Inresectable
or
metastases
Resection
possible
Resectable
Laparoscopy/laparocopic
Ultrasound
Resectable
and
no
Metastases
Curative
resection
If
fit
for
surgery
Yes
No
(negative
(positive
margins
no
margins
distant
Curative
resection
Adjuve
of
therapy
:
Palliative
Therapy
:
Radiotherapy
(5000
–
Radiotherapy
(4500cGyt)
6000cGy
+
exterbal
boost)
+/-‐
+
Modalitas
terapi
:
1. Operasi
2. Radiasi
3. Kemoterapi (cisplatinum/5FU)
4. Kombinasi
Sebelum
semua
prosedur
:
laparotomi
untuk
evaluasi
kgb
celiacus
dan
memobilisasi
gaster
(conduit)
Radioterapi :
Lesi inoperable :
Bypass : gaster/jejunal/colon
Metastasis :
Pilihan Conduit
Jumlah Lokasi
Organ Kesulitan Kekurangan
Anastomosis Anastomosis
Cervical esof Resiko refluks
1 Gaster 1 +
Pharinx Bulky
Greater Cervical esof
2 1 + Resiko refluks
curvature tube Pharinx
Jahitan panjang
Reversed Cervical esof
3 1 +++ Blood Supply
gastric tube Pharinx
terbatas
Non reserved Cervical esof
4 1 ++ Jahitan panjang
gastric tube bawah
Dinding tipis
Cervical esof
5 Colon D 3 +++ Pedikel pendek
bawah
Bulky
Operasi lama
6 Colon S 3 ++++ Semua level
Redundan
2 (roux loop)
7 Jejunum ++ 1/3 distal Pendek
3 (interposition)
Perlu
Cervical esof
8 Free graft 5 (2 microsave) +++++ anastomosis
pharinx
mikrovaskuler
Posisi Conduit
Keuntungan Kerugian
Mudah
Tidak berhubungan dengan Kosmetik jelek
1 Subkutaneus
jantung/paru Jalan paling panjang
Deteksi kegagalan graft mudah
Mudah Jalan panjang
Substernal/
2 Berguna bila mediastinum tidak Angulasi graft
Retrosternal
tersedia Berbahaya pada jantung
3 Transpleural Mudah dari torakotomi S Mendorong paru
Tidak dapat dipakai bila
Posterior mediastinal/
4 Pendek dan langsung ada inflamasi, infiltrasi
Prevertebal
kanker
Resiko perdarahan kecil
5 Endoesofageal Pendek dan langsung Resiko konstriksi
Jalan lurus
HERNIA HIATUS
Sudut his
Klasifikasi, tipe :
I. Hernia Sliding ¨
• >>
• Keluhan
GER
• Herniasi
cardia
dan
GEJ
(GEJ
Supradiafragma)
Gejala
Trias Saint :
• Cholectihiasis
• Diverticolusis
colon
• Hernia
hiatal
sliding
DX :
1. Konfirmasi diagnosis
Karena
defek
membr
phreneoeso
fageal
di
enterior
dan
lateral
esophagus
yang
keluar
:
fundus
s/d
kurvatura
mayor,
masih
diliputi
peritoneum
(ada
kantong)
GEJ
infradiafragma.
Gejala
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Thorax
foto
:
air
fluid
level
di
mediastinum
sisi
kiri
à
konfirmasi
dengan
NGT
Barium
Upper
GI
:
1. Konfirmasi diagnosis
Tatalaksana :
1. Mengurangi reflux :
• Menurunkan
BB
• Makanan
:
dikit
tapi
sering,
kering
• Stop
rokok
• Tidur
½
duduk
2.
Agen
prokinetik
:
meningkatkan
motilitas
4. Operasi :
• Indikasi
-‐
gx
>>
* anemia laten
• Asimpotamtik
:
kontroversi
:
-‐
Hernia
paraesofageal
:
20-‐45%
terjadi
volvulus
/
perdarahan
à
harus
dioperasi
saat
diagnosis.
-‐
Watchfull
waiting
pada
asimptom
à
perlu
operasi
karena
gejala
akut
pada
1,1%
pasien
/
tahun.
Opcrasi:
•
Approach:
laparotomi
/
torakotomillaparoskopi
• Meliputi:
1. Reposisi hernia
2. Eksisi kantong hernia
3. Mengecilkan lubang hiatus (hiatoptasty/cruroptasy)
• Jahit dengan pledges
PERFORASI ESOPHAGUS
Trauma
4. Penyakit penyerta
Lokasi Perforasi
Gejala Klinis
Tergantung 3 faktor :
1. Lokasi perforasi
• Terutam
di
esophagus
sisi
kiri
ke
cavum
pleura
kiri
/
diatas
GEJ
• 85%
laki
• Usia
40-‐60
tahun
• Riwayat
muntah-‐muntah
2. nyeri dada
Perforasi Thoraks
• Emfisema
mediastinum
• Efusi
pleura
• Emfisema
subkutis
leher
:
hanya
20%
Diagnosis
-‐
Bila
posisi
berdiri
:
kontras
terlalu
cepat
turun
à
tidak
dapat
mendeteksi
perofrasi
kecil.
Manajemen
§ Outcome
tergantung
1.
Lokasi
2. Luas kerusakan
§ Goal
terapi
1.
Cegah
brelanjutnya
kontaminasi
§ Resusitasi
1.
Stop
intake
oral
3. Resusitasi cairan
§ Pilihan
Terapi
1.
Non
operatif,
termasuk
covered
self
expandable
stent
3. Repair primer + tissue reinforcement (per cervical / thoraks < 24 jam)
Non Operatif
1. Perforasi intramural
2.
Perforasi
transmural
yang
tidak
terletak
di
abdomen,
terletak
di
mediastinum
tetapi
terdrainase
kembali
ke
esophagus.
Perforasi Cervical
§ Jarang lethal
Early Treatment
§ Mytonomi
proksimal
dan
distal
perforasi
sampai
tampak
mukosa
yang
robek
§ Pasang
NGT
§ Jahit
mukosa
Dengan
stapler
Dengan
jahit
2
lapis
interreupted
Late Treatment
§ Esofagektomi
–
esofagostomi
-‐
Transhiatal
/
transhoracic
Early
Treatment
:
<
24
jam
• Esofagektomi
–
esofagostomi
• Dilanjutkan
gastric
/
colonic
interposition
substernal
bila
sudah
baik
• Mortalitas
:
jahit
primer
+
drain
:
68%,
esofagektomi
:
13%
• Bila
sangat
sepsis
-‐
Esofageal
exclusion
+
diversion
ESOFAGITIS KOROSIF
Terutama
karena
pembersih
kulit
(air
keras)
yang
terdiri
dari
natrium
hidroksida
dan
natrium
karbonat.
Patologi :
Gambaran klinis
Pemeriksaan Penunjang :
Terapi :
• TPN
• Antibiotik
• Steroid,
mengurangi
stenosis
tapi
meningkatkan
perdarahan
GI
• H2
bloker
dan
PPI
• Early
dilation
dan
stent
:
kontroversi
karena
komplikasi
banyak
• Bila
terjadi
truktur
:
stop
steroid,
mulai
dilatasi
esophagus
berulang
selama
6-‐12
bulan.
• Full
thickness
injury
:
early
esofagektomi
-‐ Terajdi refluks, struktur, dan intestinal metaplasia pasa sisa esophagus
§ Calon
Interpostion
-‐
3
anastomosis
§ Jejunal
Interposition
-‐
Mesenterium
pendek
:
tidak
sampai
esophagus
servikal
Devertivle
Esophagus
• Klasifikasi
:
o Menurut
asal
:
kongenital
/
acquista
o Menurut
etiologi
:
• Puisi
:
akibat
dysmotilitas
esophagus
sehingga
terjadi
tekanan
yang
terus
menerus
pad
intralumen
esophagus
• Traksi
:
akibat
tarikan
pada
dinding
esophagus
dari
luar
(mis.
Fibrosis
paru
karena
tbc)
o Menurut
lokasi
:
Pharingoesphageal,
Midesophageal,
Epiphrenic
Pharingoesophageal
(proximal)
dan
Epiphrenic
(distal)
à
tipe
pulsi,
hanya
mukosa
o Terbanyak
o Type
:
Diverticle
Pulsi
o Lokasi
:
segitiga
Killian
(pharynx
posterior,
antara
konstriktor
pharingeus
inferior
dan
cricopharingeus)
diatas
UES
(Upper
Esophageal
Sphincter),
penonjolan
lebih
sering
ke
kiri
(25%)
daripada
kanan
(10%)
o Insiden
:
usia
lanjut
(diatas
60
thn),
50
%
pada
decade
ke
7-‐8,
laki-‐laki
3x
perempuan
o Pathogenesis
:
kelemahan
dinding
otot
setempat
+
tekanan
berulang
intralumen
saat
menelan
sehingga
makin
lama
mucosa
menonjol
keluar
membentuk
kantong
yang
mengarah
ke
posterior
esophagus
(intoordenesivts)
o PA.
dinding
diverticle
terdiri
atas
mucosa,
submucosa
&
jaringan
ikat
tipis
(jaringan
ditemukan
otot)
o Gejala
:
§ Awal
:
asymptomatic
dan
tidak
khas,
gejala
terjadi
jika
sudah
terbentuk
divertible
yang
besar
§ Dysphagia
(karena
spasme
esophagus
&
diverticle
bertambah
besar)
§ Regurgitasi
saat
tidur
(batuk-‐batuk)
s/d
aspirasi
pneumonia
§ Halitosis
§ Obstruksi
esophagus
(karena
volume
diverticle
yang
makin
lama
makin
besar)
§ Nyeri
di
leher,
penderita
menekan
leher
saat
makanan
ditelan
§ Bunyi
di
leher
saat
menelan
o Pemeriksaan
Penunjang
§ Esophagogram
Fluoroscopy
:
terbaik
pada
fase
menelan
akan
tampak
diverticle
yang
berasal
dari
posterior
(pemeriksaan
ini
harus
dilakukan
dulu
pada
penderita
dengan
kecurigaan
diverticle
esophagus
sblm
esophagoscopy
untuk
mencegah
terjadinya
false
route)
o Komplikasi
:
§ Tracheobroncial
iritasi
§ Pneumonitis
hingga
pneumonia
§ Perforasi
diverticle
sehingga
terjadi
mediastinitis
atau
abscess
paraesophageal
§ Fistula
tracheo-‐esophagus
§ SCC
(Mayo
Clinic
study
53
thn
insiden
0,4
%)
o Terapi
:
§ Tidak
ada
tempat
untuk
konservatif
§ Preop
:
kosongkan
diverticle
dulu
dengan
endoscopy,
pastikan
tidak
ada
komplikasi
pada
paru.
§ Terapi
GERD
bila
ada
keluhan
GERD
§ Operasi
:
• Apporoach
left
cervical
incision
• Cricopharyngeal
myotomy
à
mencegah
rekurensi
• Diverticulectomy
/
Diverticulopexy
ke
fasia
prevertebral
dengan
apex
lebih
proksimal
§ Endoscepic
:
staples
/
laser
o Varian
:
Killian-‐Jamieson
diverticle
(lokasi
tepat
dibawah
otot
cricopharyngeal)
o Type
:
Traksi
o Lokasi
:
dibawah
bifurkasio
trachea
(dinding
edpan
esifagus)
o Insiden
:
dewasa
muda,
kebanyakan
dijumpai
secara
kebetulan
saat
pemeriksaan
radiologi.
o Pathogenesis
:
tarikan
dari
luar
dinding
esofagus
(paling
sering
karena
fibrosis
lymphadenitis
tb
parabronchial)
o Gejala
§ Asymptomatis
:
tidak
ada
gejala
/
tanda
karena
letaknya
mendatar
sehingga
tidak
ada
retensi
esophagus
&
esophagus
tidak
melebar.
§ Kadangkala
terjadi
gastroesphageal
reflux
o Komplikasi
:
§ Ruptur
spontan
§ Exsangunasi
§ Aspirasi
§ Fistulasi
§ Malignansi
o Terapi
:
§ Kebanyakan
asymptomatis
atau
tanpa
komplikasi
sehingga
hanya
konservatif
§ Jika
dilakukan
pembedahan
:
diverticulectomy
dengan/tanpa
myotomy
Divertide Epiphrenic
o Segmen
Epiphrenic
Esophagus
:
1/3
distal
esophagus
(
10
cm
terakhir
esophagus
)
o Type
:
Pulsi,
traksi
atau
mixed
o Insiden
:
ditemukan
insidentil
saat
pemeriksaan
esofagogram,
terjadi
pada
semua
usia.
o Disertai
kelainan
penyerta
:
achalasia,
hernia
hiatus,
diffuse
spasme
esophagus
o Lokasi
:
tepat
diatas
diaphragma,
4
cm
terakhir
esophagus
(kadangkala
midthorax)
o Gejala
:
§ Dysphagia,
retrosternal
pain
§ Rasa
mengganjal
di
distal
esophagus
setelah
makan
§ Regurgitasi
hingga
muntah
§ Gangguan
motilitas
esophagus
distal
o Pemeriksaan
:
§ Esophagogram
§ Esophageal
manometri
§ Esophagoscopy
:
menyingkirkan
malignancy,
web,
dll
§ Foto
thoraks
o Komplikasi
:
§ Esofagitis
/
periesofagitis
§ Perdarahan
divertikal
o Therapi
:
§ Dilakukan
jika
gejala
bertambah
berat
atau
telah
terjadi
komplikasi
§ Terutama
ditujukan
jika
ada
gangguan
motorik
esophagus
à
terapi
etiologi
§ Dikerjakan
:
thorakotomi,
diverticulectomy
dan
longitudinal
myotomy
dikontralateral
divertikel,
kadangkala
diperlukan
funduplikasi
Diverticle
Intramural
Reflux esophagitis
• Dalam
keadaan
normal
dapat
terjadi
reflux
(terutama
setelah
makan)
yang
berlangsung
<1jam
• Jika
bahan-‐bahan
reflux
tersebut
tidak
dapat
di
keluarkan
akibat
terganggunya
kontraksi
/
peristaltic
atau
tidak
adanya
saliva
yang
dapat
menetralkan
asam
lambung
maka
terjadi
esophagitis
• Faktor-‐Faktor
yang
mempengaruhi
kompetensi
cardiesophageal
:
o Mekanis
:
Oblique
gastric
muscle
fibers,
cardia
mucosal
folds,
pinhock
action
of
diaphragma,
phrenoesophagcal
membrane
o Motorls
:
• Penyebab
lain
:
o Kadar
asam,
cairan
empedu
&
enzyme
pancreas
dalam
lambung
terlalu
tinggi
km
makanan
terlalu
lama
di
lambung
o Ggn
pertahanan
mucosa
karena
sekresi
mucosa
bersama
saliva
berkurang
o Ggn
anatomi
hiatus
esophagus
diafragma
(kelainan
sudut
esophagus
gaster,
ggn
fixasi
cardia,
ggn
crus
diafragma,
lemahnya
LES)
• Pathologi
:
o Terjadi
ulcus
yang
mudah
berdarah,
jika
sembuh
menjadi
granulasi,
cicatrix,
fibrosis
dan
berakhir
dengan
stricture
esophagus
o Chronis
:
terjadi
radang
chronis
hyperplasia
(Barret
esophagus)
yang
merupakan
lesi
premaligna
• Gejala
:
o Awal
:
mulut
terasa
asam
km
regurgitasi
gaster
o Lanjut
:
terjadi
retrosternal
heartburn
(pyrosis),
dysohagia
(jika
terjadi
spasme
LES)
o Penyerta
:
anemia
(ulcerasi),
muntah
s/d
aspirasi
hingga
pneumonia
• Gambaran
esophagoscopy
o Grd
I
:
Mucosa
hyperemia
o Grd
II
:
Erosi
mucosa
• Indikasi
:
• Terapi
medis
gagal
• Terjadi
komplikasi
(stricture,
Barret
esophagus)
• Terdapat
relux
akibat
gangguan
motilitas
esophagus
• Terjadi
pada
anak-‐anak
• Reflux
akibat
op
abdomen
sebelumnya
• Tindakan
:
• Reposisi
esophagus
dibawah
diafragma
• Fundoplikasi
(abdominal)
• Mempersempit
hiatus
esophagus
• Memasang
Angelchik
Prosthesis
• Komplikasi
:
o Esophageal
web
:
area
fibrosis
terlokalisir
sehingga
membentuk
kontraksi
setempat.
Lokasi
di
daerah
esophagitis,
SqC
junction
(incomplete
:
Schatzki’s
ring)
&
setinggi
arcus
aorta.
o Stricture
&
ulcus
o Barret
esophagus
(CELO
:
columnar
ephelium–lined
oesphagus)
• Fundoplikasi
:
o Complete
(360)
:
Nissen,
modified
Rosetti-‐Hell
VARIES GASTRO-‐ESOFAGEAL
Schistosomiasis
Terapi
Score
1
2
3
B : sedang : 7-‐9
C : jelek : 10-‐15
(4)
Dengan
kemajuan
teknologi
pembedahan
dan
anestesi,
morbiditas
dan
mortalitas
menjadi
lebih
sedikit
seperti
pada
seri-‐seri
terakhir.
(1) splenektomi,
(4) pyloroplasti
GERD
3. Relaksasi LES
1. Faktor esofagus
a. Perisralsis → molicatus
b. Saliva
2. Faktor gastroesofageal
c. Hernia hiatal
3. Faktor gastroduodenal
c. H. Pylori
Patofisiologi GERD
§ Mutifaktorial
§ Kelainan
patologi
akibat
isi
gastroduodenal
merusak
mukosa
esophagus
§ Proses
penyembuhan
(re-‐epitelialisasi)
mukosa
dapat
diganti
jaringan
normal/jaringan
metaplastik
(Barret)
§ Faktor
genetik
?
Diagnosis
Anamnesa
§ Heart
burn
§ Rasa
asam
&
pahit
dimulut
Tanda
komplikasi
§ Esofagitis
korosif
§ Striktur
§ Esofagus
Barrett
§ Adenokarsinoma
Permerkatan
1. 24 J pH Monitor
1. Perdarahan
2. Otsktor
3. Barret
Terapi bedah :
-‐ Esofagoskopi
-‐ Manometri
-‐
Setelah
disuntikkan
dalam
jaringan
membentuk
material
spons
sebagai
implant
permanen
Dysphagia
§ Neuromuscular
:
Ø Primer
:
achalasia,
diffuse
spasme,
nutcracker
esophagus
Ø Sekunder
:
Scleroderma,
Changa’s
ds
§ Mekanik
:
Ø Intrinsik
:
carcinoma,
stricture,
Schatzki’s
ring,
web
Ø Ekstrinsik
:
vaskular
compression,
vcervical
OA
-‐
Oropharyngeal
§ Neuromuskuler
Ø CNS
:
stroke,
extrapyramidal
synd,
head
trauma,
dll
Ø Perifer,
GBS,
spinal
Musc
atrophy,
Poliomyelitis
Ø Myogenic
:
Myasthenia
gravis,
Botulism,
dll
§ Mekanik
:
Ø Zenker
diverticulum
Ø Cervical
web
Ø Dll
Manometri esophagus
§ Indikasi
• Evaluasi
penderita
dengan
dysphagia
• Evaluasi
penderita
dengan
GERD
• Evaluasi
penderita
dengan
non
cardiac
chest
pain
• Menyingkirkan
generalized
GI
tract
ds
• Menyingkirkan
kelainan
esophagus
pada
anorexia
nervosa
§ Normal
• Tekanan
LES
10-‐26
mmHg
Relaxasi
yang
normal
• Mean
peristaltic
amplitude
distal
esophagus
50-‐110
mmHg
• Tidak
ada
kontraksi
spontan,
repetitive
atau
simultan
• Single
wave
form
(tidak
lebih
dari
2
puncak)
• Rata-‐rata
lama
gelombang
peritatic
distal
esophagus
1,94-‐5,5
detik
Pharingeal Pouch
Karena
gagal
koordinasi
antara
m.
constrictor
pharing
inf&
cricopharing
saat
menelan
à
penonjolan
diantara
otot.
Pemeriksaan : Ba-‐intake
Esophageal Web
Plikasi
Isen : 3 – 5cm Wraf à bongre 38 – 50 à dufogra s/d 40, (3 – 25)
Eplikasi : Floppay Missen : 1 ½ -‐ 2 cm wraf + bongre 50 – 62 – me à difosa.
Fodabeda
Ø Fundheplekasi
RD
+
Motilitas
normal
à
Misen
/
Toupes
99n
Motilitas
berat
à
Toupes
KARSINOMA GASTER
Adenokarsinoma Gastcr
Intestinal Difus
Tua Muda
1. Polipoid
5. Unclassifield
1. Adenokarsinoma (intestinal/difus)
2. Signet cell
3. Mucinous
4. Tubular
5. Papiler
Difus : 10%
Epidemiologi
50-‐70 th
laki : 2 x wanita
Japan : 50%
Faktor didapat
Rokok
Radiasi
Pekerja karet
Darah tipe A
Anemia pemiciosa
Riwayat keluarga
HNPCC
Li-‐fraumeni syndrome
Prekusor
Adenoma
Gastristis antrifik
Displasia
Instestinal metaplasia
Faktor protektif
Tipe B : Multi focal à ok inflamasi kronis, 1X pada curvature minor
2. ulkus pibrus
3.
ulkus
besar
indolen
&
menembus
dinding
post
lambung,
jauh
dati
curvatura
mayor
8
minor
Lokasi keganasan
40% antrum
Gejala Klinis
Early satiety à kenyang setelah makan sedikit à linitis plastic
Ke peritoneum di pelvis : Blumer’s shelf nodule (teraba di anterior saat RT)
Pemeriksaan
Laparoscopy diagnostil
Laparoscopy US
Tumor Marker.
NO kgb 0
N1 kgb 1 – 6
N2 kgb 7 – 15
Stage 0 Tis N0 M0
Stage
I
A
T1
N0
M0
Stage
I
B
T1
N1
M0
T2
a/b
N0
M0
Stage
II
T1
N2
M0
T2
a/b
N1
M0
Stage
III
T2
a/b
N2
M0
T3
N1
M0
T4
N0
M0
Stage
III
B
T3
N2
M0
Terapi
Operasi
Papachristou dkk
2 30
4-‐6 10
>6 0
Tipe
I
:
berasal
dari
esofagus
berat
atau
karsinoma
esofagus
yang
mencapai
kardiak
Tipe II : Pada true junction (jarak 2 cm dari squamocolumnar junction)
Tumor
Distal
(35%)
:
diatal
gastrektomi,
jarak
5-‐6
cm
dengan
sisa
gaster
yang
adek
kuat.
Endoscopy Limfadenektomi
Dianjurkan
D2
limfadenektomi
tanpa
slenektomi
/
pankreatektomi
rutin
untuk
std
II
&
III
D1 : 1. Cardial D
2. Cardial S
3. Kurvatura minor
4. Kurvatura mayor
5. Suprapilorus
6. Infrapilorus
D2 + 7. Gastrika S
8. Hepatika komunis
9. Caliac
13. Retropankreas
16. Paraaorta
D2 : Sytematic lyampkadenactony
D3 : Eztended lympkadenactony
à 1 N3 (>15)
D1 : Limited lympkadenactony
Rekonstruksi
1. Billrouth I : tension
1. Esofagoyeyuneostomi R en Y
2. Jujunal J pouch
3. Jejunal interposition
Prognosis
-‐ Staging
-‐
Median
overall
&
median
disease
free
survival
meningkat
Pada
reseksi
yang
tidak
adekuat
Gathuching :
BILLROTH procedure
Gastrektomi Total
1.
Mendpatkan
batas
insisi
yang
bebas
tumor
baik
pada
sisi
esophageal
maupun
sisi
duodenal.
2.
Membuang
semua
kelenjar
limfe
lokal
dan
regional,
termasuk
arteri
gastrika
kanan
dan
kiri,
dan
arteri
gastrika
brevis.
ULKUS PEPTIKUM
Indikasi operasi :
4. Degenerasi maligna
Goal Operasi :
1. Penyembuhan ulkus
Pengobatan ulkus duodenum saat ini berubah dari antasida ke antimikroba
Operasi
ditujukan
untuk
mencegah
pelepasan
acetylcholine
oleh
vagus
(vagotomi)
dan
pelepasan
gastrin
dari
antrum
(antrectomy).
1. Vagotomi
2. ± prosedur drainase
b. Gastroduonostomi Finney
c. Gastroduodenostomi Jabulay
d. Gastrojejunostomi
a. Bilroth I
c. Gastrojejunostomi Roux n Y
Tipe I
• Terering
• Sepanjang
kurvatura
minor
pada
pertemuan
mukosa
dan
antrum
• Hiposekresi
asam
lambung
• Terapi
:
1.
Gastrektomi
distral
Tipe II
2. HSV
Tipe III
Tipe IV
Obyektif Operasi :
1. Terapi komplikasi
Indikasi operasi :
• Kontrol
perdarahan
:
• Kocher
menuver
à
insisi
pylorus
longitudinal.
Ekstensi
ke
gaster
dan
duodenum
2-‐
3
cm
• Ligasi
arteri
gastroduodenalis
di
superioe
dan
infectornya
• Ligasi
cabang
a.pankreas
transversa
dan
inferiornya
• Piloroplasty
Heineke
–
Mikuliex
• Truncal
vagotomy
OPERASI PERFORASI
Prognosis ditentukan :
1. Delay
3. Usia
4. Hipotensi / syok
Perforasi > 24 jam + UGI water soluble study tidak ada ekstravasasi
• Ya
:
konservatif
• Tidak
:
-‐
Onset
ulkus
akut
:
Omental
patch
+
test
HP
§ Indikasi
operasi
konservatif
gagal
:
obstruksi
menetap
setelah
48-‐72
jam
dengan
rerusitasi
cairan,
terapi
antisekretotik,
da,
dekompresi
NGT
§ Dilatasi
balon
:
resiko
rekurensi,
perforasi,
dan
malignansi
(50%
pasien
gastric
outlet
obstruction).
§ Terapi
:
1.
Pilihan
:
c. HSV + gastrojejunostomi
Perforasi > 24 jam + UGI water soluble study tidak ada ekstravasasi
• Ya
:
konservatif
• Tidak
:
-‐
Onset
ulkus
akut
:
Omental
patch
+
test
HP
§ Indikasi
operasi
konservatif
gagal
:
obstruksi
menetap
setelah
48-‐72
jam
dengan
rerusitasi
cairan,
terapi
antisekretotik,
da,
dekompresi
NGT
§ Dilatasi
balon
:
resiko
rekurensi,
perforasi,
dan
malignansi
(50%
pasien
gastric
outlet
obstruction).
§ Terapi
:
1.
Pilihan
:
c. HSV + gastrojejunostomi
1. Early satiety
3. Dumping syndrome
6. Gastric cancer
Early Satiety
§ Akibat
gastric
atonia
postOp,
gastric
stasis
karena
denervasi,
dan
sisa
gaster
yang
kecil
akibat
gastrektomi
§ Terapi
:
Pola
makan
sedikit
tapi
sering
Obat
promotilitas
:
metoclopramide
/
erythromycin
Late Dumping
Afferent Loop:
• Nyeri perut setelah makan dan muntah non bilius, kemudian mereda sctelah muntah bilius
• Terapi: merubah prosedur menjadi Roux n Y
• Pencegahan: Billroth II + Braun atau Uncut Roux n Y reconstruction
Efferent Loop:
-• Nyeri epigastrik, distensi, dan muntah bilier
•- Terapi: operasi untuk menghilangkan obstruksi
Gastric Cancer
• Pada pasien post gastrektorni bukan karena ulkus duodenum
-• Resiko meningkat 2X setelah 15 tahun parsial gastrektomi.
• Resiko setelah Billroth II > I
I: Perdarahan
• 20% hematernesis + melena
sering terjadi setelah obat-obat salisilat, kortikosteroid, dan NSAID
• 40 penyebab kematian
• 75% cukup terapi medikal
• Perdarahan ulang ‘‘ mortalitas meningkat
Terapi
Medikal G.C. sornatostatin
Endoskopik
Bedah (l0%) definitif:
o ligasi
o vagotomi + piloroplasti
o gastrektomi
Medikarnentosa
• Antasida
•Antikolinergik —anti muskarinik
•Muko protektor Sucralfat
•Prostaglandin
2. Perforasi
• 10%
incidence
• 15%
mortalitas
• “coup
de
poignard”
Klinis
3. Stenosis Pilotik
4. Degenerasi Maligna
1. Elektif
§ Perforasi
tukak
§ Perdarahan
ulang
terutama
usia
>
60
tahun
§ Stenosis
pilorik
GASTRIC
POLYP
Singgel / multiple
Neoplasma
Asimptom
LEIMYOMA
Lokasi : semua tempat di GIT à terutama lambung dan usus halus
Morfologi : lesi sessile (≠ bertangkai) / pedunculated yang tertutup mukosa normal.
LEIMSYOSARCOMA
Ganas
LYMPHOMA
Gejala Klinis
Terapi
• Ba intake
• Endoscopic biosy
• Laparotomy biopsy
Linfomaprimer sering discrete dan bulky lesion ® ≠ dapat di op ® perlu radio/ chemotx.
TUMOR CARCINOID
Dapat timbul di semua bagian GIT / jaringan yang embriologis berasal dari GIT :
Tumor
carcinoid
:
sekresi
katekolamin,
termasuk
serotonin
jadi
jika
tumor
besar
(biasanya
pada
metastasis
liver)
:
tjd
Carcinoid
syndrome
:
10%
karena
masuknya
mediator
hormonal
ke
sirkulasi.
Carcinoid syndrome :
• Cutancus flushing : hot flushes transient kekerasan kulit wajah, leher, vetodilatasi.
• Hipotensi
• Bronkokonstriksi : astma
-‐
Tumor
karcinoid
(88%
nudgut)
®
sekresi
katekdomisi
®
direstolitir
di
luar
®
tidak
ada
gx
sindrom
karnoid.
DIVERTIKEL MECKEL
JP Mcckel 1808
Kanalis
ornphalo
–
enterikus
persisten
(duktus
antara
GIT
(midgut)
dengan
yolk
sac
:
normalnya
hilang
saat
janin
usia
10
mgg)
(a. Vitellinus S involusi, a. vitelinus D menetap membentuk a. mesenterika superior)
Lokasi : ileum 80 cm (10-‐150 cm) dari ICJ (valvula Bauhini), antemesenterik.
Terutama (2x )
• Inflamasi / divertikulitis
• Umbilical ; fistel/cyst/granuloma
• Degenerasi maligna
Terapi :
Ligasi
arteri
pada
mesenterium
di
sisi
distalnya,
yang
melewati
ileum
dieksisi
agar
tidak
terjadi
fibrosis
dan
terjadi
jeratan
karena
band
Anomali lain :
a. Divertikulum Meckel
e. Enterocystoma
f. Torsio
ULKUS PEPTIKUM
Indikasi operasi :
4. Degenerasi maligna
Goal Operasi :
1. Penyembuhan ulkus
Pengobatan ulkus duodenum saat ini berubah dari antasida ke antimikroba
Operasi
ditujukan
untuk
mencegah
pelepasan
acetylcholine
oleh
vagus
(vagotomi)
dan
pelepasan
gastrin
dari
antrum
(antrectomy).
1. Vagotomi
2. ± prosedur drainase
b. Gastroduonostomi Finney
c. Gastroduodenostomi Jabulay
d. Gastrojejunostomi
3. ± antrektomi à rekonstruksi
a. Bilroth I
c. Gastrojejunostomi Roux n Y
Intracable
gastric
ulcer
Type
I
Partial
gastrectomy
and
Bilroth
1
or
Ulcer
excision
and
HSV
Type
II
Similar
to
duodenal
ulcer.
Truncal
vagotomy
and
antrectomy
or
Type III
Type
IV
It
ulver
within
2
cm
of
GE
junction,
Kelty
–
Madlener
oor
Csendes
procedure
for
more
distal
lesions,
Pauchert’s
procedure
Type
V
If
medication
can
not
be
stopped,
excision
and
truncal
vagotomy
Obyektif Operasi :
1. Terapi komplikasi
Indikasi Operasi :
OPERASI PERFORASI
Prognosis ditentukan :
1. Delay
3. Usia
4. Hipotensi / syok
Perforated
duodenal
ulcer
No
Omental
patching
with
truncal
vagotomy
and
pyloroplasty
or
omental
• Indikasi
operais
bila
konservatif
gagal
:
obstruksi
menetap
setelah
48-‐72
jam
dengan
rerusitasi
cairan,
terapi
antisekrototik,
da,
dekompresi
NGT.
• Dilatasi
balon
:
resiko
rekurensi,
perforasi,
dan
malignansi
(50%
pasien
gastric
outlet
obstruction).
• Terapi
1.
Pilihan
c. HSV + gastrojejunostomi
1. Early satiety
3. Dumping syndrome
6. Gastric cancer
BIOLOGI GIST
Set
kanker
tumbuh
akibat
ketidakseimbangan
antara
peningkatan
renata
siklus
set
(pembelahan
sel)
dan
pertumbuhan
sel
(ukuran
sel)
di
satu
sisi
dengan
kematian
set
terprogram
(apoptosis)
di
sisi
yang
lain.
Adanya
transduksi
sinyal
yang
menyimpang
dapat
menyebabkan
ketidakseimbangan
tersebut
terjadi
perubahan
keganansan.
Tirosin
kinase
merupakan
salah
satu
molekul
pemberi
sinyal
yang
terlibat
pada
regulasi
set.
KIT
mengkode
reseptor
tipe
III
tirosin
kinase
yang
memiliki
struktur
yang
sama
dengan
PDGFR
(platelet
derived
growth
factor
receptor)
a
dan
β.
KIT
adalah
glikoprotein
transmembar
145-‐KD
yang
berfungsi
sebagai
reseptor
untuk
faktor
sel
sistem
dan
memiliki
aktifitas
tirosin
kinase.
Aktivasi
abnormal
KIT
dapat
terjadi
akibat
adanya
mutasi
yang
selanjutnya
menyebabkan
fungsi
abnormal
dari
KIT
tersebut
Aktivasi
KIT
oleh
adanya
mutasi
ini
menyebabkan
transduksi
sinyal
abnormal
pang
merupakan
awal
pathogenesis
GIST.
Gambar.
Fungsi
dan
struktur
tirosin
kinase
reseptor
KIT.
Aktivasi
oleh
adanya
mutasi
atau
ligan
menyebabkan
transfosforilasi,
penghikatan
ATP,
dan
fosforilasi
substrat
selanjutnya.
Substrat
atau
molekul
hasil
fosforilasi
ini
mengendalikan
transkripsi
gen
yang
berperan
menentukan
fenotip
tumor.
Jalur
pensinyalan
ini
diputus
oleh
adanya
ikatan
dengan
imatinib.
l. Extracelluler domain (exon 9) (18,1% GIST) à 95% tumor terletak di usus halus.
Letak
mutasi
à
mengetahui
perilaku
penyakit
dan
prognosis
prognosis
pasien
Corales
(n=275).
Beberapa pasien GIST tidak didapatkan mutasi KIT : KIT – wild type.
Mutasi ini didapatkan pada 29,7% KIT-‐wild p7x GIST. 4,7% pasien dengan
INSIDEN
Lokasi GIST
• Lambung
(52-‐60%)
• Usus
halus
(25%)
• kolon
dan
rectum
(10%)
à
terutama
si
caccum/ractum
GEJALA KLINIS
• Perdarahan
:
30-‐50%
• Massa
tumor
di
abdomen
:
35-‐38%
• Nyeri
:
20-‐40%
40-‐W%
telah
didapatkan
metastasis
saat
diagnosis
78% hanya 2 tumor, terbanyak: tumor gaster dan koedoma pulmoner (53%)
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Pemeriksaan Radiologi
Pemeriksaan foto polos dengan kontras : defak intrelumen dengan tepi yang rata
CT-‐scan :
• Massa
eksofitik
yang
biasanya
berasal
dari
lambung
atau
usus
halus
• Metastasis
biasanya
terletak
di
liver
atau
peritoneum
• Pembesaran
kelenjar
getah
bening
dan
aseites
sangat
jarang
didapatkan
• Homogenitas
tumor
bervariasi
tugantung
dari
ukuran
tumor
o Tumor
<
5
sm
:
batas
jelas
dengan
densitas
yang
homogen.
o Tumor
>
10
sm
:
tepi
ireguler
dengan
densitas
heterogen
• Unit
Hounsfield:
o prekontras
30,41
+
5,01
postkontras adalah 51,80 + 9,24
o Rata-‐rata
peningkatan:
70%
• Lesi
heterogen
dengan
diameter
lebih
dari
4
sm,
tepi
yang
reguler,
adanya
ulserasi
dan
merastasis
GIST
maligna.
PET scan
• Untuk
mengetahui
perluasan
ekstensi
tumor
dan
respon
dini
terhadap
terapi
inhibitor
tirosin
kinase
(1
minggu
terapi
imatinib).
• Beberapa
penelitian
juga
menunjukkan
adanya
kolerasi
yang
kuat
antara
uptake
fluora-‐
deoxy-‐glucose
GIST
dan
potensi
keganasan.
Kombinasi
PET
scan
dan
CT
scan
lebih
akurat
dari
pada
menggunakan
CT
atau
PET
scan
saja.
Pemeriksa Endoskopi
Endoskopi :
Biopsi
Gambaran Histopatologi
• Makroskopis
:
tumor
tanpa
kapsul
dengan
diameter
barvariasi.
Tumor
yang
besar
biasanya
menunjukkan
perubahan
kistik,
nekrosis,
dan
area
perdarahan.
• Mikroskopis
(HE):
bentuk
yang
homogen
(uniform)
dengan
deferensi
yang
bervariasi
dari
mioid
sampai
neural.
• Morfologi,
3
tipe:
o tipe
sel
spindel
70%
o tipe
sel
epiteloid
20%
o tipe
campuran
10%
Sebagian
kecil
GIST
di
usus
halus
menunjukkan
morfologi
seperti
paranganglioma
bersarang
(nested
paranganglioma-‐like).
Pemeriksaaan imunohistokimia
FAKTOR PROGNOSIS
1. ukuran tumor
2. indeks mitosis
Metastasis telah sering terjadi pada tumor berukuran lebih dari 5 sm
Resiko sangat rendah : ukuran > 2sm dengan jumlah mitosis <5/50 HPF
Resiko
intermedical
:
<5sm
dengan
jumlah
6-‐10/50
HPF
atau
5-‐10
sm
dengan
jumlah
mitosis
5-‐50
HPF.
Resiko
tinggi
:
>5sm
dengan
jumlah
mitosis
>/HPF
atau
>10sm
tanpa
dipengaruhi
jumlah
mitosisnya
atau
jumlah
mitosis
>
10/50
HPF
tanpa
dipengaruhi
ukurannya.
Jinak
Ganas
Ukuran
(sm)
<5
>5
• Radiasi dan kemoterapi : tidak efektif – hanya untuk penyakit residif sebagai paliatig.
Operasi
•
Angka
harapan
hidup
pasien
ditentukan
oleh
ukuran
tumor
dan
bukan
tepi
operasi
yang
bebas
tumor
secara
mikroskopik
à
pembedahan
pada
saat
ini
ditujukan
untuk
melakukan
reseksi
komplir
dengan
tepi
bebas
tumor
secara
makroskopik.
•
Diseksi
tumor
secara
hati-‐hati
untuk
mencegah
rupture
tumor
yang
dapat
meningkatkan
resiko
kontaminasi
sel
tumor
sehingga
meningkatkan
kekambuhan
pada
eritoneum
serta
resiko
pendaharan.
•
Limfadenektomi
tidak
dilakukan
secara
rutin
pada
tumor
yang
terlokalisir
karena
rendahnya
resiko
penyebaran
tumor
ke
kelenjar
gerah
bening.
o
Enukleasi
atau
eksisi
lokal
melalui
toraktomi
atau
tarakoskopi
(video
assisted
thoracoscopi
surgery/VATS)
untuk
tomor
<2sm
à
masih
kontroversi.
o Resekti lokal
o Reseksi persial
o Plankreatikoduodenektomi
Reseksi
komplit
tumor
dilaporkan
dapat
dilakukan
pada
85%
pasien
dengan
tumor
primer
terlokalisir
dan
teri
irisan
yang
bebas
tumor
secara
mikroskopis
didapatkan
pada
70-‐95%
pasien
tersebut.
Sebanyak
50%
pasien
terjadi
kekambuhan
meskipun
telah
dilakukan
reseksi
komplit.
Targeting Terapi
• Analog phenylaminopyrimidinemethanc-‐sulfonate
•
Sebagai
inhibitor
kompetitif
ATP
pada
tempat
ikatan
beberapa
tirosin
kinase,
juga
menyebabkan
apoptosis
sel
tumor.
Respon
terhadap
imatinib
paling
baik
didapatkan
pada
pasien
dengan
mutasi
exon
11
dibanding
dengan
mutasi
yang
lain
(rata-‐rata)
respon
67-‐83%)
Penggunaan
imatinib
sebagai
terapi
GIST
yang
kambuh
atau
yang
telah
bermentastisis
memberikan
respon
pada
50%
pasien
dengan
angka
harapan
hidup
2
tahun
dicapai
oleh
70%
pasien.
Dosis
ideal
imatinib
sampai
saatini
belum
ditentukan
dosis
awal
400
mg
ditingkatkan
sampai
80
mg
:
waktu
bebas
progesi
(progression-‐free
survival)
yang
lebih
lamanamun
tidak
meningkatkan
angka
harapan
hidup
keseluruhan
(overall
survival).
Penghentian
pengobatan
imatinib
tidak
dianjurkan
kecuali
bila
terjadi
progresi
tumor,
intoleransi,
aau
penolakan
pasien.
Resiko
kekambuhan
lebih
tinggi
pada
pasien
yang
dihentikan
pengobatannya,
bahkan
pada
pasien
yang
telah
mencapai
penyembuhan
komplit.
Sumitinib
maleat
adalah
inhibitor
tirosin
kinase
multitarget
dengan
aktivitas
antitumor
dan
antiangiogenik.
Obat
ini
merupakan
inhibitor
poten
reseptor
poten
reseptor
VEGF
1
dan
2,
reseptor
fetal
liver
tirosin
kinase
3,
c-‐kit
dan
PDGRF
alfa
dan
beta.
Sunitinib
diindikasikan
pada
pasien
GIST
yang
mengalami
intoleransi
atau
refrakter
terhadap
imatinib.
Respon
GIST
terhadap
aterapi
tirosin
kinase
inhibitor
berhubungan
dengan
status
mutasi
KIT
dan
PDGRF-‐α.
Respon
obyektif
yang
lebih
tinggi,
masa
bebas
penyakit
dan
harpan
hidup
yang
lebih
lama
:
Imatinib
:
lebih
tinggi
pada
nutasi
KIT
exon
11
daripada
pasien
dengan
mutasi
KIT
di
exon
9
atau
tanpa
mutasi.
Lebih
tinggi
pada
mutasi
PDGFR-‐α
di
exon
12
dan
14
daripada
di
exon
18
dan
PDGFR-‐
α
daripada
mutasi
di
exon
11.
1 ysr : 86,3%
3 ysr : 51,7%
5 ysr : 42,8%
GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS
and Management
Ratha-‐Korn Vilaichonc, MD, PhDa, Varocha Mahachai, MDb David Y. Graham, MDc,d
aGastroenterology
Unit,
Department
of
Medicine.
Thanmasat
University
Hospital.
In
the
early
twentieth
century,
peptic
ulcer
disease
was
believed
to
be
caused
by
stress
and
dietary
factors.
Basic
remedies
focused
on
hospitalization,
bed
rest,
and
perception
on
special
bland
diets
with
antacids
to
neutralize
gastric
acid,
antacids
and
medications
that
blocked
acid
production
became
standart
therapy.
The
H2-‐receptor
antagonists
were
prominent
in
the
mid-‐1970s
but
were
replaced
by
the
more
patent
proton
pump
inhibitors
(PPIs)
in
the
1980s.
despite
the
height
healing
rates
that
were
achieved
with
antisectory
agents,
peptic
ulvers
typically
recurred
after
cessation
of
therapy
and
neseccitated
long-‐term
maintenance
therapy.
Helicobacter
Pylori
is
a
gram
negative
spiral
bacterium
and
is
estimated
to
infeet
more
than
half
of
the
word’s
population,
predominantly
in
developing
countries.
Furthermore,
this
organism
is
now
well
established
as
the
cause
of
the
gastric
cancer
and
gastric
mucosal
–
associated
lymphoid
tissue
(MAI
;
I)
lymphoma
appearance
of
these
discuses.
Despite
the
fact
that
gastric
cancer
remains
one
of
the
most
common
preventable
cancers,
worldwide
population-‐based
credication
strategies
have
yet
to
be
implemented.
The
focus
on
treating
only
symptomatic
patients
ensures
a
large
pool
of
infected
patients
undergoing
progressive
damage
to
their
stomachs
and
maintenance
of
a
large
pool
for
spreading
the
infection.
H-‐pylori
is
one
of
the
most
common
chronic
bacterial
infections
among
humans
[5.6].
the
prevalence
H-‐pylori
infection
varies
depending
on
age,
socioeconomic
status,
and
ethnic
group.
Typically,
the
infection
is
acquired
in
childhood
and
the
rate
of
acquisition
is
related
inversely
to
household
hygiene
and
the
general
levels
of
sanitation
:
wherever
sanitation
and
standards
of
living
have
improved.
The
incidence
of
transmission
has
declined.
The
low
prevalence
in
middle
and
upper
socioeconomic
populations
in
Western
Europe
and
North
America
reflect
the
different
rates
of
improvements
in
sanitation
and
standards
of
living
that
have
been
achieved
by
different
ethnic
and
racial
groups.
In
the
United
States,
the
prevalence
rate
is
approximately
50%
in
African
Americans,
60%
in
Mexican
Americans,
and
26%
in
whites
[7].
The
prevalence
are
attributable
to
differences
in
socioeconomic
status
and
household
hygiene
during
childhood
[8].
H-‐Pylori
prevalence
can
be
considered
best
in
terms
of
birth
cohorst,
such
that
the
prevalence
of
infection
of
the
population
of
20-‐year-‐olds
defines
the
prevalence
of
that
birth
cohort
throughout
life.
In
developing
countries,
most
children
are
infected
before
the
age
of
10,
and
the
prevalence
among
persons
who
are
older
than
20
years
of
age
typically
is
between
50%
and
90%
[5-‐9-‐10].
H-‐Pylori
has
a
long
latent
period
of
sub
clinical
infection
during
which
it
causes
gastric
mucosal
inflammation
and
progressive
mucosal
damage.
Although
H-‐Pylori
strains
differ
in
their
ability
to
provoke
inflammation,
no
H-‐Pylori
isolates
have
been
identified
that
have
not
been
associated
with
symptomatic
H-‐Pylori
associated
diseases
(eg
gastric
cancer
or
peptic
ulverz)
[16].
Clinical
disease
is
believed
to
represent
the
outcome
of
interactions
between
the
bacterium,
the
host,
and
the
environment.
The
most
virulent
stains
possess
OipA,
the
outer
inflammatory
protein,
and
a
functional
ag
pathogen
city
island
[17-‐18].
Strain
virulence
and
response
determine
the
severity
of
the
inflammatory
response
that
is
modulated
further
(enhanced
or
reduced)
by
environmental
factors,
primarily
diet
[19].
One
outcome
of
chronic
gastritis
is
the
development
of
mucosal
atrophy
with
loss
of
function
of
the
normal
acid0secreting
portion
of
the
stomach.
The
agree
and
severity
of
gastritis
is
related
directly
to
the
risk
of
developing
gastric
cancer
[20-‐23].
Before
the
discovery
of
H-‐pylori,
gastritis,
particularly
atrophic
gastritis,
was
known
to
be
associated
tightly
with
gastric
cancer.
Discovery
of
H-‐pylori
also
was
the
discovery
of
the
cause
of
gastritis.
Although
the
bacterium
actually
may
not
cause
the
cancer,
it
is
a
‘necessary
but
not
sufficient”
factor
in
causation.
The
World
Health
Organization’s
International
Agency
for
Research
on
Cancer
has
classified
H-‐pylori
as
a
Group
1
or
definite
carcinogen.
Eradication
of
H-‐pylori
worldwide
essentially
will
eliminate
gastric
cancer
and
gastric
MALT
lymphoma.
The
lifetime
risk
for
an
H-‐pylori-‐infected
individual
to
develop
peptic
ulcer
diseases
has
been
estimated
at
one
in
six.
The
risk
for
developing
gastric
cancer
in
countries
with
a
high
prevalence
o
H-‐pylori
[24].
These
difference
reflect
differences
in
H-‐pylori
prevalence
and
host
and
environmental
factor
[5].
Gastric
MALT
lymphomas
were
recognized
recently.
For
decades
these
low
grade
lymphomas
were
called
pscudolymphoma,
which
reflected
their
indolent
course
and
an
association
with
gastric
ulcers
[25].
The
association
of
gastric
MALTomas
with
chronic
gastritis
was
made
at
about
the
same
time
that
H-‐pylori
was
discovered
[26].
Many
subsequent
studies
confirmed
the
association
between
H-‐pylori
infection
and
gastric
MALToma
[27,28].
The
current
understanding
is
that
most
gastric
MALTomas
are
T-‐cell
dependent
B-‐cell
lymphomas
and
approximately
75%
undergo
remission
following
eradication
of
H-‐pylori,
which
removes
the
antigenic
stimulus
[29].
A
consistent
association
among
H-‐pylori
and
function
dyspepsia
has
not
been
established.
Approximately
10%
of
subjects
who
had
documented
non-‐ulcer
dyspepsia
and
eradication
is
recommended
for
these
patients
(as
it
is
for
all
patients
in
whom
the
infection
is
found)
because
it
may
result
in
resolution
of
symptoms,
and
largely
prevents
the
subsequent
development
of
peptic
ulcer
and
gastric
cancer
as
well
as
transmission
of
the
infection
to
others
[31].
Population
wide
studies
recently
showed
that
eradication
of
H-‐pylori
resulted
in
a
significant
reduction
in
the
number
of
people
that
consulted
physicians
for
dyspepsia
or
had
symptoms
2
years
after
treatment
[32].
Studies
on
the
effect
of
H-‐pylori
eradication
and
gastro
esophageal
reflux
disease
(GERD)
have
been
conflicting.
Overwhelming
evidence
shows
that
H-‐pylori
infection
does
not
cause
GERD
nor
does
H-‐pylori
have
a
sifnificant
effect
on
the
response
of
existing
GERD
to
therapy;
however,
patients
who
have
atro
phy
of
the
gastric
corpus
are
“protected”
from
symptomatic
GERD
because
they
are
unable
to
make
sufficient
acid
to
develop
symptoms
irrespective
or
the
presence
of
a
significant
impairment
of
the
gastro
esophageal
ant
reflux
barrier
[33].
Treatment
of
H-‐pylori
in
persons
who
have
severe
corpus
gastritis
and
asymptomatic
reflux
may
result
in
improved
acid
secretion
and
development
of
gastritis
also
are
at
increased
risk
for
gastric
cancer;
therefore,
development
of
mild,
easy
to
treat
GERD
is
a
small
price
to
pay
for
a
reduction
in
cancer
risk.
Finally,
H-‐pylori
eradication
may
improve
vitamin
B12
and
iron
absorption,
and
thus,
improve
anemia
[34].
The
indications
for
testing
for
H-‐pylori
are
shown
in
Box
1.
Alla
investigators
agree
that
the
diagnosis
of
an
active
H-‐pylori
infection
should
primpt
treatment.
Test
to
diagnose
whether
a
patient
is
infected
with
H-‐pylori
often
are
divided
into
those
that
require
endoscopy
or
those
that
do
not
require
endoscopy.
The
choice
of
test
depends
upon
issues
such
as
cost,
availability,
clinical
situation.
Prevalence
of
infection,
pretest
probability
of
infection,
and
presence
of
factors
(eg,
the
use
of
PPIs
and
antibiotics)
that
may
influence
test
results.
Like
syphilis
and
tuberculosis,
long
latent
periods
are
the
rule
in
H-‐pylori
infection.
At
least
20%
of
individuals
who
are
infected
with
H-‐pylori
a
develop
a
symptomatic
outcome,
which
is
a
higher
percentage
than
latent
syphilis
or
tuberculosis
[35].
In
contrast
to
syphilis
and
tuberculosis,
latent
H-‐pylori
transmissible.
Like
previous
campaigns
to
eradicate
syphilis
or
tuberculosis,
the
questions
of
whom
to
test
and
when
to
test
are
public
health
issues.
Despite
its
significance
as
a
global
pathogen
and
the
high
prevalence
of
H-‐pylori
and
H-‐pylori
related
diseases
in
many
countries,
the
focus
is
still
on
identifying
and
treating
subject
who
have
symptomatic
H-‐pylori
associated
diseases
remaining
an
important
cause
of
morbidity
and
mortality
for
decades
to
come.
Simple
approaches,
such
as
testing
(and
treating
when
positive)
at
the
time
of
application
for
a
marriage
license
as
was
done
for
syphilis,
would
identify
cases
at
an
age
when
clinical
families.
Such
a
strategy
would
result
in
complete
climination
of
H-‐pylori
related
diseases
within
30
or
40
years.
Noninvasive
tests
include
serologic
test,
urea
breath
tests,
and
stool
antigen
tests
[39,39].
IgM
and
IgA
antibody
testing
have
not
proven
to
be
useful
clinically,
whereas
and
IgA
antibody
testing
have
not
proven
to
be
useful
clinically,
whereas
anti
H-‐pylori
IgG
has
a
good
track
record.
IgG
anti
H-‐pylori
antibodies
generally
can
be
expected
to
be
present
by
4
weeks
after
infection.
The
three
main.
Definite
Atrophic gastritis
Uninvestigated dyspepsia
Strongly recommended
Nonulcer dyspepsia
All patients who are proven to have an active H-‐pylori infection should be treated
aWhen
planning
long-‐term
therapy.
Formats
for
the
secrologic
kits
are
ELISA,
immunochromatograpy,
and
Western
blotting.
Urine
and
salivary
testing
for
IgG
antibody
also
are
available.
Urine
testing
has
proven
useful,
whereas
salivary
testing
has
not.
Most
secrologic
tests
have
specificities
and
sensivities
of
less
than
90%,
which
makes
their
useful
ness
limited
to
cases
with
high
(eg,
peptic
ulcer)
and
low
(eg,
CERD)
pretest
probabilities.
For
example,
consider
the
interpretation
of
a
scrologic
test
with
85%
sensicitivity
and
specificity
in
two
patients
:
a
duodenal
ulcers
(DU)
patient
with
a
pretest
probability
of
more
than
90%
and
a
patient
who
has
GERD
with
a
pretest
probability
of
20%.
For
100
DU
patients
there
would
be
90
with
H-‐pylori
and
10
without.
The
number
of
true
positive
would
be
77
(90
x
85%).
The
number
of
false
positive.
Thus,
a
positive
result
definitive).
In
contrast,
more
than
50%
of
the
negatives
(13
of
22)
would
be
false
negatives,
such
that
retesting
with
a
test
for
active
infection
would
be
indicated
before
deciding
not
to
treat.
The
opposite
probability)
where
the
negative
result
would
be
highly
reliable
but
the
positive
result
would
need
confirmation.
[16].
Antibody
test
can
remain
positive
for
years
after
H-‐pylori
eradication
and
have
limited
value
to
confirm
the
cure
of
H-‐pylori
infection.
Urea
breath
testing
provides
a
noninvasive
method
for
the
diagnosis
of
H-‐pylori
infections.
Urea
breath
testing
has
the
important
advantage
of
being
able
to
confirm
H-‐
pylori
eradication.
Following
ingestion
of
13
C-‐or
14
G-‐urea,
the
urea
is
hydrolyzed
by
the
H-‐pylori
uncase
enzyme
to
labeled
14CO2
or
13CO2,
which
can
be
detected
in
breath
samples
[39].
The
no
radioactive
13C
test
and
the
radioactive
14C
test
have
received
US
Food
and
Drug
Administration
approval
for
diagnosis
of
H-‐pylori
infection.
Only
the
13C-‐uarea
test
has
been
approved
for
post
eradication
testing.
The
dose
of
radiation
in
the
14
C-‐urea
test
is
low
but
is
cumulative
and
the
test
is
not
approved
for
use
in
children
or
pregnant
women.
H-‐pylori
in
the
stomach
eventually
appears
in
the
stool,
which
has
led
to
the
development
of
fecal
assays,
including
H-‐pylori
culture,
DNA
detected
by
polymerase
chain
reaction,
or
H-‐pylori
antigen
testing.
Only
stool
antigen
that
uses
enzyme
immunoassay
has
proven
to
be
useful
clinically
with
reported
sensitivities
and
specificities
of
more
than
90%
[39].
Stool
antigen
assay
also
is
useful
for
documenting
whether
eradication
has
been
successful.
Generally,
invasive
testing
that
requires
endoscopy
should
be
limited
to
patients
who
require
endoscopy
for
therapy
or
as
part
of
their
diagnostic
evaluation.
Invasive
test
include
gastric
biopsics
for
culture,
histology.
Or
rapid
urease
testing.
H
pylori
culture
is
the
absolute
gold
standard
for
detecting
the
bacterium
;
however,
culture
generally
is
not
available.
Experienced
laboratories
are
able
to
culture
H
pylori
from
gastric
biopsics
with
more
than
95%
success
and
also
can
offer
susceptibility
testing.
Cultures
also
can
be
obtained
using
minimally
invasive
techniques,
such
as
with
an
orogastric
brush
(Baylonbrush)
or
string
tests
[40.41].
Histology
examinination
has
potential
advantages
over
other
diagnostic
tests
because
it
also
provides
data
regarding
the
severity
of
gastritis,
the
density
of
the
organisms,
and
the
presence
or
absence
of
atrophy
with
or
without
intestinal
metaplasia.
The
accuracy
of
histologic
diagnosis
of
H
pylori
infection
can
be
improved
by
adequate
biopsics
from
antrum
and
corpus
and
by
using
special
stains,
such
as
a
triple
stain
or
the
Diff-‐Quick
stain
[12].
Rapid
urease
test
contain
a
solution
or
gel
with
urea
and
a
pH
indicator
color
reagent.
The
presence
of
urease
from
H
pylori
result
in
hydrolysis
of
neutral
urea
to
alkaline
ammonia
and
is
visualized
by
a
change
in
color
of
the
pH
indicator.
Most
commercially
available
kits
have
similar
diagnostic
accuracy
(eg.Hpfast,
GI
Supply,
Camp
Hill,
Pennsylvania
;
GLOtest,
TriMed
Specialities,
Inc.,
Lenexa.
Kansas
;
PyloriTek,
Serim
Research
Corp,
Elkhart,
Indiana)
[48]
with
high
sensitivity
(90%-‐95%)
and
specificity
of
rapid
urcase
test
has
led
to
its
use
by
many
physicians
as
their
primary
diagnostic
test
(ie,
the
samples
for
histology
are
discarded
in
those
with
positive
rapid
urease
test
result.
Any
maneuver
that
reduces
bacterial
load,
such
as
the
use
antibioties
or
PPIs
[PI],
may
lead
to
false
negative
rapid
urease
test
such
as
that
a
negative
rapid
urease
test
always
must
be
confirmed
by
histology.
The
success
rate
for
eradication
of
H
pylori
has
decreased
steadily.
Worldwide,
the
most
popular
and
highly
promoted
regimen
is
a
triple
therapy
that
consist
of
a
PPI,
amoxicillin
(or
metronidazole),
and
clarithromycin
for
1
to
2
weeks.
The
average
success
rate
for
traditional
triple
therapy
is
approximately
70%
(range,
60%
to
85%).
Success
is
best
with
at
least
14
days
of
therapy
(see
later
discussion)
and
the
authors
recommend
that
duration
of
therapy.
H2
receptor
antagonists
have
no
antimicrobial
activity
against
H
pylori,
but
they
reduce
gastric
acidity
and
allow
acid-‐sensitive
drugs
and
those
whose
effectiveness
as
antimicrobial
agensts
is
reduced
at
acid
pH
(eg,
amoxicillin
and
clarithromycin)
to
work
more
effectively.
The
H2
receptor
antagonists
ranitidine
also
has
been
combined
with
bismuth
in
the
from
of
ranitidine
bismuth
citrate
(RBC),
which
produces
a
more
soluble
and
possible
more
effective
from
of
bismuth.
Comparative
studies
showed
that
the
efficacy
of
RBC-‐triple
therapy
may
be
superior
to
PPI-‐triple
therapy
[45].
Unfortunately,
RBC
is
not
commercially
available
in
many
areas,
including
the
United
States.
PPIs
reduce
acid
secretion
by
blocking
the
hydrogen
–
potassium
ATPase
pump
on
the
luminal
border
of
gastric
parietal
cell,
and
are
more
effective
atisecretory
agents
than
are
H2
receptor
antagonists,
PPIs
also
have
in
vitro
antimicrobial
activity
for
H
pylori
[46]
;
however,
the
major
activity
of
PPIs
is
believed
to
be
on
increasing
intraluminal
gastric
pH
(eg,
head-‐to-‐head
comparisons
showed
that
H2
receptor
antagonists-‐
containing
triple
therapy
and
PPI-‐containing
triple
therapies
produces
similar
or
equivalent
results)
[47].
There
are
probably
few
antimicrobial
agents
that
have
not
been
used
in
an
attempt
to
treat
H
pylori
infection.
Amoxicillin
is
one
the
most
popular
antibiotics
that
is
used
for
the
treatment
of
H
pylori
infection
because
it
is
inexpensive,
well
tolerated,
and
resistance
is
rare
[48,49].
Amoxicillin
inhibits
the
synthesis
of
the
bacterial
cell
wall
and
can
act
topically
and
systemically
after
absorption
into
the
blodstream
and
delivery
into
the
gastric
mucosa
and
lumen.
The
antimicrobial
effect
of
amoxicillin
is
pH
dependent
;
the
bactericidal
activity
increases
as
pH
increases.
Single
agents
have
not
provided
sufficiently
high
cure
rates
to
be
used
clinically,
and
thus,
amoxicillin
typically
is
combined
with
a
second
antibiotic,
most
often
clarifhromycin.
Tetracycline
is
a
close
derivative
of
the
polycyclic
naptacencarboxamides
and
is
an
excellent
anti
H
pylori
antimicrobial
because
it
is
inexpensive
and
pH
independent.
Tetracycline
inhibits
bacterial
protein
synthesis
and
seems
to
act
huminally
or
topically
[52].
The
site
of
action
of
tetracycline
is
the
bacterial
ribosome,
which
results
in
the
interruption
of
protein
biosynthesis.
In
the
United
States,
bacterial
resistance
to
tetracycline
is
rare
:
however,
the
resistance
is
approximately
5%
in
Japan
and
South
Korea
[53].
This
antibiotic
should
not
be
given
to
pregnant
women
or
children
because
it
causes
permanent
staining
of
developing
teeth.
Dual
–
therapy
regiments
that
use
a
PPI
plus
one
antibiotic
(amoxicillin
or
clarithrimycin)
were
the
first
therapies
that
were
approved
for
H
pylori
eradication.
They
can
no
longer
be
recommended
as
primary
therapy
because
their
cradication
rates
are
low
[55]
and
they
result
in
a
high
frequency
of
clarithromycin
therapy
seems
to
be
enhanced
if
a
higher
or
more
frequent
dose
of
PPI
and
amoxicillin
[45].
In
clinical
practise,
the
legacy
regimen
of
a
PPI,
amoxicillin,
and
clarithromycin
or
a
PPI
plus
clarithromycin
and
metrionidazole
/
tinidazole
standart
triple
therapies
generally
produce
a
lower
than
acceptable
eradication
rate
that
ranges
from
60%
to
80%
[37,57,58].
For
example,
a
recent
study
from
the
United
States
compared
the
efficacy
of
3-‐7,
and
10
day
triple
therapics
dan
found
that
they
of
clarithromycin
–
resistant
H
pylori
was
9%
in
that
group
[59].
A
community
–
based
study
of
1161
patients
resulted
in
an
overall
eradication
rate
of
61%
(95%
CI,
58%-‐64%)
[60].
Another
resulted
of
1255
patients
reported
success
in
only
73%
(95%
CI,
58%-‐64%)
[61].
These
results
are
in
line
with
a
meta
analysis
that
compared
the
effectiveness
of
triple
and
quadruple
regimens
as
first-‐line
H
pylori
treatment
[62,63].
The
variability
of
treatment
success
with
an
individual
regimen
has
been
related
to
the
presence
of
antimicrobial
resistance,
compliance
with
the
drug
regimen,
and
duration
of
therapy
[37,51,57,58,64-‐66].
By
definition,
longer
durations
of
therapy
are
more
expensive
that
are
shorter
durations.
Companies
whose
regimens
are
approved
only
for
7
days
use
“opinion
leader”
spokespersons
to
promote
them
as
cost
–
effective.
Which
one
considers
the
serious
consequence
of
H
pylori
infection
and
the
cost
of
treatment
failures,
short-‐duration
therapy
cannot
be
considered
to
be
cost-‐effective.
The
choice
of
the
best
initial
therapy
for
individual
regions
can
be
made
scientifically
but
requires
knowledge
of
the
rates
of
resistance
in
the
local
area
;
unfortunately,
these
data
often
are
not
available.
Recommended
treatment
regimens
are
shows
in.
The
main
reasons
for
eradication
failure
include
poor
choice
of
regimen,
inadequate
duration
of
treatment,
poor
compliance
with
the
regimen,
and
antibiotic
resistance.
Patient
compliance
can
be
improved
by
counseling
the
patient
regarding
the
importance
of
completing
the
treatment
regimen
;
however,
compliance
is
reduced
predictably
when
there
are
significant
adverse
effects
of
the
medications.
The
adverse
effects
that
are
associated
with
H
pylori
therapy
occur
in
up
to
50%
of
patients
;
however
most
usually
are
mild
and
less
than
10%
of
patients
stop
treatment
because
of
side
effects
[67].
Nausea
is
the
most
common
and
is
present
with
most
antibiotics.
The
short
–
term
use
of
metronidazole
can
bee
cautioned
against
using
alcohol
during
the
treatment
period.
Taste
distrurbance,
such
as
metalic
taste,
can
occur
with
metrinidazole
or
clarithromycin
use.
Tetracycline
can
inducee
a
photosensitivity
reaction
in
some
cases
and
should
not
be
administrated
to
pregnant
women.
Diarrhea
is
associated
commonly
with
antibiotic
therapy,
especially
amoxicillin.
Pscudomembranous
colitis
and
allergix
reactions
are
but
can
occur.
Patients
who
take
bismuth
salts.
Legacy therapies
Quadruple
therapy
:
Bismuth,
metrinidazole,
500
mg,
tetracycline,
500
mg,
three
times
a
day
plus
a
PPI
twice
a
day
for
14
days.
A
PPI
plus
amoxicillin,
1
g,
plus
clarithmycin,
500
mg,
and
metronidazole
/
tinidazole,
500
mg,
twice
a
day
for
14
days.
Sequential Therapy
A
PPI
plus
1
g
amoxicillin,
twice
a
day
for
5
days.
On
day
6
stop
amoxicillin
and
add
clarihromycin,
250
or
500
mg
and
metronidazole
/
tinidazole,
500
mg,
twice
a
day
to
complete
the
10day
course.
Salvage Therapy
Best if based on the result of susceptibility testing (see text for details)
Soe
text
for
details
regarding
doses,
duration
and
whether
the
sequential
administration
of
drugs
is
needed.
In
general,
the
authors
recommend
14
days
of
therapy
until
it
can
be
shown
that
an
acceptable
success
rate
(>95%)
can
be
achieved
with
a
shorter
duration
have
dark
stools
and
should
be
warned
so
that
it
is
not
mistakes
for
gastrointestinal
bleeding.
The
initial
eradication
for
H
pylori
fails
in
approximately
20%
to
40%
pf
patients.
Retreatment
with
the
same
regimen
(eg,
PPI
plus
clarithromycin
and
amoxicillin)
is
not
recommended
because
of
a
predictably
low
success
rates.
The
rule
of
thumb
is
to
change
the
antibiotics
to
ones
that
have
not
been
used
previously.
This
admonition
does
not
include
amoxicillin,
which
can
be
used
preatedly
because
resistance
is
rare.
Thus,
the
second
therapy
might
be
a
PPI
plus
amoxicillin
plus
a
new
autibiotic
(eg,
metronidazole).
Salvage
thrapics
or
therapies
for
those
who
have
failed
several
courses,
including
quadruple
therapy,
are
not
standaridized.
One
approach
is
to
use
quadruple
therapy
but
to
substitute
a
new
drug
for
the
metronidazple.
Probably
the
most
effective
approach
is
to
substitute
furazolidone
(eg,
100
mg
three
times
a
day)
[68].
Another
approach
is
to
substitute
a
new
drug
for
the
clarithroycin
/
metronidazale
in
legacy
triple
therapy
(eg,
furazolidone,
rifabutin,
a
fluoroquinolone_
[87].
The
authors
prefer
a
sequential
therapy
using
high-‐dose
PPI
and
amoxicillin
as
the
base
(see
later
discussion).
Outcome
is
predicatably
best
of
one
chooses
agents
to
which
the
organism
is
succeptible
and
where
available,
susceptibility
testing
is
recommended.
that
lactic
acid
bacteria
and
lactoferrin
may
have
roles
in
he
management
of
H
pylori
infection.
Moreover,
such
treatment
counteracts
the
side
effect
of
antimicrobial
agents.
In
two
studies,
a
7day
triple
regimen
that
included
lactoferrin
proved
to
be
more
effective
in
curing
H
pylori
than
did
the
same
regimens
without
lactoferrin
;
this
suggested
a
possible
role
for
the
agent
in
the
eradication
of
the
bacterium
[70,71].
A
third
study
that
used
a
different
7
day
triple
therapy
failed
to
confirm
the
result
of
the
initial
trial
[72],
which
suggested
that
more
work
is
needed.
Lactoferrin,
given
as
a
single
agent,
does
not
effect
H
pylori
eradication
[73].
Clearly,
new
approaches
to
therapy
are
needed.
The
use
of
probiotics,
natural
antimicrobial
substances,
or
mucolytics
as
adjuvants
showed
promise
;
additimicrobial
studies
are
warranted.
Another
approach
has
been
to
use
current
therapics
in
a
sequential
manner.
Generally,
sequential
administration
of
antibiotics
is
not
recommended
because
it
is
likely
to
promote
drug
resistance
rather
than
result
in
increased
eradication.
The
exceptions
are
the
use
of
bismuth
and
amoxicillin
because
monothrerapy
with
these
drugs
against
which
development
of
resistance
is
rare.
This
approach
is
designed
to
reduce
the
bacterial
load
markedly,
which
makes
the
presence
of
a
preexisting
small
population
of
resistant
organisms
less
likely.
Then,
another
one
or
two
drugs
are
added
to
kill
the
remaining
organisms.
A
sequential
treatment
regimen
using
a
PPI
plus
amoxicillin
for
5
days
followed
the
combination
of
a
PPI
plus
clarithromycin
(500
mg)
and
tnidazole
(500
mg)
for
an
additional
5
days
has
proven
successful.
Head
–
to
–
head
comparisons
have
proven
sequential
quadruple
therapy
to
be
superior
to
the
traditional
triple
therapy
using
a
PPI
plus
two
antibiotics
(amoxicillin
and
clarithromycin)
[78-‐80].
This
concept
has
been
extended
to
use
a
lower
dose
of
lcarihromycin
(250
mg,
twice
a
day)
which,
if
confirmed,
could
reduce
the
cost
of
this
therapy
in
areas
where
the
cost
of
250
and
500
mg
of
clarithromycin
differ
[81].
Sequential
therapy
also
proved
successful
in
children
[80].
However,
it
is
important
to
note
that
sequential
therapy
is
the
sequential
administration
of
a
dual
therapy
(PPI
plus
amoxicillin)
followed
by
a
triple
therapy
(a
PPI,
clarithromycin,
and
tinidazole/metrinidazole).
Four
drug
combination
(these
three
antibiotics
and
a
PPI)
given
as
a
non
–
sequential
therapy
(concomitant
therapy)
for
5
days
have
been
used
previously
with
very
good
result
(eg,
per
protocol
cure
rate
of
ranging
from
89
to
96%
with
a
PPI
[82
–
84]
or
ranitidine
bismuth
citrate
[85,86].
The
comparisons
of
sequential
therapy
and
traditional
triple
therapy
have
used
different
drug
combinations
(eg,
clarithromycin
–
tinidazole
versus
clarithromycin
amoxicillin)
and
have
used
a
7
day
duration
for
the
traditional
therapy,
which
is
no
longer
recommended.
The
differences
would
have
likely
been
less
if
they
had
compared
the
same
drug
regimen
and
extended
the
duration
of
traditional
therapy
to
the
recommended
14
days.
That
said,
the
said,
the
concept
is
very
promising
and
studies
evaluating
doses,
durations,
formulation,
the
effect
of
pretreatment
antibiotic
resistance,
and
the
administration
of
the
drugs
as
concomitant
therapy
are
clearly
needed.
Sequential
therapy
may
be
a
reasonable
alternate
to
standard
triple
therapy
given
for
14
days.
Another
approach,
and
the
one
that
the
authors
use,
is
to
combine
the
“German”
approach
of
high-‐dose
PPI
and
high-‐dose
amoxicillin
into
a
sequential
therapy.
Studies
from
Germany
showed
that
the
combination
of
omeprazole,
40
mg,
and
amoxicillin
750
mg,
given
three
time
daily
for
14
days
provided
eradication
rates
that
ranged
from
67%
to
91%
[87-‐89].
Worldwide,
this
dual
therapy
provides
variable
eradication
rates,
but
within
a
region
the
rates
seem
to
be
predictable.
In
the
authors,
experience,
the
cure
rate
has
been
approximately
75%.
Their
approach
has
been
to
use
omeprazole
or
esomeprazole,
40
mg,
and
amoxicillin,
1
g,
three
times
a
day
for
5
days.
On
day
6
a
third
therapy
for
a
total
of
12
to
14
days.
This
approach
has
proven
highly
successful
in
the
presence
of
susceptible
strains.
The
fact
that
resistant
strains
compromised
the
outcome
suggest
that
pretreatment
antibiotic
susceptibility
testing
or
the
addition
of
a
fourth
antibiotic
may
have
been
useful.
Clearly,
variations
on
sequential
therapy
should
be
tested
to
search
for
a
new
and
improved
regimen.
The
authors
that
legacy
PPI
triple
therapy
generally
should
not
be
used,
rather
sequential
therapy
should
be
used
if
one
wishes
to
use
the
traditional
combinations.
The
low
eradication
rates
with
current
regimens
and
the
availability
of
accurate,
inexpensive
non
invasive
tests
have
made
confirmation
of
cure
the
standard
of
care.
The
importance
of
confirming
postreatment
eradication
is
related
to
reccurence
of
discases
and
poor
outcomes
if
the
infection
is
not
cured.
Furthermore,
the
infected
patient
remain
the
source
of
infection
to
others,
especially
family
members.
The
primary
reason
for
waiting
before
testing
for
cure
is
to
allow
regrowth
of
any
remaining
H
pylori
(ic,
to
reduce
the
false
negative
rate).
Antibiotics
and
bismuth
should
be
discontinued
for
at
least
4
weeks
before
testing
with
urea
breath
test,
histology,
or
culture.
Stool
antigen
testing
is
a
more
widely
available
alternative
but
the
waiting
period
is
increased
to
approximately
6
to
12
weeks.
If
possible,
PPIs
should
be
stopped
at
least
1
week
before
testing
is
done
to
confirm
H
pylori
cure.
If
testing
is
done
earlier,
a
positive
test
is
indicative
of
treatment
failure,
where
as
a
negative
test
could
b
a
false
negative
result.
Serology
testing
is
not
useful
for
confirming
eradication
because
of
the
long
–
term
elevation
of
antibody
level.
SUMMARY
H
pylori
is
a
global
human
pathogen
and
is
the
major
cause
of
gastritis
and
the
gastritis
–
associated
discases
:
gastric
ulcer,
duodenal
ulcer,
gastric
cancer,
and
primary
gastric
B-‐cell
lymphoma
(MALToma).
Although
several
reliable
diagnostic
tests
are
widely
available,
the
ideal
regimen
for
treating
the
infection
remains
to
be
establishes.
The
current
first
–
line
or
legacy
triple
therapy
regimens
fail
in
20%
to
40%
of
patients.
Causes
of
treatment
failure
include
antibiotic
resistance
side
effects.
Fourteen
day
triple
therapy
has
an
approximately
12%
better
cure
rate
than
does
7
days
therapy
;
therefore,
shorter
durations
can
no
longer
be
recommended.
Recent
studies
confirmed
older
observations
that
the
success
rate
of
legacy
triple
regimens
(PPI
plus
two
antibiotics)
can
be
improved
if
the
duration
is
extended
to
14
days
or
if
a
third
antibiotics
is
given.
Sequential
therapy
(PPI
plus
amoxicillin
followed
by
a
PPI
plus
clarthromycin
plus
metronidazole)
requires
further
evaluation
probably
replace
the
legacy
triple
therapics.
More
studies
are
needed
to
examined
doses,
durations,
and
the
need
for
therapics.
More
studies
are
needed
to
examine
doses,
durations,
and
the
need
for
sequential
administration
of
the
drugs,
which
extends
the
duration
to
14
days.
Nonetheless,
sequential
quadruple
therapy
contains
bismuth,
a
PPI,
1500
mg
of
metronidazole,
and
1500
mg
of
tetracycline.
It
provides
the
highest
average
eradication
rates
an
in
many
regions
should
be
considered
as
the
initial
approach.
Confirmation
of
eradication
using
non
invasive
diagnostic
tests,
such
as
a
urea
breath
or
symptomatic
H
pylori,
like
the
diagnosis
of
latent
or
symptomatic
syphilis,
always
should
prompt
treatment.
Because
of
decreasing
cure
rates,
new
and
improved
therapies
are
needed.
References
[2]
Steer
HW,
Colin-‐Jones
DG.
Mucosal
changes
in
gastric
ulceration
andtheir
response
to
carbenoxolone
sodium.
Gut
1975
;
16
(8)
590-‐7.
[3]
Steer
HW.
The
gastro-‐duodenal
epithelium
in
peptic
ulceration.
J
Pathol
985;
146
(4)
:
355
–
62.
[4]
Steer
HW
ultrastructure
of
cell
migration
through
the
gastric
epithelium
and
its
relationship
to
bacteria
J.
Clin
Pathol
1975
;
28
(8)
:
639-‐46.
[5]
Breuer
T,
Malaty
HM.
Graham
DY.
The
epidemiology
of
H.
pylori
–
associated
gastriduodenal
diseases.
In
:
erns
P,
Michetti
P,
Smith
PD,
editors,
the
immuninobiolgy
of
H.
pylori
from
pathogenesis
to
prevention.
Philadelphia
:
Lipincott
–
Raven
;
1997.
p.
1-‐
14.
FISTEL INTEROKUTAN
Eksternal ; enterokutan
3. Malnutrisi
4. Ekskoriasi
1. Kongenital
2. Trauma
3. Infeksi
b. Amoniasis
c. Tb
a. Crohn
Klasifikasi
1. Anatomi
High output
Low output
2. Produksi
3. Saluran
• Fistel kompleks : saluran > 1, berasal > 1 lokasi ada associated abses
4. Kausa
Komplikasi
• Cairan
khusus
proksimal.
Empedu,
dan
pankreas
:
produksi
8-‐101/hr,
tinggi
Na,
K
Cl,
bikarbonat
§ Hipovelemia, karena:
§ Hipokalemia, karena
o Kehilangan
cairan
pankreas
yang
kaya
bikarbonat
(jadi
lebih
sering
pada
fistel
tinggi)
2. Manultrisi
• Kehilangan nutrisi dan protein endigen (enzim & albumin) dari usus halus
3. Sepsis
5. Komplikasi lain
c. Kolonisasi
dan
pertumbuhan
bakteri
kolon
dalam
usus
halus
→
terjadi
manultirsi
dan
diare
malodorus
Managemen
1. Stabilisasi
a. Resusitasi
b. Nutrisi
c. Kontrol sepsis
d. farmakologi
2. Pemeriksaan
3. Pengambilan keputusan
4. Terapi definitif
5. Penyembuhan
1. Stabilisasi
• Tindakan awal :
• Kontrol infeksi
a. Resusitasi
§ Kolon, hipertonik
§ Koreksi, anemia (Hb, HCT), hipoalbumin, elektrolit (Na. K, CI), asidosis
b. Nutrisi
Enteral route :
§ Keuntungan :
Parenteral route :
§ Kebutuhan
- High
output
1.5
–
2.5
g/hr
protein,
vitamin,
trace
element,
Zn
2
x
RDA,
vit
C
:
5-‐10
X
RDA
c. Kontrol sepsis
• Kematian karena sepsis yang tak terkendali & manultrisi akibat sepsis
d. Farmakologi
Octeotride
2. Pemeriksaan
• Fistulografi :
a. Menentukan
2. Obstruksi distal
4. Adanya abses
• Endoskopi
• Laparoskopi diagnostik?
3. Pengambilan Keputusan
§ Dalam
1
bulan
:
90%,
2
bulan
:
10%,
tidak
ada
yang
menutup
spontan
setelah
3
bulan
→
non
operatif
manajemen
:
minimal
1
bulan
1. Lokasi
2. Status nutrisi
3. Sepsis
4. Penyebab
fistel
:
tidak
bisa
menutup:
obstruksi
distal,
abses,
malignansi,
radiasi,
epitelialisasi
saluran
fistel,
penyakit
aktif
5. Ukuran fistel : tidak bisa menutup : diameter > 1 cm dan panjang < 2cm
4. Terapi definitif
Indikasi operasi :
1. Obstruksi distal
2. High output
Fistel Interokutan
§ Bila tidak dapat direkseksi (misal setelah operasi pelvis) : operasi bertahap :
§ Anastomosis
side
to
side
proksimal
&
distal
fistel
+
eklusi
bilateral
tepi
proksimal
&
distal
fistel
§ Bila
sisi
distal
tak
dapat
dimobilisasi
:
usus
proksimal
fistel
dipotong
dan
dianastomosis
ke
kolon
transversum,
sisi
ditutup
atau
dibuat
mucous
fistel
Fistel
entero
–
enteric
:
reseksi
enblok
usus
yang
sakit
bersama
fistel
setelah
proses
inflamasi
reda
(setelah
6
minggu)
5. Penyembuhan
• Adekuat
nutrisi
pada
short
bowel
:
minimal
90
cm
usus
halus
bila
ada
ICJ,
minimal
150
cm
usus
halus
tidak
ada
ICJ.
Fisiologi fistel
Problem
elektrolit
K,
CI,
Mg
Na,
K,
CI,
HCO3,
Zn
Na,
K,
CI,
HCO3,
Zn,
Mg,
Cu
Penutupan fistel
Yeyunum Heum
Manultrisi -‐ +
Sepsis -‐ +
Diverticulitis Kanker
Benda asing
Panjang usus :
Perubahan patologi :
Faktor outcome :
o SBS terjadi bila sisa usus halus 180 cm (1/3 usus halus)
3. Motorik unik
Adaptasi intestinal
1. Perubahan mukosa
a. Pemanjangan villi
3. Motilitas
2. Isi lumen
- Nutrisi
- Sekresi
3. Faktor sistemik
- Faktor pertumbuhan
- Hormon
- Sitokin
4. Faktor jaringan
- Sistem imun
- Faktor mesenkimal
- Neural
Terapi
Medical
c. Komplikasi parental
- Sepsis
Meningkatkan bsorbsi
- Glukosa :
- Lemak:
a. Ada kolon , karbohidrat tinggi (50-‐60% kalori) rendah lemak (20-‐30% kalori)
c. Lemak membutuhkan pencernaan lebih banyak kecuali bila dalam bentuk MCT.
Menurunkan sekresi
• PPI
• Octeotride
- Memperlama transit
Efek samping
o Menghambat adaptasi
o Kolelithisis
Merangsang adaptasi
o Long dan short chain fatty acid : efek adaptasi > medium chain
1. Keuntungan
d. Menghindari stoma
2. Kerugian
c. Restriksi diet
3. Mencegah komplikasi
§ Hipokalsemia
§ Kolestasis (30-‐40%)
§ Hipersekresi gaster
Operasi
- Kondisi klinis
• Mencegah reseksi
1. Intestinal tapering
2. Stricturoplasty
3. Serosal patch
• Mengembalikan kontinyuitas
1. Mengatasi obstruksi
3. Memperlama transit
o Colon interpisistion
o Artificial sphincter
- External constriction
- Segmental denervation
o Recirculating loops
o Intestinal pacing
a. Pemanjangan usus
- Bianchi procedure
b. Transplatansi usus
Pilihan operasi
Bakteri
• Interposisi kolon
- Anak <30
Short
bowel
syndrome
>120
cm
60-‐90
cm
Enteral
Require
TPN
only
Stasis,
Require
overgrowth
TPN
No
operation
>90
cm
<60
cm
Tapering
or
Tapering
with
stricturoplast legthening
Rapid
TPN
related
Complication
y
transit
Confined
to
gastric
wall
Lymph
node
Stage
III
or
IV
No
t
(11:18)
involvement
t
(11:18)
translocation
translocation
H.
pylori
eradication
H.
pylori
eradication
therapy
re-‐evaluate
at
12
therapy
re-‐evaluate
at
3-‐6
month
month
H.
pylori
eradication
Lymphoma
regression
Lymphoma
persists
therapy
and
chemo**
+
l
–
XRT*
*XRT : extemal beam radiation therapy approximately 30 Gy with 10 Gy boost
A High-‐grade (aggresisive )
Stage
I,
II,
III
Stage
IV
Chemo
*
+
XRT
**
Chemo
*
+
XRT
**
Residual
disease
No
residual
disease
Further
Follow
up
Surgery
chemotherapy
B
*chemo
:
chemotherapy
regiments
include
cyclophoshamide,
dexorobicin,
vincristine,
prednisone
(CHOP)
+
/
-‐
rituximab.
**
XRT
:
external
bern
radiation
therapy
approximately
30
Gy
with
10
Gy
boost
2. Antimikroba
4. Nutrisi
Fokal : abses
1. Peritonitis primer :
§ Monomikrobal
2. Peritonitis sekunder
§ Tidak
termasuk
:
perforansi
ulkus
peptikum
<12
jam,
rupture
usus
halus
<
24
jam,
apendisitis
non
perforasi,
kolesistitis
akut
nekrosis
usus
simpel
3. Peritonitis tersier
§ Contoh :
§ Infeksi terlokalisir
§ Frekuensi pernapasan > 20 kali/menit atau paCO2 > 32 torr
§ Hidung lekosit > 12.000/mm3 atau < 4000/mm3/sel imatur > 10%
Figure
1.
relation
between
systemic
inflammatory
response
syndrome
and
sepsis
vs
peritonitis
and
intra
abdominal
infection.
Perforasi
GIT
→
mikroba
di
rongga
peritoneum
→
gerakan
fisiologis
cairan
peritoneum
normal
→
penyebaran
kontaminan
mikroba
→
infeksi
berkembang.
2. Obstruksi
4. Benda asing
5. Faktor sistemik
2. Adanya obstruksi
4. Benda asing
• Jaringan
mati
dan
benda
asing
sebagai
tempat
profeliferasi
mikroba
→
sulit
dicapai
fagositosis
sel
–
sel
immun.
- Jaringan mati
5. Faktor sistemik
- Obesitas
- Alkoholisme
- Obat (kortikosteroid)
Respon inflamasi
Interaksi proses fagositosis sistem immun dan proferasi mikroba menghasilkan 3 hal :
2. Abses
:
konsentrasi
mikroba
tinggi
dan
sistem
immun
tubuh
dapat
melokalisir
proses
infeksi,
namun
tidak
berhasil
mengeradikasi
kuman
patogen
→
rongga
abses.
3. Sembuh
:
jumlah
dan
virulensi
mikroba
yang
minimal
diikuti
oleh
kemampuan
eradikasi
sistem
immun
→
peritonitis
mereda.
Misal
:
perforasi
ulkus
peptikum.
Ruptur
Infeksi
bakteri
ke
dalam
Hidup
cavum
peritoneum
kematian
Kerusakan
mosothel
B
A
Degranulas Aktivasi
A
i
sel
mast
kompleme
n
K
B
T
Pelepasan
kematoksin
nasoaktif
OPSO
Fibri
NISASI
E
n
terbe R
S
ntuk
Permeabilit Influks
PMN
as
vaskuler
I
E
Eksudat
pla
Fagositosis
peritoneum
makrofaz
D
I
S
B
Motilitas
Absorbsi
eksudat
Pertahana
diafragma
&
pusnia
n
sistemik
U
diafragma
N
U
H
Mikrobiologi Peritonitas
Lokasi perforasi
Kolon dan rektum bakteri gram negatif (E.Coli)+ anaerob (B. fragilis)
Aerobic species
Proteus 11% NR 3% 6%
Anaerobic
Peptococcus 28% NR 1% NR
NR = nor reported
Sinegerisme Polimikrobial
• Perubahan
antiboktika
setelah
ada
hasil
kultur
dan
tes
sensitivitas
tidak
memberi
kelebihan
pad
manfaat
terapi
.
Invasi
bakteri
dari
sumber
infeksi
→
melepas
toksin
→
memicu
respon
sistemik
dan
gangguan
berbagai
sistem
organ
→
hipoksi
dan
syok
septik
→
bila
tidak
di
terapi
→
second
insult
→
MOF
→
mati.
• Konsumsi oksigen tidak tampak terlalu terganggu seperti halnya pada sepsis
Abses
• Spiking febries
• Nyeri tumpul
• Leukositosis
Invasi
bakteri
Uptake
O2
Pelepasan
toksin
Edama
mitokondri
&
sutotoksin
inflamasi
e
menurun
peritoneum
Kerusakan
pada
fungsi
sistem
organ
Disfungsi
metabolik
Paru-‐ hepa GIT
&
SSP
adreal
paru
r
pankreas
Gangguan
mikro
Kegagalan
&
mikro
sirkulasi
regulasi
temperatur
perifer
Editing
by
A.
Yuda
Handaya
Digestif
Resume
209
ginjal
MOF
kematian
Sistem skoring
Actute
Physiology
and
chronic
healt
evaluation
H
(APACHE-‐H)
metode
yang
paling
baik
untuk
menilai
stratifikasi
resiko
infeksi
intraabdominal.
Diagnosis
Foto
abdomen
tiga
posisi
:
tanda
ileus
paralitik,
hilangnya
bayangan
pre
peritoneal
fat,
dan
pelebaran
rongga
di
antara
usus.
USG & CT scan : menentukan lokasi dan luasnya abses + sarana drainase perkutaneus.
Pengelolaan :
• Non
operatif
terdiri
dari
terapi
suportif,
antibiotika
dan
“
surveillance”
infeksi
residual
Persiapan preoperative
• Obat-‐obatan
:
obat
analgetik
jangan
diberikan
sampai
dengan
jelas
adanya
indikasi
operasi,
obat-‐obatan
vasoaktif
dapat
diberikan
jika
terdapat
tanda
syok
setelah
volume
telah
mencukupi.
• Pengendalian
suhu
tubuh
:
jika
suhu
tumbuh
>
38,50
C
perlu
diberikan
obat
antiperetik
untuk
mencegah
kesulitan
saat
anestesia.
Pengelolaan operatif :
• Irrigasi
kontinyu
post
operatif
:
drain
4
–
6
buah.
Es
:
erosi
pada
usus
halus,
dan
oklusi
drain.
• Ettapen
lavase
atau
“Staged
Abdomilnal
Repair”
(STAR)
:
• Repalaratomi
interval
24
jam
• Karena
kesulitan
penutupan
rongga
abdomen
→
ACS
• Komplikasi
:
hernia
incisionalis,
fistula
enterakutan,
pneumonia
akibat
pemakaian
ventilator
berkepanjangan,peningkatan
infeksi
nosokomial,
dan
memperpanjang
waktu
perawatan.
• →
dikembangkan
pula
ternik
penutupan
sementara
dengan
mesh,
zipper
atau
“aktifical
burr
device”.
• Indikasi
STAR
:
1
.
Prediksi
moratalitas
>
30
%
(APACHE
>
15).
4. Debridement inkomplit.
• Abses
unilokuler
• Lokasi
abses
dekat
dengan
dinding
abdomen.
• Drainase
bedah
terbuka,
indikasi
:
• Kegagalan
drainase
perkutaneus
• Adanya
abses
pankreas
atau
karsinomatosa
• Adanya
fistula
enterokutaneus
yang
“
high
output”
• Adanya
abses
pada
“
lesser
sac
“
• Abses
yang
multilokuler
• Abses
interloop
usus.
Pemberian Antibiotika
Tujuan
Antibiotika
juga
harus
diberikan
setelah
resusitasi
cairan
agar
perfusi
visera
dapat
diperbaiki
sehingga
ketersediaan
antibiotika
pada
daerah
tersebut
akan
lebih
banyak.
Aminoglikosida:
nephooksis:
perbaiki
perfusi
Terapi
empiric:
aktif
terhadap
bakteri
gram
positif,
negatif
yang
fakultatif
dan
obligat
anaerob.
Pilihan Antibiotika
Peritonitis sekunder :
Monoterapi :
Ampicillin / sulbactam
Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
Piparacillin
Piparacillin / tazobactam
Terapi kombinasi :
Peritonistis Tarsier :
Imipanem / cilastatin
Piparacillin / tazobactam
Terapi kombinasi :
Untuk Enterococcus :
Vancomycin
Untuk Pseudomonas :
Untuk Candida :
Caphalosporin
• Antibiotika
lain
yang
aktif
terhadap
bakteri
gram
negatif
+
kombinasi
dengan
clindamycin
atau
metronidazole:
aztreonam,
ciprofloxacin,
dan
jenis
cepalosporin
lainnya
• Clindamycin:
antianaerob,
aktifitasnya
terhadap
gram
poitif
seperti
stapilococcus
kurang
baik
→
kontaminan
eksogen
melalui
“drain”
atau
trauma
dari
luar.
• Metronidazole:
sangat
efektif
terhadap
B.fragilis,
tidak
memiliki
aktifitas
tehadap
bakteri
gram
positif.
Ampicillin
+
aminogliosida
+
metronidazole
+
/
clindamycin.
Ampicillin:
Peritonitis tersier
1. Resusitasi
awal
2. Diagnosa
3. Antibiotika
4. Source
control
5. Terapi
cairan
6. Vasopressors
7. Inotropic
therapy
8. Steroids
9. Recombinan
Human
Aktivated
Protein
C
(rhAPC)
[drotrecogin
alfa
(activted)]
10. Blood
Product
Administration
11. Ventilasi
mekanik
12. Sedasi,
analgesic,
blok
neuromuskuler
13. Kontrol
glukosa
14. Renal
replacement
15. Bicarbonate
Therapy
16. Profilaksis
DVT
17. Profilaksis
Stress
Ulcer
18. Limitation
of
Support
Resusitasi
Awal
Diagnosis
• Indikasi
:
fluid
challenge
gagal
memperbaiki
tekanan
darah
dan
perfusi
organ
(E)
-‐ Hipotensi
mengancam
nyawa:
diberikan
transien
bersama
fluid
challenge
• First
line
bukan
norepinephrine
/
dopanime
pada
syok
septic
(D)
-‐ Norephineperine
lebih
efektif
pada
syok
septik
-‐ Dopamine
bila
gangguan
sistolik,
ES:
takikardi,
aritmia
• Perfusion
menjadi
dependen
pada
tekanan
dibawah
MAP
karena
autoregulasi
vaskuler
dapat
hilang
• Goal
tambahan:
TD
dan
laktat
darah
(perfusi
global)
• Dopamine
meningkatkan
MAP
dan
CO
dengan
meningkatkan
stroke
volime
&
HR
• Norepinephrine
meningkatkan
MAP
melalui
vasokonstriksi
• Perubahan
HR
dan
peningkatan
Stoke
volume
Dopamin
>
NE
• Dopamine
causes
more
tachycardia
and
may
be
more
arrhythmogenic
• Dopamin
dosis
rendah
tidak
boleh
sebagai
proteksi
renal
pada
sepsis
berat
(B)
• Bila
perlu
vasopressor
:
kateter
arteri(E)
-‐ Kateter
arteri
>
akurat
saat
syok
dibanding
cuff
• Vasopressin
:
indikasi
:
syok
refrakter
terhadap
cairan
dan
vasopressor
(E)
-‐ Infusion
rate
dewasa:0.01-‐0.04
units
/
min
-‐ Daat
menurunkan
stoke
volume
• Vasopressin:
vasokonstriktor
tanpa
feel
ino
/
kron
tropic
dan
dapat
menyebabkan
penurunan
CO
dan
hepatosplanchnic
flow.
KI:
kardiac
index
<
2
or
2.5
Inotropik
• Transfusi
darah
merah
pada
sepsis
meningkatkan
oxygen
delivery
tapi
biasanya
tidak
meningkatkann
oxygen
consuption
• Antritrombin
tidak
dianjurkan
• TC,
indikasi:
• Plt
<
5000/mm3
meskipun
tanpa
perdarahan
• Plt
5000-‐30.000
bila
ada
resiko
perdarahan
• Plt
<
50.000
bila
rencana
oprasi
(harus
>)
• Hindari
high
tidal
volume,
>
6
ml/kg,
coupled
with
high
plateau
pressures,
>
30
cm
H2O
• Hypercapnia
dapat
ditoleransi
pada
ALI
/
ARDS
jika
diperlukan
untuk
meminimalkan
plateau
pressures
and
tidal
volumes
• PEEP
minima
untuk
mencegah
kolaps
paru
pada
akhir
ekspirasi
• Mulai
reuksi
tidal
volume
dalam
1-‐2
jam
sampai
“low”
tidal
volume
(6
mL
/
kg)
bersama
dengan
menjaga
end
inspiratory
plateau
pressures
<
30
cm
H2O
• Hypercapnia:
hanya
untuk
asidosis
metabolik,
KI
ICP
meningkat]
• ALI
/
ARDS:
posisi
pronasi
→
meningkatkan
oksigenasi
• Dengan
ventilator
mekanik:
head
up
45o
untuk
mencegah
ventilator
associated
pneumonia
• Weaning
protocol,
kriteria:
-‐ Arousable
-‐ Kebutuhan
tekanan
ventilasi
dan
ekspirasi
rendah
-‐ Tidak
ada
kondisi
serius
baru
-‐ Hemodinamik
stabil
tanpa
vasopressors
-‐ Level
FIO2
yang
dbutuhkan
dapat
melalui
masker
/
nasal
Spontaneous
breathing
trial
options
:
a
low
level
of
pressure
support
with
continuos
positisve
airway
ressure
5
cm
H2O
or
a
T-‐piece
• Rencana
terapi,
goal
terapi
dan
prognosis
harus
didiskusikan
dengan
pasien,
termasuk
withdrawal/
withholding
Initiative Grade
B
Do not use bicarbonate if pH > 7.15 in hypoperfusion lactic acidemia C
Semirecumbent positioning to avoid VAP (head of bed at 45-‐C degrees) C
Establish new and then remove IV device if source of infection E
Do not routinely use FFP in absence of bleeding or planned procedures E
Platelet transfusions E
Usc PEEP to prevent lung collapse, set at minimum amount E
Empedu
Komposisi empedu
Fungsi :
• Bilirubin
80-‐85
%
dari
heme
(pemecahan
di
RES
menjadi
heme
+
globin)
↓
↓
↓
↓
1. Hepatic uptake
↓
↓
↓
↓
Urobilinogen
↓
• Feses
:
sterkobilin
• Resobsi
usus
:
• Urine
:
urobilin
• Metabolisme
hepar
–
reekskresi
empedu
Bilirubin
unkonjungated
/
indirek
• Dalam
darah
• Terikat
albumin
plasa
• Tidak
larut
air
Bilirubin
konjugated
/
direk
Cairan empedu
Point
A,
adalah
rata-‐rata
nilai
empedu
dalam
kandungan
empedu
:
77%
garam
empedu,
18
%
lesitin
dan
5
%
kolesterol.
Point B, penderita batu kolesterol : 68 % garam empedu, 22 % lesitin, 10 % kolesterol.
Lechitin:
dilarutkan
garam
empedu
dalam
micclle
(mixed
micelle)
→
lecithin
dalam
micelle
meninggalkan
cholesterol
carrying
capasity
(3X
lipat)
KOLESTASIS
1. Disfungsi
hepar
2. Gagal
ginjal
(ANP)
3. Gangguan
jantung
4. Definisi
nutrisi
5. Pendarahan
(pemanjangan
PPT/intriksik),
6. Infeksi
7. Gangguan
penyembuhan
luka.
BATU TUMOR
Intermitten + -‐
Kolangitis + -‐
ANAMNESA
PEM
FISIK
USG
Tanpa
Dilatasi
Dilatasi
Evaluasi
Non-‐ Disangka
Obstruksi
Obstruksi
(Biopsi
Liver?)
KOLESISTITIS AKUT
Prognosis :
• Mortalitas
10%
• Teraspi
umum
:
• Puasa
• Resusitas
eairan
–
TPN
• Antibiotika
• Analgesia
• Monitor
ketat
TD,
N,
Urine
output
• Kolesistektomi
untuk
meneegah
kekambuhan
–
laparoskopi
:
kerberhasilan
80
%
• Blumgart
:
early
konversi
<
48
Jam
:
4%,
delayed
:
23
%
Ketrugian
interval
kolesistektomi
(4
–
8
minggu)
:
perlu
operasi
urgent
20-‐
30
%,
resiko
konversi
tetap
tinggi
(meneapai
30%)
• Resiko
operasi
tinggi
:
kolesistostomi
perkutan
USG/ET
guiding/transhepatik
(PTGBD)
/
endoskopik
(ENGBD)
→
kolesistektomi
efektif
3-‐6
bulan
Grade I Mild
Antibiotik
Grade I Mild
Pilihan pertama
Aealeulous Eholeeystitis
Patofisiologi :
Pemeriksaan
Terapi
• Kolesistostomi
perkutan
• Interval
kolesistektomi
kontraversi
• Japan
guideline,
sena
08
:
tidak
perlu
karena
jarang
kambuh
• Blumgart
:
perlu
Kolesistitis Kronis
Patofisiologi
KOLANGITIS AKUT
Patofisiologi
1. Obstruksi
biller
2. Infeksi
bile
Obstuksi
biller
:
Faktor resiko
Klinis :
Laboratories :
• WBE,
ERP
• ALP,
GGT,
SGOT,
SGPT,
Bilirubin
• Untuk
menentukan
beratnya
penyakit
:
Trombosit,
BUN,
SE,
PT
• Kultur
darah
Radiologis :
• Terapi
umum
• Puasa
+
TPN
• Antibiotik
• Analgesia
• Monitor
ketat
TD,
N,
urine
output
• 80-‐85%
membaik
→
dilanjutkan
efektif
:
Eholeeysteetomy
+
eksplorasi
“EBD”
+/-‐
Drainese
T-‐tube,
+/-‐
Eholedoeho-‐enterostomy
• 10-‐15%
menetap
:
drainase
bilier
→
two
step
approaeh
Grade I Mild
• MOF
• Perlu
ventilator/eireulatory
support
:
ETT,
respitator,
vasopressin
• Terapi
DIE
Batuf Kolesterol
3 tahap :
1. Usia
:
40
th
:
usia
untuk
diagnosis
(batu
empedu
–
time
dependent
prieess)
Usia
tua
:
konsentrasi
kolesterol
dalam
empedu
↑;
mobilitas
kandung
empedu
↓
Batu pigmen
• Karena
:
- Sekresi
bili
uneonjugatied
(indireet)
hepar
↑
(e/anemia
hemolitik,
sirosis)
- Dekonjugasi
bili
direk
oleh
beta
glukoronidase
endogen
dari
neutrofil
/
mukosa
kandung
empedu
(Mueosal
Glueoronidase)
- →
bili
uneonjugated
berikatan
dengan
kalsium
membentuk
kalsium
bilirubinat
→
polimerasi
→
batu
pigmen
hitam