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PROSES DESIGN DAN

PELAKSANAAN RISET
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Apa- Apa yang diteliti • Latar belakang, masalah, dan
tujuan penelitian
• Tentang apa – aspek atau subjek apa
yang diteliti ?

• Untuk apa? Apa pentingnya penelitian

ini dilakukan?

• Teorinya bagaimana? • Literature review

• Metodelogi (sample,
• Apa sudah pernah diteliti sebelumnya?
Bagaimana penlitian sebelumyan pengumpulan data,
dilakukan? mengukuran, analisa data

• Apa hasilnya?
• Hasil dan diskusi
• Apa pesannya? • Implikasi

• Terus mau apa? • Kesimpuilan dan saran

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Empirical circle RESEARCH DESIGNS: 4

ELEMENT

 Randomisasi

 Perbandingan

 Sebelum vs sesudah

 Prospectif vs retrospektif

RESEARCH DESIGNS: TERMS

NON EXPERIMENTAL

•Randomized controlled Experiment

study Quasi-experiment • Cross sectional
•Controlled before-after Observational study • Panel
study Longitudinal study • Longitudinal
•Cohort / panel study Cross-sectional study • Case study
•Before-after study Qualitative study
•Post-test only study
•Survey
•Case study

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PENELITIAN CROSS-SECTIONAL
• Cross-sectional: pengumpulan data pada satu waktu
• Sesuai untuk penelitian exploratory dan penelitian descriptif
• Lemah dalam menentukan sebab-akibat, tetapi cocok atau kuat
untuk generalisasi
• Contoh: Riskesdas
• Kekuatan
• Murah
• Tidak terlalu rumit
• Kelemahan
• Mencoba memahami sebab-akibat hanya berdasarkan pada
observasi satu waktu.
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
• Penelitian Longitudinal dikenal juga dengan istilah
“Pooled time series”.
• Setiap unit diukur dalam beberapa waktu yang
berbeda.
• Misal: progres tumbang bayi (kartu KMS)
COMPARISON OF LONGITUDINAL
STUDIES
• Research topic: Arrests for burglary
• A trend study=Examine shifts in burglary
arrests during this time using the UCR
• A cohort study=Select a group of individuals
because of age/entering or leaving
institution at the same time & follow over
time
• A panel study=Select a group of individuals
and ask them questions 2+ times over time
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PENELITIAN LONGITUDINAL
• Pengumpulan data lebih dari satu kali
• Di desain untuk bisa mengobervasi subjek dalam suatu periode
tertentu.
• Ada beberapa jenis penelitian longitudinal
• Trend, cohort, dan panel
• Kekuatan
• cocok untuk menentukan sebab-akibat, tapi tidak untuk
generalissasi
• Sesuai untuk meneliti tentang perubahan perilaku
• Kelemahan
• Relatif mahal
• Butuh waktu lama
JENIS LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
• Trend studies = mengkaji perubahan dalam suatu komunitas
umum waktu sepanjang waktu
• Cohort studies = menguji perubahan pada populasi yang spesifik
• Cohorts= sekelompok orang yang masuk dan keluar institusi
dalam waktu yang sama (mis: mahasiswa seangkatan)
• Contoh: perubahan BB sejak masuk hingga selesai kuliah
pada suatu angkatan mahasiswa
• Panel studies = same set of people are interviewed two or more
times over time
• Unit analisis diikuti sepanjang interval waktu tertentu.
PANEL STUDIES
• Between cross-sectional and longitudinal, there are
panel studies.
• These studies only measure a few time periods and
are similar to a pretest/post-test type format.
• These studies are rare and are usually used when
data is missing for pooled time series studies.
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EXPERIMENTAL VS. QUASI-

CASE (S) STUDY
• The researcher will take a case (s) study and
analyze in depth what factors (policies, institutions,
political systems, culture, etc.) are associated with
improving income distribution in a given country.
• Why income distribution is better in Chile than in
Mexico and Brazil despite having the same level of
development?
• Improves details and understanding of causes and
effect but lacks generalization.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• Experimental research design: The researcher
has control over the experiment in terms of
sample selection, treatment, environment, etc.
• Experimental designs are typical in psychology,
medicine, education, etc.
• Quasi-experiments: The researcher does not
have control over the experiment, rather the
experiment occurs in a “natural” setting.
• Quasi-experimental design are typical in
economics, sociology, public administration,
urban planning, political sciences, etc.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
• Participants selected and assigned to groups • Procedures are designed that address potential
• control threats to validity
• experimental • Internal
• An intervention is applied to one or more groups • External
• Construct
• Outcomes are measured at the end of the
• Statistical Conclusion
experiment
• Statistical comparisons of different groups are
conducted

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SELECTING PARTICIPANTS AND SELECTING PARTICIPANTS AND

ASSIGNING THEM TO TREATMENTS ASSIGNING THEM TO TREATMENTS
• Decide on the experimental unit of analysis to be • Control for extraneous factors
treated • random assignment (equating groups)
• individual • pretest/posttest
• group or groups • covariates
• organization • matching participants
• Randomly assign individuals to groups control for • selecting homogenous samples
extraneous characteristics that might influence the • using blocking variables
outcome

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MATCHING PROCESS BASED ON
GENDER
John
Jim
James
Josh
Jackson
Jane
Johanna
Julie
Jean
Jeb
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THE EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION
OF A TREATMENT GROUP
Independent Variables
1. Age (can’t manipulate)
2. Gender (can’t manipulate)
3. Types of Instruction (can
manipulate)
a. Lecture (control)
b. Lecture + Hazard Instruction
(Comparison)
c. Lecture + Hazard Instruction
+ slides of damaged lungs
(experiment)
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TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
WITHIN-GROUP OR INDIVIDUAL
• Time series experiments
• interrupted
• uninterrupted
• Repeated measures experiments
• Single-subject experiments
• A/B design
• Multiple baseline design
• Alternating treatments
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APPLYING AN INTERVENTION OR
TREATMENT
• Identify a treatment variable
• identify the conditions or levels of the variable
Experimental • Manipulate the treatment conditions
Group
Control
Group
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TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
BETWEEN GROUPS
Dependent Variable
• True Experiments
• Pre- and posttest
• Posttest Only
• Quasi Experiments
Frequency of Smoking
• Pre- and posttest
• Posttest Only
• Factorial Designs
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STEPS IN CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
• Decide if an experiment addresses the research
problem
• Form hypotheses to test cause-effect relationships
• Select an experimental treatment and introduce it
• Identify study participants
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STEPS IN CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH
• Choose a type of experimental design
• Conduct the experiment
• Organize and analyze the data
• Develop an experimental research report • danke

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