HEMOFILIA
BUTA WARNA
DIABETES MELITUS type 1
THALASEMIA
KEBOTAKAN
ALERGI
ALBINO
ASMA
DOWN SYNDROME
Down syndrome
Down syndrome : keterbelakangan perkembangan fisik dan mental anak
adanya abnormalitas perkembangan kromosom.
pertama kali dikenal pada tahun 1866 oleh Dr.John Longdon Down.
ciri-ciri yang tampak aneh seperti tinggi badan yang relative pendek, kepala
mengecil, hidung yang datar menyerupai orang Mongolia maka sering juga
dikenal dengan Mongoloid.
penampilan fisik yang menonjol berupa bentuk kepala yang relative kecil dari
normal (microchephaly) dengan bagian anteroposterior kepala mendatar.
Pada bagian wajah biasanya tampak sela hidung yang datar, mulut yang
mengecil dan lidah yang menonjol keluar (macroglossia).
Seringkali mata menjadi sipit dengan sudut bagian tengan membentuk lipatan
(epicanthal folds).
Tanda klinis pada bagian tubuh lainnya berupa tangan yang pendek termasuk
ruas jari-jarinya serta jarak antara jari pertama dan kedua baik pada tangan
maupun kaki melebar. Lapisan kulit juga biasanya tampak keriput
(dermatoglyphics).
Down Syndrome
Apa itu sindrom turner ?
Sindrom Turner atau Ullrich-sindrom Turner
(juga dikenal sebagai "disgenesis gonad") meliputi
beberapa kondisi, yang monosomi X (tidak adanya
kromosom seks seluruh) adalah yang paling umum.
Ini adalah kelainan kromosom di mana semua atau
bagian dari salah satu kromosom seks tidak ada
(manusia tidak terpengaruh memiliki 46 kromosom,
dimana 2 adalah kromosom seks). Khas perempuan
memiliki 2 kromosom X, tapi dalam sindrom
Turner, salah satu kromosom seks hilang atau
memiliki kelainan lainnya.
SYNDROME TURNER
Genetic Disease
Estimated to be 670 -1000 natal.
Included in this figure are not only the "classic"
genetic disorders but also cancer and
cardiovascular diseases.
About 1% of all newborn infants possess a gross
chromosomal abnormality, and approximately 5%
of individuals under age 25 develop a serious
disease with a significant genetic component.
How many more mutations remain hidden?
Genetic Disease
Both of these have major genetic
components. Cardiovascular diseases,
such as atherosclerosis and hypertension,
result from complex interactions of genes
and environment.
Most cancers are now known to result
from an accumulation of mutations in
somatic cells.
Genetic Disease
Humans have a mere 30,000 genes can
give rise to greater than 100,000 proteins.
In addition, very recent studies indicate
that fully formed proteins can be sliced
and stitched together to give rise to
peptides that could not have been
predicted from the structure of the gene.
Genomics is the study of all the genes in
the genome and their interactions.
Structure DNA
DNA STRUCTURE
DNA-RNA STRUCTURE
Genetic Disease
The remarkable diversity of humans is
encoded in about 0.1% of our DNA.
The secrets to disease predisposition and
response to environmental agents and
drugs must therefore reside within these
variable regions.
Although small as compared to the total
nucleotide sequences, this 0.1%
represents about 3 million base pairs.
Genetic Disease
The most common form of DNA
variations in the human genome is the
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
Less than 1% of SNPs occur in coding
regions. These could of course alter the
gene product and give rise to a disease.
Genetic Disease
Computer-based techniques that can
manage vast collections of data. In
response to this, an exciting new
discipline called bioinformatics has
sprouted. This has involved biologists,
computer scientists, physicists, and
mathematicians, a true example of a
multidisciplinary approach in modern
medical practice.[6]
Genetic Disease
Gen : DNA or Protein
Spectacular advances in molecular biology,
involving recombinant DNA technology.
A permanent change in the DNA.
malformations
Mutations
Mutations affect germ cells are
transmitted to the progeny and may give
rise to inherited diseases.
Mutations that arise in somatic cells
understandably do not cause hereditary
diseases but are important in the genesis
of cancers and some congenital
Classification of Mutation
MUTASI
Frameshift mutation
◦ B. Somatik
Mutasi yg tjd pd sel individu
Bahan penyebab mutasi disebut Mutagen
Mutagen dibagi 4 : Mutagen kimia, fisika, biologi dan
DNA gagal menduplikasi dgn akurat.
Mutasi dapat tjd pd sel selama masa awal embrio
Sel membelah selama masa pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan, pada masa itu akan terdpt sel yg
terkena dan tdk terkena mutasi. Situasi ini
dinamakan “mosaicism”.
Perubahan genetik yg tjd pd >1% populasi
dinamakan polymorphisms
Polymoprhismssgt umumdianggap variasi DNA
normal
Polymorphismsdiff normalwarna mata, gol drh,
warna rambut.
Polymorphisms sering tdk memberi efek negatif tetapi
bbrp variasi berperan dlm perkembangan bbrp
kelainan.
Sel bergantung pada beribu” protein utk dpt
bekerja dgn baik.
Point Mutation
MISSENSE
SILENT
NONSENSE MUTATION
MISSENSE
SILENT
Asam glutamat
GAA
GAG
Asam Glutamat
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
◦ Ataksia Friedrich
GAA (Asam Glutamat) pada regio intron
◦ Distrofi miotonik
CTG (Leusin) pada bagian UTR