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RINGKASAN
PENDAHULUAN
Latar Belakang
Dewasa ini, kasus impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas makin banyak dijumpai
di klinik. Pasien seringkali menyadari adanya gigi impaksi tersebut saat
pemeriksaan radiologi atau perawatan orthodonti. 1 Gigi kaninus merupakan gigi
kedua tersering yang mengalami impaksi setelah gigi molar tiga. Kasus gigi kaninus
impaksi dilaporkan frekuensinya mencapai 1% – 3% dari seluruh populasi.2,3
Gigi kaninus memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam penampilan
wajah, dental estetik, pertumbuhan lengkung rahang, oklusi serta mastikasi. Gigi
kaninus memiliki fungsi spesifik sebagai corner stone, guidance oklusi, dan
berperan penting dalam proses mastikasi dan gerakan excursive mandibula.
Menurut Fiedler dan Alling4, Mead dan Monsen5, gigi kaninus memiliki serabut-
serabut proprioseptif dan refleksif yang melindungi dan menstabilkan oklusi. Gigi
kaninus mempunyai fungsi protektif pada gerakan laterotrusive mandibular. Gigi
tersebut juga berperan dalam estetika dan memberikan lengkung yang harmonis
antara segmen anterior dan posterior dari lengkung gigi.7 Namun karena gigi
kaninus memiliki akar terpanjang dibandingkan dengan gigi-gigi lainnya.8,9 serta
gigi kaninus rahang atas erupsi setelah gigi-gigi premolar maka gigi tersebut sering
mengalami displacement atau impaksi.8,9
Etiologi impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas bersifat multifaktorial yang
melibatkan faktor genetik, faktor sistemik dan faktor lokal. 8-14 Secara klinis
terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas adalah akibat kekurangan ruang,
prolong retensi gigi sulung, trauma pada benih gigi permanen, rotasi benih gigi
permanen serta adanya lesi patologis seperti kista dentigerous atau odontoma. 8-14
85% impaksi gigi kaninus di palatal sebenarnya memiliki ruang yang cukup
untuk erupsi, sedangkan 17% impaksi gigi kaninus di labial dan memiliki ruang
yang tidak cukup. Oleh karena itu, panjang lengkung rahang yang tidak cukup
menjadi faktor etiologi utama terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus di labial.13,14
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ada model atau prediktor untuk menentukan faktor etiologik yang paling berperan
terhadap terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas.
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KERANGKA TEORI
IMPAKSI GIGI
KANINUS
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KERANGKA KONSEP
Dalam penelitian ini, variabel independen adalah status gizi secara antropometri,
genotip gen Msx1 dan Pax9 serta diskrepansi transversal maksila yang merupakan
variabel etiologik dan menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus
rahang atas
STATUS GIZI
(ANTROPOMETRI)
DISKREPANSI
TRANSVERSAL MAKSILA
HIPOTESIS
Hipotesis mayor dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Diantara faktor etiologi
(faktor genetik, faktor lokal dan status gizi), faktor genetik diduga merupakan faktor
yang paling berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas; (2)
Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara diskrepansi transversal maksila dengan
terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas; (3) Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna
antara genotip gen Msx1 dan Pax9 dengan fenotip diskrepansi transversal maksila
dikaitkan dengan terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas; (4) Terdapat
hubungan yang bermakna antara status gizi secara antropometri dengan diskrepansi
transversal maksila dan terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas.
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METODE PENELITIAN
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Observasional Klinik dengan desain
cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di klinik RSGMP FKG UI dan di
Laboratorium Biologi Oral Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia.
Subjek penelitian diambil dari beberapa sekolah yaitu siswa-siswa kelas 7,8 dan 9
SMPN 57 Pasar Rumput, SMPN 3 Manggarai dan siswa-siswa kelas 10,11,dan 12
SMK YMIK2 Manggarai Jakarta Selatan, yang telah dilakukan screening secara
klinis, serta pasien-pasien yang datang ke klinik RSGMP FKG UI pada periode
Mei 2018 sampai dengan Agustus 2018 yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi
(Jenis kelamin laki-laki/perempuan; Umur 10-25 tahun; Impaksi gigi kaninus
rahang atas; Belum pernah dirawat ortodontik; Tidak ada kelainan sistemik dan
herediter dan menyetujui untuk dijadikan sebagai subjek penelitian).
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Data diperoleh dari hasil analisis genotip gen Msx1 dan Pax9, hasil
penilaian status gizi secara antropometri dan hasil analisis studi model.
Analisis genotip gen Msx1 dan Pax9, dilakukan dengan cara pengambilan
sampel dari swab mukosa mulut pasien, sebanyak 121 sampel dari 132 sampel
penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria. Dilakukan proses ekstraksi DNA menggunakan
Gene Jet Whole Blood Genomic DNA Purification Kit ((THERMO-Biogen,
Karlsruhe, Jerman). dan diukur konsentrasinya dengan menggunakan mesin
Qubit® Fluorometer (Invitrogen) dan Qubit assay reagents (Invitrogen, Carlsbad),
kemudian dilakukan proses amplifikasi PCR dengan menggunakan dua set primers
gen spesifik untuk Msx1 (Exons 2) dan empat set primers gen spesifik untuk Pax9
(Exons 2, 3 dan 4), kemudian dilakukan elektroforesis dengan menggunakan
agarose gel 2%.
Produk PCR tersebut kemudian dilakukan purifikasi dengan menggunakan
PCR Purification Kit (QIAquick®, Cat. No 28106, Qiagen-Germany) kemudian
DNA produk PCR hasil purifikasi tersebut dikirim ke First-Base Laboratories untuk
dilakukan sequensing DNA. (Apical Scientific Sdn Bhd-Taman Serdang Perdana,
No 7-1 to 7-4, Seksyen 2, Seri Kembangan 43300, Selangor, Malaysia). Hasil
sekuensing DNA tersebut dianalisis secara bioinformatika.
Penilaian status gizi secara antropometri dilakukan dengan cara pengukuran
berat badan, tinggi badan, dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT). Analisis studi model
dilakukan dengan cara pengukuran lebar lengkung gigi anterior dan posterior, lebar
lengkung rahang, panjang perimeter lengkung gigi dan panjang diagonal lengkung
gigi pada rahang atas sesuai dengan parameter yang digunakan oleh Pont, Nance
dan Howe.
Analisis statistik dilakukan secara univariat untuk menganalisis distribusi
impaksi kaninus rahang atas berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, genotip gen Msx1 dan
Pax9, status gizi secara antropometri, lebar lengkung gigi, panjang perimeter
lengkung gigi, lebar lengkung rahang serta panjang diagonal lengkung gigi.
Analisis bivariat untuk menganalisis hubungan antara genotip gen Msx1 dan Pax9
dengan fenotip besarnya diskrepansi transversal maksila dengan menggunakan
Fisher Exact test dengan p<0,05. Hubungan antara genotip gen Msx1 dan Pax9
dengan fenotip terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas dengan menggunakan
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HASIL PENELITIAN
Usia
≥ 13 th 82 67,8%
< 13 th 39 32,2%
Total 121 100,0%
Jenis Kelamin
Laki-laki 52 43,0%
Perempuan 69 57,0%
Total 121 100,0%
38
(31,4%)
83
(68,6%)
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Tabel 3 Nilai Rerata dan Standar Deviasi Lebar Lengkung Anterior, Lebar
Lengkung Posterior, Panjang Lengkung Gigi, Panjang Diagonal serta
Lebar Lengkung Rahang
N Minimum Maksimum Rerata SD
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Lebar Lengkung Anterior 121 21.50 45.00 38.15 2.86
Lebar Lengkung Posterior 121 40.76 57.50 48.22 2.99
Panjang Lengkung Gigi 121 52.50 89.50 78.51 5.58
Panjang Diagonal 121 17.50 31.36 26.46 2.29
Lebar Lengkung Rahang 121 55.00 97.50 80.11 6.16
Dalam analisis, nilai LLA, LLP, LLG dan DIAG serta LLB yang berskala
numerik tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi data kategorik dan menggunakan titik
potong (cut off point). Nilai titik potong dari masing-masing variabel didapatkan
dari hasil analisis nilai ROC dan melihat sensitifitas dan spesifisitasnya.
Data pada tabel 4 tersebut didapatkan subjek dengan LLA < 36 mm
sebanyak 14, 9% dan LLA ≥ 36 mm sebanyak 85,1%. Subjek dengan LLP < 48
mm sebanyak 43,8% dan LLP ≥ 48 mm sebanyak 56,2%. Dari data tersebut
didapatkan subjek dengan LLG < 78 mm sebanyak 42,1% dan LLG ≥ 78 mm
sebanyak 57,9%. Subjek dengan DIAG < 26 mm sebanyak 39,7% dan DIAG ≥
26 mm sebanyak 89,4%, serta subjek dengan LLB < 80 mm sebanyak 43,8% serta
LLB ≥ 80 mm sebesar 56,2%.
VARIABEL N (%)
Lebar Lengkung Anterior (LLA)
< 36 mm 18 14,9
≥ 36 mm 103 85,1
Lebar Lengkung Posterior ( LLP)
< 48 mm 53 43,8
≥ 48 mm 68 56,2
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Tabel 5 Perbedaan Nilai Rerata dan Standar deviasi Lebar Lengkung Anterior, dan
Posterior, Panjang Lengkung Gigi, Panjang Diagonal dan Lebar Lengkung
Rahang Pasien Impaksi Gigi Kaninus Rahang Atas berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin
Variabel N Rerata ± SD 95% CI P
(mm) (mm)
Lebar lengkung Anterior (LLA) 0,015*
Laki-laki 39 38,36 ± 3,73 37,15 – 39,57
Wanita 44 37,25 ± 2,42 36,52 – 37,98
Lebar Lengkung Posterior 0,019*
(LLP)
Laki-laki 39 49,07 ± 3,02 48,09 – 50,05
Wanita 44 47,35 ± 2,79 46,47 – 48,16
Panjang Lengkung Gigi (LLG) 0,05*
Laki-laki 39 79,74 ± 6,96 77,49 – 82,00
Wanita 44 77,36 ± 4,77 75,91 – 78,81
Panjang Diagonal Lengkung 0,064
Gigi ( DIAG)
Laki-laki 39 26,14 ± 2,73 25,26 – 27,03
Wanita 44 25,75 ± 2,03 25,13 – 26,36
Lebar Lengkung Rahang (LLB)
Laki-laki 39 82,01 ± 7,21 79,67 – 84,35 0,089
Wanita 44 78,28 ± 4,95 76,78 – 79,79
Keterangan: Uji Independent t-test dengan p<0,05 ( Sig 2- Tailed ); *berbeda bermakna.
Hasil analisis bivariat pada tabel 5 dibawah ini menunjukkan bahwa lebar
lengkung anterior dengan nilai p = 0,015, lebar lengkung posterior dengan nilai
p = 0,019 dan panjang lengkung gigi dengan nilai p=0,019 memberikan hasil, secara
statistik terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara pasien laki-laki dan
perempuan.pada kelompok pasien impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas (p<0,05; Sig.2-
tailed), sedangkan panjang diagonal dan lebar lengkung rahang secara statistik tidak
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Tabel 6 Perbedaan Nilai Rerata dan Standar Deviasi Lebar Lengkung Anterior, Lebar
Lengkung Posterior, Panjang Lengkung Gigi, Panjang Diagonal serta Lebar
Lengkung Rahang pada Pasien Impaksi Gigi Kaninus Rahang Atas dan Non
Impaksi
N Rerata ± 95% CI P
Variabel SD (mm) (mm)
Lebar Lengkung Anterior 0,032*
Impaksi 83 37,77 ± 3,13 37,09 – 38,46
Non Impaksi 38 38,97 ± 1,95 38,33 – 39,61
Lebar Lengkung Posterior 0,676
Impaksi 83 48,14 ± 3,01 47,48 – 48,79
Non Impaksi 38 48,39 ± 2,98 47,41 – 49,36
Panjang Lengkung Gigi 0,930
Impaksi 83 78,48 ± 5,98 77,18 – 79,79
Non Impaksi 38 78,58 ± 4,66 77,05 – 80,11
Panjang Diagonal 0,000*
Impaksi 83 25,93 ± 2,37 25,41 – 26,45
Non Impaksi 38 27,61 ± 1,58 27,09 – 28,13
Lebar Lengkung Rahang 0,852
Impaksi 83 80,04 ± 6,36 78,65 – 81,43
Non Impaksi 38 80,26 ± 5,79 78,36 – 82,17
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400bp
200bp
100bp
Hasil Sekuensing DNA gen Msx1 dan Pax9 dari 121 sampel (83 pasien
impaksi dan 38 pasien kontrol) tersebut dianalisis secara bioinformatika
berdasarkan informasi pasangan primer yang digunakan. Pada setiap kelompok
analisis, file ab1 yang diperoleh dari hasil sekuensing DNA disejajarkan untuk
mendeteksi situs yang mengandung potensi polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal
(SNPs), kemudian dilakukan penilaian visual kromatogram untuk memastikan
adanya SNP di situs-situs tersebut. Untuk setiap SNP yang teridentifikasi, genotipe
SNP di semua sampel yang diperoleh, dianotasi dan diperiksa silang dengan
database referensi SNP NCBI, yaitu dbSNP (versi 150). Jumlah genotip dan alel
SNP pada kelompok kasus dan kontrol yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan analisis
secara biostatistik.
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SNP yang teridentifikasi dari gen Msx1 yang diurutkan oleh pasangan primer 5
(570Fex2 dan 1090Rex2) dan pasangan primer 6 (645Fex2 dan 840Rex2).
Tabel 8 berikut merupakan SNP yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini,
bersama dengan anotasi dan nomor identifikasi referensi SNP (rsID) dalam
database dbSNP (versi 150).
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Identifikasi substitusi asam amino yang terjadi terlihat pada tabel 9. Pada
tabel tersebut SNP 1 terjadi substitusi Ser214Gly, pada SNP 2 substitusi Pro234Ser,
SNP 3 Ser214Gly dan pada SNP 4 terjadi substitusi Ala240Pro
Genotip SNP
Genotip SNP dan alel dihitung di semua SNP yang diidentifikasi. Untuk
setiap SNP, jumlah genotip terdiri dari tiga kategori: alel homozyzous mayor (wild
type), alel heterozygous dan homozygous minor (mutant). Tabel berikut (Tabel 10 -
13) merupakan ringkasan jumlah genotip yang dihitung di keempat SNP pada
sampel kasus (pasien dengan gigi kaninus rahang atas impaksi) dan sampel normal
(pasien kontrol).
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Analisis Statistik Hubungan antara SNPs dan Impaksi Gigi Kaninus Rahang
Atas
Analisis hubungan antara SNPs dengan impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas
dilakukan untuk SNP 3 dan 4, di mana semua alel dan genotip ada di kedua sampel
yaitu sampel kasus impaksi kaninus rahang atas dan sampel normal atau pasien
tanpa impaksi kaninus rahang atas. Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada tabel di bawah
ini, uji Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) menunjukkan bahwa kedua SNPs
dalam HWE ada di seluruh sampel kasus impaksi dan sampel normal.
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Tabel 14 Analisis Statistik Hubungan antara SNPs dan Impaksi Gigi Kaninus
Rahang Atas
Gen SNP HWE Jumlah Nilai-P Jumlah Nilai –P
Genotip Genotip Alel Alel
SNP 3 1 CC CT TT C T
/rs12881240
PAX9 Impaksi 46 32 5 0.5831 124 42 0.3447
Normal 24 13 1 61 15
OR (95% CI) 1 1.28 (0.57- 2.61(0.29- 1 1.38(0.71-
2,89) 3.61 2.68)
SNP 4 0.856 CC CG GG C G
/rs4904210
PAX9 Impaksi 24 42 17 0.814 90 76 0.5427
Normal 9 20 9 38 38
OR (95% CI) 1 0.79(0.31- 0.71(0.23- 1 0.84(0.48-
2.00) 2.16) 1.45)
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impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas adalah 0,79 lebih kecil pada seseorang yang
memiliki genotip CG dibandingkan dengan individu yang memiliki genotipe CC.
Peluang seseorang yang memiliki alel G adalah 0,84 lebih kecil kemungkinan risiko
terjadi impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas dibandingkan dengan mereka yang
memiliki alel C dari SNP 4. Namun, sama halnya dengan SNP 3, rasio odds tidak
signifikan secara statistik karena dengan interval kepercayaan 95% baik nilai P
genotip maupun nilai P alel juga tidak melewati ambang signifikansi P <0,05.
Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa baik frekuensi pembawa alel homozigot dan
heterozigot minor SNP 4 secara statistik tidak berbeda antara kasus dan sampel
normal. Selanjutnya, tidak ada perbedaan statistik dalam frekuensi alel minor yang
juga diamati antara kasus dan sampel normal.
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CC CT TT Nilai CC CG GG Nilai
(n=70) (n=45) (n=6) P (n=33) (n=62) (n=26) P
SEX
Laki-laki 26 22 4 0.224 14 24 14 0.424
Perempuan 44 23 2 19 38 12
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CC CT TT P- CC CG GG P-
(n=70) (n=45) (n=6) Value (n=33) (n=62) (n=26) Value
LLA 0,669 0,786
≥ 36 mm 58 40 5 27 54 22
< 36 mm 12 5 1 6 8 4
Status Gizi
Baik 77 63,6%
Sedang 25 20,7%
Buruk 19 15,7%
Total 121 100,0%
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Hubungan antara status gizi dengan terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang
atas dapat dilihat pada tabel 18 dibawah ini:
Tabel 18 Hubungan antara Status Gizi dengan Terjadinya Impaksi Gigi Kaninus
Rahang Atas
Variabel Non Impaksi Impaksi Total (%) Nilai P
N N
Status Gizi 0,021*
Baik 31(25,6%) 46 (38,0%) 77 (63,6%)
Sedang 4 (3,3%) 21(17,4%) 25 (20,7%)
Buruk 3 (2,5%) 16 (13,2%) 19 (15,7%)
Total 121 (100 %)
Keterangan: Chi-square Test; p<0,05; Sig.2-tailed, berbeda bermakna.
Tabel 19 Analisis Hubungan antara Status Gizi dan Dimensi Lengkung Rahang
Gizi
Gizi Baik Buruk Nilai
Variabel P
Lebar Lengkung Anterior (LLA) 0,729
< 36 mm 15 (83,3%) 3 (16,7%)
≥ 36 mm 89 (86,4%) 14 (13,6%)
Lebar Lengkung Posterior ( LLP) 0,770
< 48 mm 45 (84,9%) 8 (15,1%)
≥ 48 mm 59 (86,8%) 9 (13,2%)
Panjang Lengkung Gigi (LLG) 0,537
< 78 mm 45 (88,2%) 6 (11,8%)
≥ 78 mm 59 (84,3%) 11 (15,7%)
Panjang Diagonal (DIAG) 0,691
< 26 mm 42 (87,5%) 6 (12,5%)
≥ 26 mm 62 (84,9%) 11 (15,1%)
Lebar Lengkung Rahang (LLB) 0,770
< 80 mm 45 (86,8%) 8 (15,1%)
≥ 80 mm 59 (86,8%) 9 (13,2%)
Keterangan: Uji Chi-square; p<0.05; Sig.2-tailed, berbeda bermakna
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ANALISIS MULTIVARIAT
Dari tabel 20 tersebut terlihat bahwa yang masuk dalam analisis multivariat
adalah: Status Gizi, Gender, Lebar Lengkung Anterior, dan Panjang Diagonal,
karena mempunyai nilai signifikansi p< 0.25. Variabel genotip SNP 3 dan SNP 4
meskipun secara statistik mempunyai nilai signifikansi p> 0,25, namun dalam
analisis multivariat ini dimasukkan dalam analisis karena variabel genotip secara
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teori juga merupakan variabel yang merupakan faktor etiologik terjadinya impaksi
gigi kaninus rahang atas.
Dari hasil akhir analisis regresi logistik (Tabel 21) di atas didapatkan dari
enam variabel yang dianalisis, variabel yang masuk dalam model akhir analisis
multivariat yaitu variabel genotip SNP3 dengan nilai signifikansi 0,001 dan panjang
diagonal dengan nilai signifikansi 0,002 (p<0,005). Tabel di atas menunjukan nilai
signifikansi pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen, dengan
demikian, kedua variabel independen tersebut secara statistik memiliki pengaruh
yang signifikan terhadap terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas.
Pengamatan dari nilai rasio odds (OR), didapatkan variabel panjang
diagonal memiliki nilai OR sebesar 14,876, maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa
seseorang dengan panjang diagonal lengkung rahang < 26 mm, cenderung risiko
terjadi impaksi sebesar 14,876 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang memiliki
panjang diagonal ≥ 26 mm.
Genotip SNP3 signifikan nilai OR sebesar 53,009, maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa
seseorang yang memiliki genotip SNP 3 mempunyai risiko 53,009 kali lebih besar
untuk terjadinya impaksi dibandingkan dengan seseorang yang tidak memiliki
genotip SNP 3.
Dalam menentukan suatu model, dikatakan baik jika model tersebut
memiliki nilai kalibrasi dari hasil uji Hosmer and Lemeshow dengan p>0,05 dan
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SIMPULAN
1. Genotip SNP3 Pax9 (rs12881240) dan panjang diagonal lengkung gigi
merupakan variabel etiologik yang dapat dijadikan sebagai faktor prediktor
terjadinya impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas
2. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara genotip SNP3 dan SNP4 dengan
panjang lengkung gigi, panjang diagonal lengkung gigi dan lebar lengkung
rahang yang dikaitkan dengan kecenderungan terjadinya impaksi gigi
kaninus rahang atas.
3. Dari hasil penelitian ini tidak teridentifikasi adanya polimorfisme
nukleotida tunggal (SNP) pada gen Msx1
4. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa seseorang yang memiliki
genotip SNP3 Pax9 (rs12881240) mempunyai kecenderungan atau risiko 53
kali lebih besar untuk terjadi impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas dari pada
seseorang yang tidak memiliki genotip SNP 3 (rs12881240), serta seseorang
yang memiliki panjang diagonal <26 mm mempunyai kecenderungan atau
risiko 14,9 kali lebih besar untuk terjadi impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas
dari pada seseorang yang memiliki panjang diagonal > 26mm.
SARAN
Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai gen Msx1 pada pasien
impaksi gigi kaninus rahang atas pada sampel yang lebih besar dan menggunakan
primers yang didesain sesuai dengan populasi Indonesia karena mungkin terdapat
sekuen gen yang unik yang tidak sama dengan populasi yang telah dilaporkan oleh
peneliti di luar negeri.
Dengan perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi di bidang Biomolecular Science
dan semakin banyaknya penelitian-penelitian dibidang genome, perlu adanya
peningkatan pengetahuan dan pengembangan ketrampilan para staf dan klinisi
dibidang bioinformatika sehingga mampu menganalisis kasus-kasus atau
permasalahan klinis yang berkaitan dengan masalah gen dengan mudah.
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SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Background
Today, maxillary canine impaction is increasingly found in clinics. Patient
is often aware of the presence of the tooth during a panoramic examination or
orthodontic treatment.1 Canines are the second most common impacted after the
third molar. Frequency of maxillary canine impaction range 1 - 3% of the entire
population.2,3
Canine teeth play an important role in facial appearance, dental esthetics,
arch growth, occlusion and mastication. Canine teeth having a specific function as
a corner stone, guidance occlusion, and play an important role in the process of
mastication and excursive movement of the mandible. According to Fiedler and
Alling4, Mead and Monsen5, canines have proprioceptive and reflexive fibers that
protect and stabilize occlusion. The canines have a protective function in the
laterotrusive movement of the mandible.6 This teeth also play a role in aesthetics
and provide a harmonious curve between the anterior and posterior segments of the
dental arch.7 The maxillary canines have the longest roots and eruptions after
premolar teeth so often cause displacement or impaction 8,9
The etiology of impaction of the maxillary canines is multifactorial
8-14
involving genetic factors, systemic factors and local factors. Clinically the
maxillary canines impaction is due to lack of space, prolong retention of primary
teeth, trauma to permanent teeth, rotation of seed permanent teeth and the presence
of pathological lesions such as dentigerous cysts or odontomas. 8-14 85% impaction
of palatal canines actually has sufficient space for eruption, whereas 17% impaction
of the canines is labial and has insufficient space. Therefore, insufficient arch length
is the main etiological factor in labial canine impaction. 13,14
According Jacoby15 local factors such as deficiency of the arch is a major
16
factor in the occurrence of canine impaction. McConell et al. also stated that
deficiency of the maxillary width was one of the factors that caused palatally
displaced canines. Hou et al. 2011 found that 49.64% the main etiology of
impaction cases in China had of lack of space in the arch. 17
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Nutritional status and a balanced diet that contains various elements are
needed for general growth and development including the jaw, bone and dentition.
Nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition can cause disruption in the process of
growth and development, growth and development of craniofacial including the
jaw, bone and teeth, delay in tooth eruption and result in tooth impaction. 18
In addition to local factors and systemic factors, genetic factors play a role
in the maxillary canines impaction.14 According to the study of Peck S. et al.,
transcription factors such as the Msx1 and Pax9 genes, which have been associated
with agenesis, may be involved in genetic control of maxillary canines impaction. 14
According to Wang et al., The Msx1 gene is needed for the process of tooth growth
and development.19 The Msx1 gene provides positive feedback along with BMP4
in the tooth development process and interacts synergistically with the Pax9 gene
20-25
in the development of anterior teeth. the research that has been done on the
Pax9 gene suggested that the Pax9 gene polymorphism in humans is associated with
impaired tooth growth and development. Mutations in this gene have been shown
to be associated with autosomal dominant forms of oligodontia and hypodontia in
26-35
humans. Pax9 plays a role in the occurrence of impacted teeth in some
populations (presumably together with the Axin2 and Msx1 genes). The Pax9 gene
is the gene that first determines the localization of tooth seeds.
There are no research data on the role of the genes Msx1 and Pax9 in the
literature of these genes which are genes associated with the process of
odontogenesis and cause various dental anomalies whether they are factors causing
maxillary canine teeth impaction, and there are no models or predictors to determine
etiologic factors that most play a role in the occurrence of impaction of the
maxillary canines.
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study also wants to prove that genetic factors have the most influence on the
occurrence of maxillary canine impaction.
The originality of this research was to analyze and evaluate impacted canine
associated with genotypes of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes and analyzed based on
bioinformatics technology and is study that evaluates the presence of Msx1 and
Pax9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as etiologic and risk factors of
maxillary canine impaction.
The benefit results of this study were expected to know the etiologic factors
that most play a role in the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction through the
role of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes in the maxillary canine impaction and obtained a
predictor model to determine the maxillary canine impaction.
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Theoretical Framework
CANINE
IMPACTION
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In this study, the independent variables were anthropometric
nutritional status, genotypes of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes and the
maxillary transverse discrepancy which were etiologic variables
and were the causative factors for maxillary canine impaction.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
(ANTROPOMETRIC)
GENOTYPES
MAXILLARY CANINE
(MSX1 & PAX9 GENES)
IMPACTION
MAXILLARY
TRANSVERSE
DISCREPANCY
HYPOTHESIS
The major hypothesis in this study are: (1) Among etiological factors
(genetic factors, local factors and nutritional status), genetic factors are thought to
be the most influential factors in the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction; (2)
There is a significant relationship between the maxillary transverse discrepancy and
the maxillary canine impaction; (3) There is a significant relationship between the
genotypes of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes with the phenotype of the maxillary
transverse discrepancy associated with the maxillary canine impaction; (4) There is
a significant relationship between anthropometric nutritional status with maxillary
transverse discrepancy and the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction. The
major hypothesis is elaborated in 8 minor hypotheses, namely: (1) There is a
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significant relationship between demographic factors (age and gender) and the
occurrence of maxillary canine impaction; (2) There is a significant relationship
between discrepancy of dental arch width, dental arch length, jaw arch width and
diagonal arch length with maxillary canine impaction; (3) There is a significant
difference in discrepancy of dental arch width, dental arch length, jaw arch width
and diagonal arch length between men and women; (4) There is a significant
relationship between genotypes of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes with the phenotype of
discrepancy of dental arch width, dental arch length, jaw arch width and diagonal
arch length; (5) There is a significant relationship between genotypes of the Msx1
and Pax9 genes with the phenotype of impaction of the maxillary canines; (6) There
is a significant relationship between anthropometric nutritional status with
discrepancy of dental arch width, dental arch length, jaw arch width and diagonal
arch length. (7) There is a significant relationship between anthropometric
nutritional status and the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction; (8) Genotype
of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes, phenotype of maxillary transverse discrepancy and
anthropometric nutritional status can be used as predictors of maxillary canine
impaction.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a Clinical Observational study with a cross sectional design.
The study was conducted at the FKG UI RSGMP clinic and at the Oral Biology
Laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. The research
subjects were taken from several schools, namely students in grades 7.8 and 9 at
SMPN 57 Pasar Rumput, SMPN 3 Manggarai and students in grade 10.11, and 12
YMIK2 Manggarai Vocational Schools in South Jakarta, who had clinical
screening, and patients who came to the RSGMP clinic FKG UI in the period May
2018 to August 2018 who had fulfilled the inclusion criteria (male / female sex; age
10-25 years; maxillary canine impaction; never treated orthodontics; none systemic
and hereditary abnormalities and agreed to be the subject of research).
Data were obtained from the results of genotypic analysis of the Msx1 and
Pax9 genes, the results of anthropometric nutritional status assessment and the
results of model study analysis. Genotypic analysis of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes,
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carried out by taking samples from patients' oral mucous swabs, as many as 121
samples from 132 study samples that met the criteria. DNA extraction process was
carried out using Gene Whole Blood Genomic DNA Purification Kit ((THERMO-
Biogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) and its concentration was measured using Qubit®
Fluorometer (Invitrogen) and Qubit assay reagents (Invitrogen, Carlsbad), then
amplification PCR uses two sets of gene primers specific to Msx1 (Exons 2) and
four sets of specific gene primers for Pax9 (Exons 2, 3 and 4), then electrophoresis
is done using agarose gel 2%.
The PCR product was then purified using a PCR Purification Kit
(QIAquick®, Cat. No. 28106, Qiagen-Germany) then the DNA of the purified PCR
product was sent to First-Base Laboratories for DNA sequencing. (Apical Scientific
Sdn Bhd-Taman Serdang Perdana, No 7-1 to 7-4, Seksyen 2, Seri Kembangan
43300, Selangor, Malaysia).
The DNA sequencing results were analyzed by bioinformatics.
Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status was carried out by measuring body
weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). Model study analysis was carried out
by measuring the anterior and posterior arch width, the jaw arch width, the dental
arch length and the diagonal arch length in the maxilla according to the parameters
used by Pont, Nance and Howe.
Statistical univariate analysis was performed to analyze the distribution of
maxillary canine impaction based on age, sex, genotype of the Msx1 and Pax9
genes, anthropometric nutritional status, dental arch width, dental arch length, jaw
arch width and diagonal arch length. Bivariate analysis to analyze the relationship
between genotypes of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes with the phenotype of the maxillary
transverse discrepancy using Fisher Exact test with p <0.05. The relationship
between genotype of the Msx1 and Pax9 genes with the phenotype of impaction of
maxillary canines using Chi-square with p <0.05. The relationship between
maxillary transverse discrepancy and maxillary canine impaction using
Independent-T test with p <0.05. The relationship between anthropometric
nutritional status and maxillary transverse discrepancy using Chi-square test with
p<0.05. The relationship between anthropometic nutritional status and the
occurrence of maxillary canine impaction using Chi-square with p<0.05.
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AGE
≥ 13 years 82 67.8%
< 13 years 39 32.2%
Total 121 100.0%
GENDER
Male 52 43.0%
Female 69 57.0%
Total 121 100.0%
Table 1 shows that subjects with age <13 years were 39 people (32.2%) and
subjects with aged ≥ 13 years were 82 people (67.8%). The frequency and
distribution of subjects based on age obtained an average age of 15.04 years and a
standard deviation of 3.85 years. The description of the frequency and distribution
is shown in the graph below (Figure 3)
AGE
Figure 3.Frequency and Distribution of Subjects by Age
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The frequency and distribution of subjects based on gender, shows that women
obtained as many as 69 people (57.0%), the frequency was more than that of men
(43.0%).
CASE
Impaction
Non Impaction
38
(31,4%)
83
(68,6%)
Table 2 Relationship between Demographic Factors (Age and Sex) and Maxillary
Canine Impaction
VARIABLE Non Impaction Impaction Total (%) P Value
N N
AGE 0.601
≥ 13 years 27 (22.3%) 55 (45.5%) 82 (67.8%)
< 13 years 11 (9.1%) 28 (23.1%) 39 (32.2%)
Total 121 (100%)
GENDER 0.188
Male 13 (10.8%) 39 (32.2%) 52 (43.0%)
Female 25 (20.7%) 44 (36.3%) 69 (57.0%)
Total 121 (100 %)
Note: Chi-square Test; p<0.05;*Significant
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The statistical result on these demographic factors indicate that the age
variables p = 0.601 and gender p = 0.188 no statistically significant relationship to
the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction.
Table 3 Mean Value and Standard Deviation Anterior and Posterior Arch
Width, Dental Arch Length, Diagonal Arch Length and Jaw Arch width
N Minimum Maximum Mean SD
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Anterior Arch Width, 121 21.50 45.00 38.15 2.86
Posterior Arch Width 121 40.76 57.50 48.22 2.99
Dental Arch Length 121 52.50 89.50 78.51 5.58
Diagonal Arch Length 121 17.50 31.36 26.46 2.29
Jaw Arch Width 121 55.00 97.50 80.11 6.16
The results of the model study measurements (Table 3) shows mean values
and standard deviations (SD) of anterior arch width (AAW) of 38.15 mm ± 2.86;
posterior arch width (PAW) 48.22 mm ± 2.99; dental arch length (DAL) 78.51 mm
± 5.58; diagonal arch length (DIAG) 26.46 mm ± 2.29 and jaw arch width (JAW)
80.11 mm ± 6.16
The AAW, PAW, DAL, DIAG and JAW in analysis, are grouped into
categorical data and use a cut-off point. The value of the intersection of each
variable is obtained from the results of the ROC value analysis and its sensitivity
and specificity.
The data in table 4, it was found that subjects with AAW <36 mm were 14.
9% and AAW ≥ 36 mm were 85.1%., subjects with PAW <48 mm as much as
43.8% and PAW ≥ 48 mm as much as 56.2%, from these data, there were 42.1%
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subjects with DAL <78 mm and 78.9% DAL ≥ 78 mm. Subjects with DIAG <26
mm as much as 39.7% and DIAG ≥ 26 mm as much as 89.4%. and it was found
that subjects with JAW <80 mm were 43.8% and JAW ≥ 80 mm were 56.2%.
The results of the analysis in table 5 shows, that the anterior arch width with
p-value = 0.015, posterior arch width with p-value = 0.019 and dental arch length
with p-value = 0.05 statistically significant difference between male and female in
patients with maxillary canine impaction (p <0.05; Sig.2-tailed), while diagonal
dental arch length and jaw arch width statistically did not show significant
differences between male and female in patients with maxillary canine impaction
(p >0.05; Sig.2-tailed).
Table 6 Differences in Mean Values and Standard Deviations of Anterior Arch Width,
Posterior Arch width, Diagonal Arch Length, Dental Arch Length and Jaw Arch
Width in Patients with Maxillary Canine Impaction & Non Impaction
N Mean ± SD 95% CI P
Variable (mm) (mm)
Anterior Arch Width 0.032*
Impaction 83 37.77 ± 3.13 37.09 – 38.46
Non Impaction 38 38.97 ± 1.95 38.33 – 39.61
Posterior Arch width 0.676
Impaction 83 48.14 ± 3.01 47.48 – 48.79
Non Impaction 38 48.39 ± 2.98 47.41 – 49.36
Dental Arch Length 0.930
Impaction 83 78.48 ± 5.98 77.18 – 79.79
Non Impaction 38 78.58 ± 4.66 77.05 – 80.11
Diagonal Arch Length 0.000*
Impaction 83 25.93 ± 2.37 25.41 – 26.45
Non Impaction 38 27.61 ± 1.58 27.09 – 28.13
Jaw Arch Width 0.852
Impaction 83 80.04 ± 6.36 78.65 – 81.43
Non Impaction 38 80.26 ± 5.79 78.36 – 82.17
The results of the analysis in table 6 shows that only the anterior arch width
with p-value = 0.032 and the diagonal arch length with p-value = 0.000 statistically
significant difference between impaction and non-impaction patients (p <0.05),
while the posterior arch width, dental arch length and jaw arch width did not show
significant differences between impacted and non-impacted patients
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400bp
200bp
100bp
Results of DNA sequencing of Msx1 and Pax9 genes from 121 samples (83
impacted patients and 38 control patients) were analyzed bioinformatics based on
the primers pair information used. In each analysis group, ab1 files obtained from
DNA sequencing results were aligned to detect sites containing the potential of
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a visual chromatogram was then assessed
to ensure SNPs existed on these sites. For each SNP identified, SNP genotypes in
all samples obtained, annotated and cross-checked with the NCBI SNP reference
database, namely dbSNP (version 150). The number of genotypes and SNP alleles
in the case and control groups obtained was then analyzed by biostatistics.
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Table 7 shows that there are four SNPs that have been identified based on
peak chromatogram assessment, all of which are located in exon 3 of the Pax9 gene.
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SNPs that are sequenced by primer pairs 3 (-197Fex3 and + 28Rex3 primers). There
are no SNPs identified from the Msx1 gene that are sequenced by primer pairs 5
(570Fex2 and 1090Rex2) and primer pairs 6 (645Fex2 and 840Rex2).
The following table (Table 8) summarizes the SNPs that have been
identified in this study, alongside their annotation and SNP reference identification
number (rsID) in dbSNP (version 150) database.
Table 8 showed the four SNPs were identified in this research that SNP 1
(rs375436662) with the substitution 640A> G, SNP 2 (rs?) with the substitution
C>T, SNP 3 (rs12881240) with the substitution 717C> T and SNP 4 (rs4904210)
with the substitution 718G> C.
Out of the four identified SNPs, there are three SNPs that have been reported
by previous studies and annotated in the NCBI SNP reference database (dnSNP
version 150). The three SNPs are rs375436662, rs12881240, rs4904210 SNP,
which is found in exon 3 of the Pax9 gene. Other SNPs that are also found in exon
3 Pax9 genes that map to chromosome 14 position 36,666,530, have never been
reported before.
Identification of amino acid substitution that occurs is shown in following
table (Table 9).
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Genotype SNP
The SNP genotypes were called and counted across all SNPs that were
identified. For each SNP, the genotype count consist of three categories:
homozygous major (wild-type) allele, the heterozygous and homozygous minor
(mutant) allele. The following (Tables 10-13) summarizes the number of genotypes
counted across the four SNPs in both the case (patients with maxillary canine
impaction) and normal samples (control).
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DiagramGrafik
of Genotype and Alelle
Jumlah Genotip danCount SNP4 4
Alel SNP Max canine
Impaksi Imp
Kaninus RA
100 90
Normal
Normal
90
76
80
70
60
50 42 38 38
40
24
30 20 17
20 9 9
10
0
CC - Homozygous GG - Homozygous G
Mayor
As shown in Table 12 and 13, for SNP 3 and 4, all genotype and allele counts
are observed across both the case and normal samples. On the other hand, for SNP
1 and 2, the minor allele and heterozygous genotype is only present in one of the
cases but not in normal samples.
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Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) test indicates that both SNPs are in HWE are present
in all samples of impaction and normal samples.
SNP 3 results interpretation from table 14 shows, the odds ratio of having
maxillary canine impaction is 2.61 times higher in individuals with the TT genotype
of SNP 3 (rs12881240) compared to those with the CC genotype. Moreover, for
SNP 3, the odds ratio of having maxillary canine impaction is 1.28 times higher in
individuals with CT genotype compared to those with CC genotype.
SNP 3 1 CC CT TT C T
/rs12881240
PAX9 Impaction 46 32 5 0.5831 124 42 0.3447
Normal 24 13 1 61 15
OR (95% CI) 1 1.28 (0.57- 2.61(0.29- 1 1.38(0.71-
2,89) 23.61 2.68)
SNP 4 0.856 CC CG GG C G
/rs4904210
PAX9 Impaction 24 42 17 0.814 90 76 0.5427
Normal 9 20 9 38 38
OR (95% CI) 1 0.79(0.31- 0.71(0.23- 1 0.84(0.48-
2.00) 2.16) 1.45)
The odds ratio of having the T allele is 1.38 times higher compared to those
having the C allele of SNP 3. The risk of impaction of the maxillary canines is
higher. However, statistically with a 95% confidence interval the results of
genotype p value = 0.5831 (p> 0.05) and the allele p value = 0.3447 (p> 0.05) which
means the relationship between SNPs and maxillary canine impaction is not
statistically significant. .
This result suggests that both the frequency of both homozygous and
heterozygous minor allele carriers of SNP 3 are not statistically different between
the cases and normal samples. In addition, no statistical differences in the minor
allele frequency (or risk) were also observed between the cases and normal samples.
SNP 4 result Interpretation from table 14 shows, the odds ratio of having
maxillary canine impaction is 0.71 less in individuals with the GG genotype of SNP
4 (rs4904210) compared to those with the CC genotype. Moreover, for SNP 4, the
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CC CT TT P CC CG GG P
(n=70) (n=45) (n=6) value (n=33) (n=62) (n=26) value
GENDER
Male 26 22 4 0.224 14 24 14 0.424
Female 44 23 2 19 38 12
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CC CT TT P- CC CG GG P-
(n=70) (n=45) (n=6) Value (n=33) (n=62) (n=26) Value
AAW 0.669 0.786
≥ 36 mm 58 40 5 27 54 22
< 36 mm 12 5 1 6 8 4
. Table 16 shows that of all the dimensions of the arch of the jaw, only the
dental arch length and the jaw arch width in the two genotypes SNP were
statistically significant. The relationship between dental arch length and genotype
SNP 3 obtained p-value = 0.016 (p<0.05) and at SNP 4 p-value = 0.029 (p<0.05)
statistically significant. Likewise, the relationship between jaw arch width and
genotype SNP 3 obtained p-value = 0.030 (p <0.05) and SNP 4 p-value = 0.050 (p
<0.05), statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that the genotypes
SNP3 and SNP4 of the Pax9 gene affect the growth of the arch of the jaw and dental
arch.
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Nutritional Status
Good 77 63.6%
Moderate 25 20.7%
Poor 19 15.7%
Total 121 100.0%
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Table 19 shows that all of the curvilinear dimensions of the jaw, there is no
statistically significant difference (p> 0.05). Thus, there is no statistically
correlation between anterior arch width, posterior arch width, dental arch length,
diagonal arch length and jaw arch width with nutritional status
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Results of bivariate analysis, all variables that gave p values <0.25 means
an etiologic factor variable which will be included in multivariate analysis.
Table 20 shows that variables included in the multivariate analysis are:
Nutritional Status, Gender, Anterior Arch Width, Diagonal Arch Length, because
it has p value<0.25. Genotype SNP 3 and SNP 4 variables although statistically
have p value > 0.25, but in multivariate analysis, this variable were included in the
analysis, because theoretically genotype variables are also the etiologic factors of
maxillary canine impaction.
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Final results of logistic regression analysis (table 21) above obtained from
the six variables analyzed, the variables included in the final model of multivariate
analysis are SNP3 genotype variables with a significance value of 0.001 and
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diagonal arch length with a significance value of 0.002 (p <0.005). The table above
shows the significance value of the effect of independent variables on the dependent
variable. Thus, the two independent variables statistically had a significant
influence on the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction.
The value of the odds ratio (OR) obtained diagonal arch length variable has
14.876, it can be stated that someone who has a diagonal arch length <26 mm, tends
to risk for impaction 14.876 times greater than someone with a diagonal length ≥
26 mm. The genotype SNP3 has a significant OR value of 53.009, so it can be
stated that someone who has genotype SNP 3 has a risk of 53.009 times greater for
impaction compared to someone who does not have SNP 3 genotype.
In determining a model, it is said to be good if the model has a calibration
value from the results of the Hosmer and Lemeshow test with p> 0.05 and a model
is said to have power if it has a discrimination value seen from the AUC value close
to 100% or AUC = 1. Results of the logistic regression test in this study, obtained
the value of Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.831 (95% CI 0.735 - 0.928) and the test
results of Hosmer and Lemeshow = 0.574. Thus the predictive model is good
enough to explain the dependent variable of maxillary canine impaction and has
strong power or discrimination that is equal to 83.1%. The Nagelkerke R Square
value or Pseudo R-Square value is 0.670, which indicates that the ability of the
genotype SNP3 and diagonal arch length in explaining the dependent variable of
maxillary canine impaction is 0.670 or 67.0% and there are 33.0% of other factors
outside the model that explain the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction.
The results of the logistic regression analysis the equation is obtained as
follows:
Ln P/1-P = -8.335 + 3.97 Genotype SNP3 + 2.70 DIAG
Or
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Variable genotype SNP3 and diagonal arch length are etiologic variables
which can be used as predictors of maxillary canine impaction.
2. There is a significant relationship between SNP3 and SNP4 genotypes with
dental arch length, diagonal arch length and jaw arch width associated with
the tendency of maxillary canine impaction.
3. The results of this study there was no identification of a single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) in the Msx1 gene
4. The results of this study it was concluded that someone who has SNP3 Pax9
genotype (rs12881240) has a tendency or risk 53 times greater for maxillary
canine impaction than someone who does not have SNP 3 genotype
(rs12881240), and someone who has diagonal arch length <26 mm has a
tendency or risk of 14.9 times greater for maxillary canine impaction than
someone who has a diagonal arch length > 26 mm.
SUGGESTIONS
Further research is needed regarding the Msx1 gene in patients with
maxillary canine impaction in larger samples and using primers designed according
to the Indonesian population because there may be unique gene sequences that are
not the same as the population have been reported by researchers abroad .
The development of science and technology in Biomolecular Science and
the increasing number of studies in genome, it is necessary to increase the
knowledge and development of the skills of staff and clinicians in bioinformatics
so that they can analyze cases or clinical problems related to gene problems easily.
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PENDIDIKAN
STTB/TANDA
NO. NAMA PENDIDIKAN JENJANG JURUSAN LULUS/IJAZAH TEMPAT
TAHUN
SDN 01 Bukit Duri Puteran
1 SD - 1974 Jakarta
1
2 SMPN 3 SLTP - 1977 Jakarta
3 SMAN 8 SLTA IPA 1981 Jakarta
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi
4 S-1 Dokter Gigi 1986 Jakarta
Universitas Indonesia
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Ilmu Bedah
5 Spesialis I 2002 Jakarta
Universitas Indonesia Mulut
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PENGALAMAN JABATAN/PEKERJAAN
PENGALAMAN
NO. MULAI DAN SAMPAI
BEKERJA
1 Pengajar 1 Mar 1989
2 Asisten Ahli 1 Jan 2001
3 Lektor 1 Nov 2004
PENGALAMAN
SIMPOSIUM / SEMINAR / PANITIA
SIFAT /
NO KEGIATAN TANGGAL
PERANAN
Pekan ilmiah kedokteran gigi terapan
1 nasional/kongres nasional ke VII Peserta 23 Agustus 1996
PABMI
13 Desember
2 Temu ilmiah 8 (III-1997) Peserta
1997
Seminar alternatif baru dalam terapi
3 Peserta 14 Agustus 1999
resusitasi cairan
Seminar persatuan ahli bedah mulut
4 Peserta 02 Maret 2000
(PABMI)
5 Kongres nasional VIII PABMI Peserta 10 Agustus 2000
The 12th Scientific meeting and
22 November
6 refresher course in dentistry (KPPIKG Short lecturer
2000
ke 12)
7 Kongres PDGI ke XXI Peserta 07 Maret 2002
Sarasehan ilmiah tahunan ke-4 PABMI 13 September
8 Peserta
Jakarta 2002
9 Temu ilmiah infeksi oro-maxillo-facial Peserta 10 April 2003
10 Semiloka management penelitian Peserta 11 April 2003
The 13 th Scientific meeting and
11 refresher course in dentistry (KPPIKG Peserta 08 Oktober 2003
ke 13)
08 Desember
12 IAOMS, lecture program Peserta
2003
9th National Congress Indonesian
13 Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Peserta 15 Januari 2004
Surgeons
14 Kongres Nasional IX PABMI Peserta 15 Januari 2004
15 Kongres Nasional IX PABMI Peserta 15 Januari 2004
Temu Ilmiah Tahunan "DENTISTRY
16 2004" Dengan profesionalisme Dokter Peserta 06 Februari 2004
Gigi Jadikanlah Indonesia Tersenyum
Universitas Indonesia
61
Universitas Indonesia
63
Universitas Indonesia
64
PUBLIKASI
Universitas Indonesia
65
Universitas Indonesia
68
Universitas Indonesia