Data pasien
Nama : Ny Wiryawan
Usia : 60 th
Alamat : jl Sagitarius 3 Bandung
Pekerjaan : PNS
Status : BPJS
Dokter yg merawat : dr. Andre
Apoteker : Apt. Bina, S.Si.
Anamnesa
● Pasien mengeluh sakit sendi, mengalami gangguan ginjal , dan kemerahan di sekitar
hidung dan pipi bercak–bercak merah di bagian wajah
● Sariawan tak kunjung sembuh di rongga mulut
● Kadang kejang, Tekanan darah tinggi (+), demam(+)
Diagnosis
SLE ( Sistemik Lupus Eritematosus ) ec lupus nefritis
Gangguan ginjal karena lupus
Data klinik
● Tekanan darah : 135/85 mmHg
● Nadi : 60
● Respirasi : 32
● Suhu : 37
● Berat badan : 70 kg
● Tinggi badan : 170 cm
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
Pemeriksaan Hasil Satuan Angka normal
HB 9,4 g/dl 12,1 -15,1
Leukosit 2500 Sel/mm 4500 - 10000
Eritrosit 4,7 Sel/mm 4,2 – 5,4
Trombosit 120000 Sel/mm 150000-40000
Urine Protein (+)
pH 6 4,6-8
Warna Kuning pucat
Terapi Obat
● Natrium diclofenac 25 mg 3x1 tablet
● Methylprednisolone 8 mg 1x1 tablet
● Hidroksikloroquin 200 mg 1x1 tablet
● Cyclophosphamide 2-3 mg/kg Berat Badan/hari
Methylprednisolone
● Bioavailabilitas oral: 89.9% (methylprednisolone acetate)
● Volume distribusi: 1.38L/kg
● Ikatan protein: 76.8%
● Metabolisme: dimediasi oleh 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases dan 20-ketosteroid
reductases
● Eliminasi: melalui urin
● Waktu paruh: 2,3 jam
● Plasma clearance: 336 mL/h/kg
● Metilprednisolon oral → 2-40 mg/hari → dosis rendah dari 2,5 - 7,5 mg/hari
Natrium Diklofenak
● Ikatan protein: 99.7%
● Natrium diklofenak → untuk nyeri sendi, berinteraksi dengan metilprednisolon → disarankan
diganti dengan bentuk sediaan topikal (?)
Hidroksikloroquin
● Ikatan protein: 64%
Cyclophosphamide
● Ikatan protein: 20%
● Lupus nefritis → MMF lebih unggul dari siklofosfamid, tapi siklofosfamid lebih unggul pada
pasien asia dan pasien dengan kadar urin rendah (?)
Penambahan:
● Asam folat → penggunaan dengan metotreksat
● Kalsium
● Vitamin D
Interaksi:
● (MAJOR) Methylprednisolone – Hydroxychloroquine: The risk or severity of adverse
effects can be increased when Methylprednisolone is combined with
Hydroxychloroquine. Immunosuppressive agents may exert an additive effect on other
immunosuppressive agents, leading to a greater risk of infection due to bone marrow
suppression
● (MAJOR) Diclofenac sodium – Cyclophosphamide: The metabolism of
Cyclophosphamide can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac. When a
CYP2B6 substrate is coadministered with another CYP2B6 substrate, both substrates
will invariably compete with each other to be metabolized by the limited quantities of
CYP2B6 isoenzymes present in the body. When one substrate is subsequently capable
of 'out-competing' the other, this other substrate will have its CYP2B6 facilitated
metabolism stalled or otherwise decreased for a time, resulting in increased serum
concentrations of this substrate. This is of significant concern if the substrate being out-
competed possesses a narrow therapeutic index as there is only a small serum
concentration range within which its administration is considered safe and where any
increase or change in its serum concentration could consequently result in an increased
risk, incidence, and/or severity of adverse effects and toxicity associated with exposure
to the given agent .
● (MAJOR) Cyclophosphamide – Hydroxychloroquine: The risk or severity of adverse
effects can be increased when Cyclophosphamide is combined with
Hydroxychloroquine. Immunosuppressive agents may exert an additive effect on other
immunosuppressive agents, leading to a greater risk of infection due to bone marrow
suppression.
● (MAJOR) Methylprednisolone – Cyclophosphamide: The metabolism of
Cyclophosphamide can be increased when combined with
Methylprednisolone.The subject drug is a CYP3A4 enzyme inducer of unknown
strength, and the affected drug is metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme. Concomitant
administration of these agents will induce the metabolism of the CYP3A4 substrate
(affected drug), reducing the serum concentration and therapeutic effect. Drugs with a
narrow therapeutic index must be maintained within a specific concentration range in
order to be safe and efficacious. Reduced concentration of a drug with a narrow
therapeutic index may lead to significantly lower efficacy.
● (MODERATE) Diclofenac sodium – Hydroxychloroquine: The metabolism of
Hydroxychloroquine can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac. CYP2C8
mediated metabolism is at least one of the avenues by which CYP2C8 substrates are
biotransformed and eliminated from the body. Consequently, when a CYP2C8 substrate
is coadministered with another CYP2C8 substrate, both substrates will invariably
compete with each other to be metabolized by the limited quantities of CYP2C8
isoenzymes present in the body. When one substrate is subsequently capable of 'out-
competing' the other, the other substrate will have its CYP2C8 facilitated metabolism
stalled or otherwise decreased for a time, resulting in increased serum concentrations of
the substrate and/or an increased risk, incidence, or severity of adverse effects
associated with exposure to the substrate. The outcomes of the interaction of different
CYP2C8 substrates depend on the dosage, timing of administration., and the degree of
metabolism by CYP2C8 for each substrate.
● (MINOR) Methylprednisolone – Diclofenac sodium: The risk or severity of
gastrointestinal irritation can be increased when Methylprednisolone is combined
with Diclofenac. Both corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) are known to cause gastrointestinal irritation, such as ulceration, bleeding, and
dyspepsia. Corticosteroids accomplish this via an increase in gastric acidity and a
reduction in gastric mucous, whereas the mechanism through which NSAIDs contribute
to gastrointestinal irritation is thought to be more multifactorial - the acidity of the drug
itself likely plays a role in mucosal damage while the systemic COX-inhibitory effects
decrease synthesis of gastroprotective prostaglandins.
Monitoring
● Patients with lupus should be monitored on a regular basis for disease manifestations,
drug toxicity and co-morbidities (LOE 2 ++, GOR B, SOA 99%).
● Those with active disease should be reviewed at least every 1–3 months (2+, C/D), with
blood pressure (1+/A), urinalysis (1+/A), renal function (1+/A), anti-dsDNA antibodies (2
++/B), complement levels (2+/C), CRP (2+/C), full blood count (3/C), and liver function
tests (4/D) forming part of the assessment, and further tests as necessary (4/D). Patients
with stable low disease activity or in remission can be reviewed less frequently, for
example, 6–12 monthly (4/D) (SOA 99%).
● The presence of aPLs is associated with thrombotic events, damage, and adverse
outcomes in pregnancy (2 ++/B). If previously negative, they should be re-evaluated
prior to pregnancy or surgery, or in the presence of a new severe manifestation or
vascular event (4/D) (SOA 96%).
● Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies are associated with neonatal lupus (including CHB) and
should be checked prior to pregnancy (1+/A) (SOA 100%).
● Patients with lupus are at increased risk of comorbidities, such as atherosclerotic
disease, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, malignancy and infection (2+/C).
Management of modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes,
high BMI and smoking, should be reviewed at baseline and at least annually (4/D) (SOA
98%).
● Immunosuppressive therapy may lead to toxicities. Close monitoring of drugs by regular
laboratory tests and clinical assessment should be performed in accordance with drug
monitoring guidelines (4/D) (SOA 98%).
Pasien laki-laki (29 tahun) datang ke klinik penyakit dalam dengan keluhan mulut terasa asam
terutama malam hari dan sering merasa sesak nafas dan nyeri di dada.
Diagnosis: GERD
Farmakologi
Sucralfate tukak lambung Mekanisme kerja Pasien dengan konstipasi, diare, tukak lambung dan
dan tukak sukralfat dalam hipersensitivitas mual, gangguan duodenum serta
duodenum penyembuhan dengan pencernaan, gastritis kronis, 2 g 2
ulkus duodenum sucralfate gangguan kali sehari (pagi dan
belum lambung, mulut sebelum tidur malam)
sepenuhnya kering, ruam, atau 1 g 4 kali sehari 1
diketahui, reaksi jam sebelum makan
sukralfat bekerja hipersensitivitas, dan sebelum tidur
secara lokal nyeri punggung, malam, diberikan
untuk membantu pusing, sakit selama 4-6 minggu
penyembuhan kepala, vertigo, atau pada kasus yang
jaringan dan mengantuk, resisten, bisa hingga
pembentukan 12 minggu; maksimal
bezoar 8 g sehari
Domperidone mual dan muntah Domperidone Pasien dengan kadar prolaktin Dispepsia fungsional:
Protein binding: akut, Dispepsia memfasilitasi hipersensitivitas naik 10-20 mg, 3 kali
91%-93% fungsional pengosongan dengan (kemungkinan sehari, sebelum
lambung dan domperidon; galaktore dan makan. Periode
menurunkan Penggunaan ginekomastia), pengobatan maksimal
waktu transit bersamaan penurunan 12 minggu.
usus halus dengan inhibitor libido, ruam dan
dengan CYP3A4 kuat, reaksi alergi lain,
meningkatkan obat pemanjang reaksi distonia
peristaltik QT; pasien akut.
esofagus dan dengan
lambung dan Gangguan
dengan elektrolit,
menurunkan Gangguan hati,
tekanan sfingter Gangguan
esofagus. ginjal,
congestive
heart failure
Tatalaksana terapi
● Pengobatan GERD dapat dimulai dengan PPI setelah diagnosis GERD ditegakkan.
Dosis inisial PPI adalah dosis tunggal per pagi hari sebelum makan selama 2
sampai 4 minggu.
● Apabila masih ditemukan gejala sesuai GERD (PPI failure), sebaiknya PPI diberikan
secara berkelanjutan dengan dosis ganda sampai gejala menghilang. Umumnya terapi
dosis ganda dapat diberikan sampai 4-8 minggu
● PPIs provide more rapid symptom relief and higher healing rates than H2RAs in patients
with moderate-to-severe GERD and should be given empirically to patients with
troublesome symptoms.
● Patients should take oral PPIs in the morning 30–60 minutes before breakfast or their
largest meal of the day to maximize efficacy, because these agents inhibit only actively
secreting proton pumps.
● Untuk mengatasi gastroesofagal dengan gejala yang berat atau untuk pasien dengan
patologi yang berat (esofagitis, ulserasi esophageal, refluks esophagopharyngeal,
esofagus Barrett), penanganan awal menggunakan penghambat pompa proton; pasien
perlu diperiksa kembali bila gejala tetap muncul walaupun sudah diterapi dengan
penghambat pompa proton selama 4-6 minggu. Jika gejala berkurang, terapi dapat
dikurangi hingga pasien mengalami kondisi stabil dengan terapi tersebut. (Pengurangan
terapi ini dapat berupa pengurangan dosis penghambat pompa proton atau pemberian
secara berselang atau dengan penggantian obat dengan antagonis reseptor-H2).
Namun, untuk kasus refluks gastroesofagal dengan striktur, ulserasi atau erosif (yang
dipastikan melalui pemeriksaan endoskopi), terapi dengan penghambat pompa proton
biasanya memerlukan dosis pemeliharaan sebesar dosis efektif minimal.
Pengkajian Resep
Persyaratan Penatalaksanaan
Administrasi meliputi:
3. umur 29 tahun
Farmasetik meliputi:
2. Dosis kurang R/ Sucralfate syrup No. fl II/ 4dd1 → sirup 500 mg/ 5
ml ⇒ 500 x 4 = 2000 mg = 2 gram/hari → seharusnya
diberi 4 gram/hari (?) ⇒ 4dd1 2 sendok takar @ 5 ml
Perhitungan
● Lansoprazole 30 mg tablet → sehari sekali satu tablet
→ 30 tablet = untuk pemakaian 30 hari → 4 minggu → diminum pagi sebelum makan
● Domperidone 10 mg tablet → sehari tiga kali satu tablet
→ 20 tablet = untuk pemakaian 6 hari (?) ⇒ apakah diminum setiap hari atau bila perlu? Jika bila
perlu → kapan saja?
● Sucralfate syrup 500 mg/5 ml → seharusnya sehari empat kali dua sendok takar
→ jika sehari dua kali empat sendok takar ⇒ 2 gram 2 kali sehari → diminum pagi dan malam
sebelum tidur selama 4 minggu
→ 100 ml/botol → 2 botol = 200 ml untuk pemakaian 5 hari (?) ⇒ apakah diminum setiap hari
atau bila perlu? Jika bila perlu → kapan saja?
→ jika digunakan untuk 4 minggu → perlu 12 botol (?)
Guideline therapy
Analisis SOAP
Subjektif
Alamat pasien -
Berat badan -
Tinggi badan -
keluhan Mulut terasa asam terutama malam hari, sering merasa sesak nafas dan
nyeri dada
Objektif
Diagnosis GERD
Data -
pemeriksaan
klinik
Assessment
Planning
Informasi untuk ● Penggantian aturan pakai sukralfat menjadi sehari empat kali dua
dokter sendok takar (500 mg/5 ml)
Daftar Pustaka
Katz et al, 2021, ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY
PERKUMPULAN GASTROENTEROLOGI INDONESIA (PGI), 2013, Revisi Konsensus
Nasional Penatalaksanaan Penyakit Refluks Gastroesofageal (Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease/GERD) di Indonesia
DiPiro et al, 2021, Pharmacotherapy Handbook Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill (hal: 251-259)
Dynamedex, https://www.dynamedex.com/
PIONAS, https://pionas.pom.go.id/
DrugsBank, https://go.drugbank.com/
Kasus CKD
Nama Pasien : Tn.Iwan (44 tahun)
Diagnosis :
Diagnosis Keterangan
HAP late onset dengan Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) adalah suatu Pneumonia yang
respiratory failure, spesi terjadi 48 jam atau lebih setelah pasien masuk rumah sakit, dan
(perbaikan) tidak dalam masa inkubasi atau diluar suatu infeksi yang ada saat
masuk rumah sakit.
Post EVD ai External Ventricular Drain (EVD) → alat yang digunakan dalam bedah
hidrosefalus non saraf yang berfungsi mengurangi tekanan intrakranial yang meningkat
komunikans akut ketika aliran cairan serebrospinal (CSS) di sekitar otak terhambat →
Pemasangan EVD dapat dilakukan pada kasus hidrosefalus akibat infeksi
sistem saraf pusat atau perdarahan rongga cairan otak (perdarahan
intraventrikular
HT Hipertensi
Kesimpulan
Terapi
BR, Head up 45° Penanganan posisi tidur elevate head of bed 30-45
pasien pneumonia aspirasi degrees to prevent aspiration
and pneumonia.
O2 on TC 5l/m
Omeprazole 1 x 40 mg /IV
Monitor TNRS-IO
● elevate head of bed 30-45 degrees to prevent aspiration and pneumonia, unless
medically contraindicated or not feasible
● use reverse Trendelenburg position to elevate head of bed when patient cannot tolerate
backrest elevated position, unless medically contraindicated
● medical contraindications to bed elevation may include hemodynamic instability,
unstable spine, and following central venous catheter insertion
● if lowering head of bed needed for procedure, turn off tube feeds in advance, and
elevate head of bed as soon as feasible following procedure
● routine written medical orders or staff education may facilitate compliance
Patients with asthma, left ventricular failure, pneumonia, pneumothorax, trauma, etc, should be
treated appropriately for their condition using 40%–60% oxygen via a medium concentration
mask (4–10 l/min) for milder cases or a reservoir mask for hypoxic patients and for all major
trauma cases.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304228/#:~:text=Patients%20with%20asthma
%2C%20left%20ventricular,for%20all%20major%20trauma%20cases.)