Selama terapi KAD atau SHH, darah diperiksa setiap 24 jam untuk
menilai:
elektrolit serum,
glukosa,
urea-N,
kreatinin,
osmolaritas,
dan pH vena (untuk DKA)
Terapi insulin
KAD ringan :
pemberian insulin SC/IM sama efektifnya dgn IV
Pertama-tama diberikan 0,4-0,6 unit/kgBB, separuh sebagai bolus IV dan
setengah lainnya SC/IM
Kemudian 0,1 unit/kgBB/jam SC/IM
Terapi insulin
Sumber: Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM. Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis – some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vascular Health and
Tanda dan Gejala
Sumber: Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM. Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis – some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vascular Health and
Tanda dan Gejala
Sumber: Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM. Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis – some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vascular Health and
Tatalaksana
Sumber: Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM. Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis – some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vascular Health and
Tatalaksana
Sumber: Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM. Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis – some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vascular Health and
Tatalaksana
Infus insulin
Sumber: Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM. Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis – some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Vascular Health and
Infark Miokard dan Krisis
Hiperglikemia
Patofisiologi
Sumber: Marco A. López Hernández (2013). Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Myocardial Infarction, Diabetes Mellitus - Insights and Perspectives, Prof. Oluwafemi
Oguntibeju (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/48091. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives/hyperglycemia-
and-diabetes-in-myocardial-infarction
Patofisiologi
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-characteristics-
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-characteristics-
Tanda dan Gejala
NSTEMI:
Sumber: Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina.
In: Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Loscalzo J. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 2015. pp.
Sumber: Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina.
In: Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Loscalzo J. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 2015. pp.
Tanda dan Gejala
STEMI:
Sumber: Antman EM, Loscalzo J. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Longo DL,
Loscalzo J. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 2015. pp 1599-1611.
Tatalaksana
Evaluasi awal
laboratorium kadar
glukosa pada
seluruh pasien
dengan ACS yang
dicurigai atau
telah terdiagnosa.
Sumber: Marco A. López Hernández (2013). Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Myocardial Infarction, Diabetes Mellitus - Insights and Perspectives, Prof. Oluwafemi
Oguntibeju (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/48091. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives/hyperglycemia-
and-diabetes-in-myocardial-infarction
Tatalasana
Pada Pertahankan kadar glukosa plasma > 180 mg/dL dengan regimen insulin
subkutan
pasien
dengan Lakukan tes glukosa puasa dan HbA1C pada pasien dengan
hiperglikemia tanpa riwayat DM sebelumnya terutama sebelum keluar
AMI dari rumah sakit.
yang Pada beberapa kasus, dilakukan tes toleransi glukosa oral setelah keluar
dari rumah sakit
tidak
dirawat Sebelum keluar dari RS, rencanakan untuk kontrol glukosa rawat jalan
yang optimal terutama pada pasien dengan DM yang telah ditegakkan
di ICU: sebelumnya, baru ditegakkan, atau dengan bukti resistensi insulin.
Sumber: Marco A. López Hernández (2013). Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Myocardial Infarction, Diabetes Mellitus - Insights and Perspectives, Prof. Oluwafemi
Oguntibeju (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/48091. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives/hyperglycemia-
and-diabetes-in-myocardial-infarction
Gangguan Renal dan Krisis
Hiperglikemik
Gagal Ginjal Akut dan Krisis
Hiperglikemik
Patofisiologi
Sumber: Varma R, Karim M. Diabetic ketoacidosis in established renal failure. Clinical Medicine 2016 Vol
Tanda dan Gejala
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Tatalaksana
Sumber: Varma R, Karim M. Diabetic ketoacidosis in established renal failure. Clinical Medicine 2016 Vol
Tatalaksana
Sumber: Varma R, Karim M. Diabetic ketoacidosis in established renal failure. Clinical Medicine 2016 Vol
Tatalaksana
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Gagal Ginjal Kronis dan Krisis
Hiperglikemik
Patofisiologi
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Patofisiologi
Pada pasien dependen dialisis yang hiperglikemik, kontraksi volume karena diuresis
osmotik tidak ditemukan.
Pasien yang anuria terlindungi dari dehidrasi karena glikosuria dan diuresis osmotik
menyebabkan sebagian besar kehilangan cairan dan elektrolit pada DKA
Pasien yang anuria masih rentan terhadap hiperkalemia dan asidosis metabolik
Pada DKA yang persisten dan berjangka waktu lama, hilangnya volume dalam jumlah
besar dapat terjadi karena berkurangnya asupan oral atau meningkatnya insensible
water losses karena takipnea dan demam.
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Tanda dan Gejala
Anorexia
Nausea
Muntah
Infeksi
Kejadian koroner akut
Pasien dengan penyakit ginjal stadium lanjut dan DKA mungkin tidak akan
mengalami deplesi volume karena ekspansi volume ekstraselular akibat
hiperglikemia
Ekspansi volume dapat menyebabkan dyspnea, nausea, muntah, kejang
dan koma
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Tatalaksana
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Tatalaksana
Pada gagal ginjal kronis, degradasi insulin terjadi lebih lambat dan
tidak diekskresi melalui hemodialisis maupun dialisis peritoneal
Sumber: Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric and Radojica Stolic (2013). Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute
Myocardial Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure, Type 1 Diabetes, Dr. Alan Escher (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52390. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/type-1-diabetes/distinctive-
Inflamasi dan infeksi
Infeksi, terutama:
Selulitis
Dental infections
Pneumonia
Sepsis
ISK
AAFP
Kultur untuk mengetahui penyebab infeksi
Routine antibiotics untuk semua pasien
suspek infeksi tidak direkomendasikan
Pasien lansia atau pasien dengan
hipotensiantibiotik diberikan sembari
menunggu hasil kultur
Indikator sepsis: peningkatan C-reactive
protein dan IL-6 Patogen penyebab infeksi yang sering ditemukan pada
pasien DM
Obat-obatan
Obat yang mempengaruhi metabolisme karbohidrat dapat mencetuskan DKA atau HHS
Steroid, thiazide, loop diuretics, cimetidine, obat kemoterapi, calcium-channel blockers, diazoxide,
phenytoin, agen simpatomimetik (mis: donutamine, terbutaline)
Beberapa penelitian: antipsychotic (tipikal dan atipikal)
Penyalahgunaan: alkohol
Mekanisme:
Induksi resistensi insulin di perifer
Efek langsung terhadap sel di pankreas
Efek antagonis terhadap reseptor 5-HT1A/2A/2C
Efek inhibisi melalui reseptor adrenergik-2
Efek toksisitas
Bila mencetuskan HHS atau DKAhentikan obat, atau turunkan dosis obat tsb