Eksaserbasi Pada
Pasien Asma Dewasa
Tanggal Presentasi
Speaker Name
ID-0558 Mar 2018 – Mar 2020
Agenda Presentasi
1. IDAI. 2016. Panduan Nasional Asma Anak Edisi ke-2; 2. Pathology of Asthma (https://www.educationforhealth.org/asthma-pathology-of-asthma/, assessed on 20 December 2017)
Faktor Risiko Asma
Asma ringan
Asma dapat terkontrol sepenuhnya dengan terapi Jenjang 1 atau 2
Terapi pelega: SABA; Terapi pengontrol: Kortikosteroid dosis rendah
Asma sedang
Asma dapat terkontrol sepenuhnya dengan terapi Jenjang 3.
Terapi pelega: SABA; Terapi pengontrol: Kortikosteroid dosis rendah/LABA
Asma berat
Asma yang membutukan terapi jenjang 4 atau 5.
Terapi pelega: SABA; Terapi pengontrol: Kortikosteroid dosis sedang atau tinggi/LABA.5
Pengobatan dilakukan untuk mencegah keparahan asma menjadi tidak terkontrol.
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017).
Risiko Hospitalisasi Meningkat
Seiring Keparahan Asma
60%
positif antara tingkat
50% hospitalisasi dengan
51%
40% 45% derajat keparahan asma1
p = 0.00001
30%
20% 27% • Risiko hospitalisasi
10% meningkat pada pasien
asma berat1
0%
Asma ringan Asma sedang Asma berat
Derajat Asma
Riwayat hospitalisasi dan kunjungan ke unit gawat darurat menjadi faktor risiko
eksaserbasi & kematian terkait asma2,3
Eksaserbasi asma adalah episode peningkatan progresif dari sesak napas, batuk,
mengi, atau dada terasa berat dan penurunan progresif dari fungsi paru.
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017).
Faktor Risiko Eksaserbasi yang
Dapat Mengancam Nyawa
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
Kunjungan ke UGD atau
Penggunaan steroid sistemik Tidak teratur berobat sesuai
(saat ini atau baru berhenti)
perawatan rumah sakit (RS) Berkurangnya persepsi
Karena asma dalam setahun rencana terapi tentang sesak napas
terakhir
09 10
Penyakit psikiatrik atau Alergi makanan dengan
masalah psikososial gejala yang berat
YA
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017).
Tatalaksana Eksaserbasi
pada Pasien Asma Dewasa
RINGAN atau SEDANG
(2) BERAT
Beta 2 agonist kerja singkat
Beta 2 agonist kerja singkat Ipratropium bromida
Pertimbangkan ipratropium bromida Atur O2 untuk mempertahankan saturasi 93–
Atur O2 untuk mempertahankan saturasi 93–95%
Terapi sesuai 95% (anak 94-98%)
(anak 94-98%)
dengan klasifikasi Kortikosteroid oral atau IV
Kortikosteroid oral Pertimbangkan magnesium IV
eksaserbasi
Pertimbangkan ICS dosis tinggi
Kortikosteroid sistemik
Oksigen SABA 1. Diberikan jika terapi dengan SABA tidak
Untuk mencapai saturasi menunjukan perbaikan
oksigen 93-95% pada pasien Inhalasi SABA diberikan 2. Eksaserbasi terjadi saat pasien sedang
dewasa (94-98% untuk hingga beberapa kali pada menggunakan OCS
pasien anak) pasien asma akut
3. Telah diterapi dengan OCS pada riwayat
eksaserbasi sebelumnya
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017).
Terapi Nebulisasi Untuk Penyakit
Pernapasan Kini Semakin Komprehensif
Nebulisasi obat
inhalasi
Gardenhire, et al. A guide to Aerosol Delivery Devices for Respiratory Terapists. 2013. 3rd edition.
Keuntungan Terapi
Nebulisasi
13
1. Welch, et al. Nebulization Therapy for Asthma: A Practical Guide for the Busy Pediatrician. 2008. Clinical Pediatrics: Vol. 47, No. 8, October 2008; 2. Welch, et al. Evaluation of Inhaler
Device Technique in Caregivers of Young Children with Asthma. 2010. Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, And Pulmonology Volume 23, Number 2
Short Acting β-2 Agonist (SABA)
SABA terbagi menjadi beberapa grup, antara lain:
SABA bekerja dimulai dengan aktivasi reseptor sehingga terjadi relaksasi otot
polos sehingga terjadi bronkodilatasi (pelebaran saluran napas)
Bricasma® (Terbutaline Sulfate)
Sebagai Terapi SABA
Indikasi:
Untuk mengatasi bronkospasme (bronkodilator) pada bronkitis kronis, emfisema dan penyakit
paru lainnya dimana bronkospasme adalah faktor yang menyulitkan
Komposisi: Terbutaline Sulfate 2.5 mg/mL. Satu dosis unit berisi 2 mL cairan untuk nebulisasi
Dosis:
Berat badan >25 kg adalah 5 mg (1 single dose unit @ 2 ml) 2-4 kali sehari
Keamanan dan efektivitas pada anak-anak di bawah usia 12 tahun belum
ditetapkan
Bricasma® Respules
mempunyai efek yang
cepat sebagai
bronkodilator
Lai CKW et al. Effect of preservative on the efficacy of terbutaline nebuliser solution in atopic asthma. Thorax; 1993; 48: 566-568
Efektif Meningkatkan PEF & FEV1
Kombinasi Bricasma Respules dan ipratropium bromide efektif untuk meningkatkan nilai FEV1 dan PEF
secara signifikan
PEF
FEV1 400
2 **
**
** ** 300 341
317
FEV1 (L)
1.5 1.6
PEF L/min
1
1.1 200 244
0
100
Penelitian terdiri atas 11 pasien dengan rata-rata umur 65 tahun yang datang ke IGD dengan kasus asma akut, semua pasien diterapi dengan 5 mg terbutaline
(0.05-0.11 mg/kg) (Bricamyl Astra) dan 0.5 mg ipratropium bromide. Terapi diberikan dengan menggunakan Nebulizer dengan volume 4 ml. Semua pasien
mendapatkan terapi betamethasone intravena dan peniliaian dilakukan sebelum terapi, 60 menit dan 120 setelah terapi
17
** p<0.01 vs sebelum terapi
Janson C, Herala M. Plasma terbutaline levels in nebulisation treatment of acute asthma. Paulmonary Pharmacology (1991) 4, 135-139
Efek Samping yang WELL-
TOLERATED
Kombinasi Bricasma® Respules dan Ipratropium Bromide tidak meningkatkan denyut nadi dan tremor pasien
setelah terapi.
Denyut Nadi
20 Tremor
100
Denyut Nadi (Denyut/menit)
91 91 91 18
Tremor (mm/s)
80 15 17
16
60
10
40
20 5
0
0
Sebelum 60 menit 120 menit Sebelum 60 menit 120 menit
Penelitian terdiri atas 11 pasien dengan rata-rata umur 65 tahun yang datang ke IGD dengan kasus asma akut, semua pasien diterapi dengan 5 mg
terbutaline (0.05-0.11 mg/kg) (Bricamyl Astra) dan 0.5 mg ipratropium bromide. Terapi diberikan dengan menggunakan Nebulizer dengan volume 4 ml.
Semua pasien mendapatkan terapi betamethasone intravena dan peniliaian dilakukan sebelum terapi, 60 menit dan 120 setelah terapi
Janson C, Herala M. Plasma terbutaline levels in nebulisation treatment of acute asthma. Paulmonary Pharmacology (1991) 4, 135-139
Mengapa nebulisasi
Inhaled Corticosteroid
(ICS) diperlukan?
Mengurangi Mengurangi
keparahan gejala hiperresponsif di
Asma saluran napas
Memperbaiki
Membantu
kontrol asma dan
ICS mencegah serangan
quality of life pasien
asma
asma
19
Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management nt of Asthma (EPR-3 2007). U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf. Diakses pada 27 Desember 2017
Pulmicort Respules® sebagai Kortikosteroid
Inhalasi saat serangan Asma
Indikasi1:
Kortikosteroid inhalasi untuk asma bronkial
Komposisi1: Budesonide 0.25 mg/mL atau 0.5 mg/mL. Satu dosis unit berisi 2 mL
cairan untuk nebulisasi
GINA 2017 menyatakan ICS dosis tinggi yang diberikan dalam 1 jam pertama perawatan
menurunkan kebutuhan rawat inap pada pasien yang tidak menerima kortikosteroid sistemik2
1. Pulmicort Product Information; 2. GINA Guideline 2017; 2. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017).
Pulmicort Respules® Memberikan Efikasi
Setara dengan Oral Prednisolone
Waktu (Hari)
21
Chian CF et al. Five-day course of budesonide inhalation suspension is as effective as oral prednisolone in the treatment of mild to severe acute asthma
exacerbations in adults. 2011. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 24: 256-260
Kortikosteroid Inhalasi Menurunkan
Risiko Masuk Rumah Sakit Akibat
Asma
ICS menurunkan
risiko pasien asma
masuk rumah sakit
hingga 73%
73%
22
Edmonds, et al. Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma (Review). 2012. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12.
Kesimpulan
1. Riwayat hospitalisasi & kunjungan ke UGD meningkat seiring keparahan gejala asma; Hal ini
meningkatkan risiko eksaserbasi dan kematian akibat asma
2. Eksaserbasi asma adalah episode peningkatan progresif dari sesak napas, batuk, mengi,
atau dada terasa berat dan penurunan progresif dari fungsi paru.
3. Terapi nebulisasi memiliki banyak keuntungan antara lain mudah digunakan, dapat
dikombinasi dengan obat asma lainnya, serta mampu menghasilkan dosis tinggi (high dose)
5. Pulmicort Respules® sebagai kortikosteroid inhalasi memiliki efikasi setara dengan oral
prednisolone dan mempu menurunkan tingkat masuk rumah sakit
TERIMA KASIH
Abbreviated Prescribing Information
Pulmicort Respules®
Budesonide; PULMICORT® RESPULES® Sterile;Nebulising suspension for inhalation 0.25 mg/ml & 0.5 mg/ml. See local Prescribing Information for
full details prior to prescribing – Prescribing Information may vary from country to country. Presentation: White to off-white sterile nebuliser suspension
in plastic single dose units. One single dose unit contains 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg budesonide per 2 mL.. Indication: Treatment of bronchial asthma.
Dosage: PULMICORT RESPULES should be administered from a suitable nebuliser. The dose delivered to the patient varies between 40 – 60% of the
nominal dose depending on the nebulising equipment used. The nebulisation time and the dose delivered is dependent on flow rate, volume of
nebuliser chamber and volume fill. A suitable fill for most nebulisers is 2-4 ml. Some sedimentation may occur during storage of PULMICORT
RESPULES. If this does not readily resuspend completely upon shaking, the RESPULE should be discarded. Dosage initially or during periods of
severe asthma or while reducing oral corticosteroids: Adults & Children ≥12 years: 1 – 2 mg twice daily. Children 3 months - 12 years: 0.5 – 1 mg twice
daily. Maintenance: The maintenance dose should be individualized and should be the lowest dose which keep the patient symptom-free.
Recommended doses are: Adults: 0.5 – 1 mg twice daily. Children 3 months - 12 years: 0.25 – 0.5 mg twice daily. Contraindication: Hypersensitivity
to budesonide or any other ingredients. Warnings and precautions: PULMICORT is not indicated for rapid relief of bronchospasm and not suitable as
sole therapy for status asthmaticus or other acute exacerbations of asthma where intensive measures are required. The patient should seek medical
advice if previous effective dosage regimen no longer gives the same relief. Particular care is needed in patients who are being transferred from oral
corticosteroids to PULMICORT since they may remain at risk of impaired adrenal function for some considerable time. Dose-dependent HPA axis
suppression has been observed. Bone mineral density measurement in children should be interpreted with caution. The growth of children taking
glucocorticosteroids in long- term treatment should be monitored and the benefits of the therapy weighed against the possibility of growth suppression.
Decreased liver function may affect the ability to eliminate budesonide. Special care in patients with active or quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis or
fungal, bacterial or viral infections of the respiratory system. Respiratory drugs should not be used with positive pressure delivery systems in pulmonary
conditions involving pneumothorax, air cysts or mediastinal emphysema unless special drainage is performed. Inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g. ketoconazole
and itraconazole) may increase systemic exposure to PULMICORT. Interactions: Inhibitors of CYP3A4 (see warnings and precautions). Pregnancy
and lactation: Administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless there are compelling reasons. Budesonide is excreted in breast milk.
However, at therapeutic doses of PULMICORT RESPULES no effects on the suckling child are anticipated. PULMICORT RESPULES can be used
during breast feeding. Undesirable effects: Common (>1%): hoarseness, sore, throat irritation, tongue and mouth irritation, dry mouth, oral candidiasis
and cough. Uncommon (˂1%): larynx irritation, bad taste, diarrhoea, nausea, immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as skin reactions
(e.g. rash, dermatitis, urticaria), angioedema and bronchospasm, headache, lightheadedness, thirst, tiredness, weight gain. Candida infection in the
oropharynx. In rare cases signs or symptoms of systemic glucocorticosteroid effect, including hypofunction of the adrenal gland and reduction of growth
velocity, may occur. Possible systemic effects in higher than recommended doses include depression of the HPA axis, reduction of bone density and
retardation of growth rate in children. Rare reports of skin bruising. Psychiatric symptoms such as behavioural disturbances, nervousness, restlessness
and depression. Facial skin irritation. Rarely, may provoke bronchoconstriction in hyperreactive patients. Packsize: PULMICORT RESPULES 0.25
mg/ml: Box of 4 packs @ 5 respules @ 2 ml (Reg. No.: DKI1151302568A1), PULMICORT RESPULES 0.50 mg/ml: Box of 4 packs @ 5 respules @ 2
ml (Reg. No.: DKI1151302568B1). HARUS DENGAN RESEP DOKTER
25
API Pulmicort Respules® November 2017
Abbreviated Prescribing Information
Bricasma Respules®
Terbutaline sulphate; BRICASMA® RESPULES®; Sterile Solution for nebulization 2.5 mg/ml. See local Prescribing Information for full details prior
to prescribing-Prescribing Information may vary from country to country. Presentation: Solution for nebulization in single dose unit of 2 ml.
BRICASMA solution for nebulization is isotonic and contains no preservatives. Indication: For the release of bronchospasm in chronic bronchitis,
emphysema and other lung diseases where bronchospasm is a complicating factor. Dosage: Inhaled bronchodilators should, as initial therapy, be
used as required rather than regularly. BRICASMA solution for nebulization is to be used in nebulizers with or without assisted breathing in acute
or sub-acute disorders where conventional inhalers prove unsatisfactory and in maintenance therapy in severe broncho-obstructive conditions.
Dosage should be individual. Body weight > 25 kg: 5 mg (1 single dose unit @ 2 ml) is inhaled 2-4 times in a 24 hour period.
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients. Warnings and precautions: The patient’s inhalation technique should be regularly
checked. The patient should seek medical advice if a previously effective dosage regimen no longer gives the same relief. BRICASMA should be
used with caution when an increased susceptibility to sympathomimetic amines can be expected, for instance in patients with hyperthyroidism not
yet under adequate control. Caution should be observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis and severe heart disease. Due to the hyperglycaemic effect
of β2-agonist, additional blood glucose controls are recommended initially in diabetic patients. Due to the positive inotropic effect of β2-agonist,
BRICASMA should not be used in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. BRICASMA has an arrhythmogenic potential which must be
considered in the treatment of individual lung patient. BRICASMA is not indicated and should not be used for the management of preterm labor.
Particular caution is recommended in acute severe asthma as the associated risk may be augmented by hypoxia. The hypokalemic effect may be
potentiated by concomitant treatment and monitoring serum potassium levels is recommended. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions and
exacerbation of bronchospasm have been reported after BRICASMA administration. Safety and effectiveness in children below the age of 12 have
not been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in association with high therapeutic doses of parenteral and nebulised short-acting beta-
agonist therapy, mainly in patients being treated for an acute asthma exacerbation (see Undesirable effects and Overdose). In patients not
adequately responding to acute Bricasma therapy, consideration should be given to the presence of lactic acidosis as a possible contributing factor
to ongoing respiratory symptoms. Interactions: β2-receptor blocking agents (including eye drops) especially those which are non-selective, may
partly or totally inhibit the effect of β2-receptor stimulant. Hypokalemia may result from β2-agonist therapy and may be potentiated by concomitant
treatment with xanthine derivatives, steroids and diuretics. Pregnancy and lactation: No teratogenic effects have been observed in patients or in
animals. However, caution is recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy. BRICASMA passes over to breast milk but an influence on the
child is unlikely with therapeutic doses. Transient hypoglycaemia has been reported in newborn preterm infants after maternal β2-agonist
treatment. Undesirable effect: Very common (≥ 1/10): Tremor, headache. Common (<1/10 and ≥ 1/100): Tachycardia, palpitations, tonic muscle
cramps, hypokalaemia. Rare (<1/1000 and ≥1/10000) and frequency unknown: Cardiac arrhythmias e.g. atrial fibrillation, supraventricular
tachycardia and extrasystoles myocardial ischemia, nausea, sleep disturbances and behavioural disturbances such as agitation, hyperactivity and
restlessness, lactic acidosis, urticaria and exanthema. Packsize Box of 2 packs of alumunium foil @ 5 respules @ 2 ml (Reg. No.:
DKI1151302768A1) HARUS DENGAN RESEP DOKTER
26
API Bricasma Respules® December 2015