SDM, Desain Dan Pengukuran Kerja
SDM, Desain Dan Pengukuran Kerja
Hendri, ST.MT.
Constraints on Human Resource Strategy
Figure 10.1
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Job Design
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Education, Inc.
Core Job Characteristics
Self-directed teams
Tim yg mandiri
Empowerment
Pemberdayaan
K
Enrichment e
Pengayaan m
an
di
Enlargement ri
Pemekaran an
Specialization
Job expansion
Figure 10.3
7
Sharpen saw
Interdependence
Understand Synergize
5 PUBLIC 6
VICTORY
Think win-win
4
Independence
3
1 things 1st
st
PRIVATE
1 VICTORY 2
Be Proactive End in
mind
Dependence
habit = knowledge
+ skill
+ desire
Ergonomics and the Work Environment
Ergonomi adalah
studi tentang
hubungan antara
manusia dan mesin
Sering disebut
faktor manusia
Operator input untuk
mesin
Job Design and Keyboards
E
R
G
O
N
O
M
i
Hubungan Pekerja Tempat Kerja dan Desain Pekerjaan
SEORANG SPESIALIS DI ERGONOMI, YANG DISEBUT
SEBUAH ERGONOMIS, MEMPELAJARI HUBUNGAN:
Pekerja (Worker),
Tempat Kerja (Workplace)
Desain Pekerjaan (Job Design)
WORKER
Pekerja
Costs
sehat & aman
Kursi
Putar
50 cm 80~100 cm 25 cm
Tempat Kerja (Workplace) Baik & Benar
www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/97-117/eptbtr6a.html
Desain Kerja
www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/97-117/eptbtr6a.html
Lingkunangan Fisik Kerja
Manusia dalam beraktivitas selalu dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor.
1. Faktor internal merupakan faktor yang berasal dari dalam diri sendiri, seperti pengetahuan,
motivasi dan skill (tahu,mau dan mampu).
2. Faktor ekternal merupakan faktor yang berasal dari luar diri yang salah
satunya adalah faktor lingkungan kerja.
Manusia dapat bekerja dengan baik jika ditunjang oleh lingkungan fisik kerja yang baik.
Lingkungan fisik yang baik mempengaruhi kinerja, keamanan, dan kualitas
pekerjaan
Penerangan,
Kebisingan
Lingkungan
Getaran
Fisik yang
Kelembaban
Baik
Kualitas udara
suhu (tingkat produktifitas yang
Hadiguna, R. A. dan Setiawan, H. (2008)
paling tinggi 24-270C)
Lingkunangan Fisik Kerja
Penerangan,
Kebisingan
Getaran
Kelembaban
Kualitas udara
Suhu (tingkat produktifitas yang
paling tinggi 24-270C)
Tingkat Penerangan
Kondisi Tipe Tingkat Tipe
Pekerjaan Area Pekerjaan Penerangan Penerangan
(FT-C)*
Sangat detail, sangat Menjahit, memerikasa bahan 100 Lampu yang dipasang di
akurat yang berwarna gelap langit-langit dan lampu
meja
*FT-C (foot candle) adalah satuan pencahayaan pada permukaan seluas 1 ft2 yang terdapat pada aliran cahaya yang
didistibusi seragam dengan kecepatan sebesar 1 lumen.
1 LUX(1lx)=1 lumen (lm) per meter persegi. 1 lm = 0,1 Cd (Candle); maka 1 Lux=0,1 Cd per meter persegi.
Recommended Levels of Illumination
Figure 10.4A
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Education, Inc.
Tingkat Kebisingan
Kebisingan Sumber
Kebisingan Decibels
Pesawat Jet lepas landas(200 ft) 120
|
Area tungku elektrik Palu Pneumatic 100 Sangat menggangu
|
Pabrik percetakan Kareta bawah Tanah (20 ft) 90
|
Dalam mobil balak (50 mph) Bor Pneumatic (50 ft) 80 Diperlukan perlindug-
| an terlingga
jika>8 jam
Jalan Tol (kemacetan lalulintas) Vacuum cleaner (10 ft) 70 Mengganggu
Ceramah (1 ft) |
Kantor pribadi 60
Kemacetan ringgan(100 ft) Transformer besar(200 ft) 50 Tenang
|
Area permukiman malam hari 40
|
Studio (percakapan) Bisikan lembut(5 ft) 30 Sangat Tenang
Methods Analysis
Welding
From
Storage bins
press
mach. Paint
shop
Mach. 3 Mach. 4
Machine 1
Mach. 2
Machine 4 Welding
Machine 3
Paint
Machine 2 shop
Machine 1
From
press Storage
bins
mach.
Figure 10.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Hall
Operation Chart
Figure 10.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Hall
The Visual Workplace
Figure 10.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Hall
The Visual Workplace
Reorder
Line/machine point
stoppage
Parts/
maintenance
needed
All systems go
Part A Part B Part C
Andon
Figure 10.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Hall
The Visual Workplace
Figure 10.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Hall
PENGUKURAN KERJA
Pengukuran Kerja
Frederick W. Taylor
Lahir 1856; meninggal 1915
Melakukan studi kerjaselama 25 tahun (1881-
1907) tentang pemotongan logam
Taylor juga mempelopori apa yang sekarang
ini disebut sebagai “ Pengukuran Kerja”.
Pencetus prinsip efisiensi
Konsep Tata Cara Kerja
METHOD DESIGN
STUDI KERJA
WORK
MEASUREMENT
Labor Standards
1. Historical experience
2. Time studies
3. Predetermined time standards
4. Work sampling
1. Definisi Pekerjaan
2. Pembagian Elemen pekerjaan
3. Menentukan berapa kali melakukan
pengamatan
4. Mencatan waktu setiap elemen dan
tingkat perfomance
* Waktu yg diabaikan
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Time Study Example 2
15.36
= 1 - .15 = 18.07
minutes
2
zs
Required sample size = n =
hx
zs 2
Required sample size
Common = n = hx
z Values
Desired z Value
Confidence (standard deviation required for
where h = accuracy
(%) level
desired (acceptable
level error)
of confidence)
desired in percent of the
90.0 1.65job element
expressed as a decimal
95.0 1.96
z = number of standard deviations required
95.45 2.00
for the desired level of confidence
99.0 2.58
s = standard deviation of the initial sample
99.73 3.00
x = mean of the initial sample
Table 10.2
n = required sample size
Variations
If desired accuracy h is expressed as an absolute
amount, substitute e for hx, where e is the absolute
amount of acceptable error
2
zs
n=
e
Figure 10.9
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Education, Inc.
MTM Example
Table 10.4
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Education, Inc.
Work Sampling
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Education, Inc.
Work Sampling
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Work Sampling Example
Wants employees idle 25% of the time Sample
should be accurate within 3%
Wants to have 95.45% confidence in the results
z2 p(1 - p)
n=
h2
where n = required sample size
z = 2 for a 95.45% confidence level
p = estimate of idle proportion = 25% = .
25
h = acceptable error of 3% = .03
(2)2 (.25)(.75)
n= = 833 observations
(.03)2
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Education, Inc.
Work Sampling Example
No. of
Observations Activity
485 On the phone or meeting with a welfare client
126 Idle
62 Personal time
23 Discussions with supervisor
137 Filing, meeting, and computer data entry
833
Salespeople
Sales in Travel
20%
person
Telephone 20%
sales Paperwork
12% 17%
Lunch and
personal
10%
Telephone
within firm Meetings
13% and other
8%
Figure 10.10
Startup/exercise 3%
Assembly-Line
Employees Breaks and lunch
10%
Figure 10.10
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Education, Inc.
Work Sampling
© 2011 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Ethics and the Work Environment