One Health from Ecosystem point of

view

By Yan Ramona, Ph.D.

• School of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and
Sciences, Udayana University
• Integrated Laboratory for Biosciences and
Biotechnology, Udayana University
 ONEHEALTH
• One health merupakan aktivitas global untuk
meningkatkan kesehatan
• Aktivitas ini didasarkan konsep bahwa kesehatan
manusia, hewan, dan lingkungan terkait satu
sama lainnya
• Untuk mencapai tingkat kesehatan tertentu
diperlukan kerjasama terintegrasi dari berbagai
bidang ilmu
• Kolaborasi ini ditujukan untuk:
– Mencegah atau mengendalikan penyakit
– Meningkatkan/menjaga kesehatan lingkungan
– Memahami kemunculan pathogen baru/zoonotic
• Harapan yang akan dicapai dalam kolaborasi
antar disiplin adalah:
– Terciptanya kader2 yang memacu terjadinya
perubahan
– Meningkatnya kapasitas peserta didik (terutama
tenaga kesehatan lapangan) dalam menyebarkan
informasi terkait masalah kesehatan.

• Beberapa penyakit yang perlu diwaspadai

menjadi pandemi:
– Ebola - Virus Corona
– MERS -SARS
– Avian Influenza
– Anthraks
Penerapan Onehealth
membutuhkan ketrampilan hard
dan soft skill (untuk pengendalian
zoonosis)
 Apa itu Zoonosis?
• Penyakit yang dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke
manusia atau sebaliknya.
• Penyakit-penyakit ini dapat mengancam
kelangsungan peradaban manusia
• Data yang tersedia:
– Sebanyak 1416 jenis pathogen (zoonosis) saat ini
dikenal dan mengancam kesehatan manusia
– 62% berasal dari hewan liar
– 75% merupakan pathogen berkembang dari
manusia (walaupun sebelumnya berasal dari
hewan liar)
• Permasalahannya:
– Apakah perlu dilakukan pengendalian?
– Apa yang harus dilakukan?
– Apakah pemerintah (pusat atau daerah) sudah
melakukan upaya-upaya?
– Upaya-upaya apa saja yang telah dilakukan?
– Sejauh mana efektivitas yang telah dilakukan
dalam mengendalikan zoonosis?
– Sejauh mana politik mempengaruhi keberhasilan
pengendalian zoonosis?
• Untuk mengendalikan semua itu, maka
pendekatan Onehealth perlu dilakukan
 Solusi yang perlu dilakukan
• Pendekatan Onehealth (mengintegrasikan
bidang keilmuan terkait)
• Termasuk bidang ilmu Biologi (Ekosistem)
• Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas onehealth
diperlukan keseimbangan antar sektor yang
melibatkan bidang keahlian:
– Dokter dan dokter hewan
– Ahli ekologi satwa liar
– Sosial ekonomi
Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Ekosistem
• Ecosystem: hubungan timbal balik antara
manusia dengan lingkungannya (abiotik dan
biotik)
• Dalam ecosystem akan ada aliran energy dari
matahari kedalam jejaring makanan
• Akibatnya akan ada keterkaitan antara
manusia dengan lingkungannya.
• Ini menjadi perantara masuknya kuman
kedalam kehidupan manusia
Abiotic components
• All other components excluding biotic components
• These include physical and chemical components
• These two components determine the characteristic of an
environment where the living organisms occur
• These physicochemical components are:
– Temperature
– Light
– Water
– Air
– Humidity
– Minerals
– Soils
• All of these interact each other to form the characteristic of
the environment
Abiotic components (cont …)
• Temperature
– This is the degree of heat energy
– Important parameter that determines the rate of
biochemical reactions within the body of organisms
– Important factor for living organisms in the reproduction
process.
• This is related to migration of many species of birds when they
need to reproduce
• Light
– The main source is Solar radiation
– Consists of several wavelength of light
– Three component of light required by organisms; the
wavelength, light intensity, and period of exposure
Abiotic components (cont …)
• Water
– Water is found in the solid, liquid, and gas forms
– App. 80 to 90% of the body component of living organism consists of
water
– The role of water to living organisms:
• As solvent in the metabolic pathways
• To maintain osmotic pressure of cells
• To avoid cells from dryness
• Hymidity
– This means water content of air or soils
– This is a very important factor for living organisms in order to survive
– The humidity required by organisms varied depends on the species of
those organisms.
Abiotic components (cont …)
• Air
– Air consists of several types of gas
• Nitrogen (78.9%) as a protein component
• Oxygen (20.93%) as a component in respiration process
• Carbo dioxide (0.03%) as a component in the photosynthesis
• Other gases (…%)
• Minerals
– These include ions of nitrogen, phosphorous, Sulphur,
Calcium, Sodium (Na), etc.
– These determine the soil characteristics
– Example: the content of Na+ and Cl- determine the salinity
of soils
 Abiotic components (cont …)

• Soils
– Soil is formed as a result of rocks decomposition
– This process is due to climatic changes plus decomposition
of organic materials
– Fertile soils is needed by plants and other organisms to live
– Soils have their specific characteristics, texture, and
mineral content that determine their fertility.
Inter dependency between living organisms and their
environment
• Each group of organisms (either the same or
different species) will occupy a suitable area for
them to live (called the habitat)
• Each species in this habitat will interact each other
• These species also interact with their abiotic
environment
• An example of this interdependency can be found in
a damp soil habitat
– One possible population found in this habitat is
earthworms (Pheretima sp.)
Damp soil habitat (cont …)

– This species can live there, because this habitat provides

them with suitable temperature, moisture content, and
organic content of the soil (suitable physicochemical
components)
– Besides this earthworms, other living organisms, such as
millipedes, bacteria, fungi, fern, ants, and Mosses can also
be found in this habitat (this is the biotic components of
this habitat
– How these component interact (especially the biotic
components) will be discussed later
 Interaction between living organisms and their
environment

• Introduction
– Every single species of organisms needs to interact with
their environment
– The interaction in this case occurs between living
organisms and living organism or between living organisms
and their abiotic components
– Organisms will gain their food for example from their
surrounding
– They also need their surrounding in the process of
reproduction, growth and development
– This direct and indirect interaction occurs at any level of
living organization
Introduction (cont …)

• In this lecture, the topic will be focused on:

– The interaction of living organisms with their biotic
components at the level of population (Inter individual
organism in the same species),
– The interaction of living organisms with their biotic
components at the level of community (inter population),
– and interaction between organisms with their abiotic
components at the level of ecosystem and biosphere
Interaction at the population level
• Each living organisms must have a suitable place for
them to live. This place is called their habitat.
• Organisms belong to the same species that occupy a
certain habitat are referred to as population of
organisms
– Example: Human population, ant population, Rhino
population, etc.
• The number of population that occupy a certain area
is called the density of this population in those area.
• One species can be found in some different places.
This shows the distribution of this population
Interaction at the population level
• Interaction among individual organisms within the
same species can be in the form of:
– Reproduction process (mating between male and female
organisms or hermaphrodyte organism) in animals.
– Cross fertilization among plants belong to the same
species
– Task distribution (in the mites)
– All the above statements are related to increase the
density of the population

• As the population increase, the need on the

resources for living also increase
• This will result in the competition to occur
Interaction at the population level (Cont …)

• Competition between individual organisms of the

same species is referred to as Intra-specific
competition
• This kind of competition may occur directly (fighting
to obtain resources) or indirectly (tend to use other
strategy instead of fighting)
• The result of competition:
– Mortality
– Migration of the loser
 Interaction at the community level
• This is an interaction among different population in a
certain area due to more than one population
occupy this area
• Example of an ecosystem is a pond
• In this pond, several types of population can be
found. This includes:
– Fishes - Mollusk
– Bacteria - Sometimes small insects
– Algae
– Moses
– worms
• All those population interact each other in this pond
Interaction at the community level (Cont …)

• Interaction at this level can be one of the followings:

– Predation
– Competition
– Symbiosis:
• Mutual symbiosis
• Commensal symbiosis
• Parasitism
 Interaction at the community level (Cont …)

• Predation
– One species become the food resource (Prey) for other
species (Predator)
– This also includes cannibalism
– This interaction is not limited among animal, but also
include the interaction between plant and animal
(herbivore)
• Competition
– Competition among populations is called inter-specific
competition
– This occurs if two or more different populations require
the same limited sources (food, space, etc)
 Interaction at the community level (Cont …)
• Mutual symbiosis
– Two different species live together in the same space, both
species gain benefit from this interaction
– Example: Interaction between blue green algae and fungi
(Basidiomycotina) to form lichen
• Commensalism
– Two different species live together, one of them gain
benefit, the other does not have any effects
– Example: Attachment of ‘mollusk’ on the skin of a whale
• Parasitism symbiosis
– One species gain benefit, the other is parasitised
– Example: Interaction between plasmodium and human
 Interaction between biotic and abiotic components

• Living organisms need natural resources in order to

survive
• This creates a very complex interaction between
these two components, especially at the level of
biosphere
• In the interaction, to reduce competition level on a
certain resource, each individual organism or
population of organism will form a specific function
in the biosphere or occupy the most privacy place for
them to live.
• This specific function and privacy area is called the
niche of the species.
 Interaction between biotic and abiotic components
(cont …)
• Based on their specific role in the biosphere, a
certain individual species or population may function
as:
– Producer
– Consumer
– Decomposer
– Detritivor

• Producer:
– All plant/organisms with chlorophyll
– They all have the ability to produce their own food
 Interaction between biotic and abiotic components
(cont …)
• Consumers:
– They are also called as heterothropic organisms
– These organisms rely on other organisms to fulfill their
food
– All animal including human are included in this group
• Decomposer:
– Normally microorganisms (Bacteria or fungi) function as
decomposer
– They degrade complex organic waste materials into
simpler component to gain energy
– They play in the mineral cycles
– The products of this decomposition will then be used by
the producer as organic fertilizers
 Interaction between biotic and abiotic components
(cont …)

• Detrivors
– These group of organisms gain their energy from
decomposed organic compounds (plants or animals)
– Examples: earthworms, mollusk, millipedes, ‘kutu kayu’
 Food chains and energy flow
• Introduction
– Each ecosystem has a trophic structure of feeding relationship
– This determines the pathways of energy flow and chemical cycling
– The species in a community or ecosystem have been divided by
ecologists into trophic structure based on their main sources of
nutrient
– This trophic structure consists of:
• Primary producers (this ultimately supports all other organisms, and
consist of autotroph/photosynthetic organisms)
• Primary consumers (herbivores)
• Secondary consumers (carnivores that eat herbivores)
• Tertiary consumers (carnivores that eat other carnivors)
• Higher level of consumers
• Decomposers/detritivores (they derives energy from detritus)
 Introduction (Cont …)
– All the trophic level above in an ecosystem will form a
food chain (the pathways along which food is transferred
from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with
producer)
– The length of food chain is limited by the amount of
energy that gets transferred from one level to the next
– Some ecosystems are characterized by a single,
unbranched food chain
– Several types of primary consumers usually feed on the
same plant species, and one species of primary consumer
may eat several different plants
– Such branching food chains also occurs at the other
trophic levels
– These branching food chains will then form a more
complex relationship, that is called the food webs
 Mineral cycles (Biogeochemical cycles)
• Introduction
– As discussed previously that most of the chemical energy
disappear/lost at each trophic level
– However, the energy stored as biomass at each trophic
level is not lost
– This biomass actually consists of elements that will
undergo cycles in the ecosystem
– Life on earth therefore depend on recycling of essential
chemical elements
– This cycle also occurs even while an individual organism
alive.
– Example: nutrients are absorbed and the wastes are
released, after the nutrients are processed in their body
 Mineral cycles (Biogeochemical cycles)

• Introduction (Cont …)
– All materials including living organisms are composed by
the smallest unit of elements called atom
– Especially for living organisms, when they die, all of these
element will return as simpler compound to atmosphere,
water, or soil through the action of decomposers
– The products of decomposition (inorganic nutrients) can
be used by plants or other autotroph to build new organic
matters.
– Because this nutrient cycles involves complex biotic and
abiotic components in the ecosystem, they then are called
Biogeochemical cycles
 Mineral cycles (Biogeochemical cycles)
• Introduction (cont …)
– Look at the above Figure before examining some
individual cycle!!!
• Most nutrients accumulate in 4 reservoirs, each of which is
defined by two characteristics:
– Whether the nutrients contain organics or inorganics
– Whether or not the nutrients are directly available for use by
organisms
• The first compartment of organic materials is composed of living
organisms themselves and detritus (readily available nutrients)
• The second one is fossilized deposit of once living organisms (coal,
oil, peat that cannot be assimilated directly)
• Nutrients also occur in two inorganic compartments (one are
available for use and the other are not)
 Mineral cycles (Biogeochemical cycles)

• In this lesson we will study the water cycle and three

important element cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, and
phosphorous cycles)
• Bear in mind that chemical cycle in the ecosystem
depends on both biological and geological processes
Water Cycle
 Gangguan pada Ekosistem
• Bila terjadi gangguan pada ekosistem, maka
keseimbangan akan bergeser (HK
Thermodinamika)
• Gangguan apa saja yang dapat terjadi?
Recycling Aluminum Cans
In an effort to conserve nonrenewable natural
resources, many industries and individuals
recycle waste aluminum. At this collection
point, the Alcoa Recycling Company in New
Jersey processes aluminum cans into large
bales.
Earth Summit, 1992
The United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development, also
called the Earth Summit, was held for
12 days in June 1992. Representatives
from 178 countries attended the
summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In this
photo then-United States senator and
vice-presidential candidate Al Gore
addressed the audience.
Host Agent Penyebab

Faktor Lingkungan
 Bahan Diskusi
• Analisis apa yang akan terjadi bila terjadi
perubahan-perubahan pada peradaban
manusia yang berdampak pada gangguan
pada ekosistem seperti yang ditunjukkan pada
gambar sebelumnya!
• Kaitkan diskusi anda dengan zoonosis!