Disusun Oleh:
Felicia Saraswati 1765050407
Nadya Kharisma Amira 186505000
Keluhan Utama :
Pasien datang dibawa keluarga ke IGD RS UKI dengan
keluhan : demam, batuk-batuk berdahak, sesak, mual,
BAK dan BAB tidak ada keluhan
Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu
● Diabetes Mellitus tipe II
● Chronic Kidney Disease stage V (on HD)
● Chronic Heart Failure NYHA IV ec HHD
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Mata : Mata cekung (-/-), konjungtiva anemis (+/+), sklera ikterik (-/-)
Telinga : Normotia, liang telinga lapang, secret -/-, serumen +/+
minimal
Hidung : sekret +/+ minimal, septum deviasi (-), pernafasan cuping
hidung (-)
Tonsil : T1/T1, tidak hiperemis
TORAKS ABDOMEN EKSTREM
MCV 91 / fl 82 – 92 fL
MCH 31 / pg 27-31 pg
MCHC 35 g/dl 32-36 g/dL
Anemia
Leukositosis
Shift to the Left
GDS 465 mg/dl (H) <200 mg/dl Hiperglikemia
Uremia
Ureum 105 mg/dl (H) 15-45 Azotemia
Hiponatremia
Creatinine 3.11 mg/dl (H) 0.6-0.9
Saturasi O2 90.8
Konsentrasi O2 10.4
Rapid Test Anti-SARS Cov2 Non-Reaktif
● Ketoasidosis Diabetikum
● Chronic Kidney Disease stage V (on HD)
● Chronic Heart Failure NYHA IV ec HHD
● Community Acquired Pneumonia CURB 65 3 points
● Hipertensi gr I
Planning
IGD
● furosemide 2 ampul (IV)
● o2 nasal canule 8lpm
Bangsal
● IVFD : SP Lasik 15mg/jam
● Diet : NGT SV 6x50cc
● pasang DC dan NGT
● restriksi cairan +/- 200cc/hari
● Mm/
○ moxifloxacin 1x400mg
○ bicnat 3x1000mg
○ SP novorapid 2U/jam
P/ sementara puasa.
NGT
Injek plug : - drip furosemide 1mg/jam
- NTG 5 mcg/menit
- Meropenem 3x1gram
05/11/2020 ICU
S/ Penurunan Kesadaran
O/ KU : tampak sakit berat TD : 133/82mmHg RR : 18 kali/menit
Kes : E2, M4, Vx Nadi : 113 x / menit suhu: 36,4oc SpO2 : 100%
Terpasang ETT on ventilator mode : VSIM/vip 7 FIO2 50%, Vt : 480, RR : 10, PS 10
Airway :
- snoring (-)
- gargling (-)
- stridor (-)
Breathing :
I : Simetris
P : Krepitasi
P : sonor / sonor
A : BND vesikuler, rh +/+, wh -/-
Circulation :
- akaral hangat, CRT <2 detik, edema (ekstremitas atas +/+ ekstremitas bawah +/+)
Disability :
RCL +/+ RCTL +/+
Reflek Fisiologis +/+, Reflek Patologis (-), Lateralisasi (-)
A/
1. Gagal nafas tipe 1 e.c Pneumonia
2. Sepsis e.c Pneuminia
3. ADHF
4. ACKD dengan overload
5. DM tipe 2 dengan hiperglikemia
P/ sementara puasa.
NGT
Injek plug : - drip furosemide 1mg/jam
- NTG 5 mcg/menit
- Meropenem 3x1gram
Ureum 54 mg/dl (H) [15-45]
Albumin
Indikasi Ventilator: GDS 61 mg/dl [<200]
PF : apneu/takipneu
(tidak responsif AGD Pukul 7:12 Pukul 13.2
dengan suplementasi
O2)
pH 7.396 pH 7.471 (H)
Hipoksemia
PCO2 33.0 (L) PCO2 28.6 (L)
(PO2<50mmghg)
dengan atau tanpa
BE -3.2 (L) BE -1.4(L)
hipercarbia HCO3 20.5 (L) HCO3 21.1
(PCO2>50mmgg) PO2 44 (L) PO2 163.9
Assesment
● Ketoasidosis Diabetikum
● Chronic Kidney Disease stage V (on HD)
● Chronic Heart Failure NYHA IV ec HHD
● Community Acquired Pneumonia CURB 65 3 points
● Hipertensi gr I
Planning
● IVFD : SP Lasik 15mg/jam
● Diet : NGT SV 6x50cc
● pasang DC dan NGT
● restriksi cairan +/- 200cc/hari
● Mm/
○ moxifloxacin 1x400mg
○ bicnat 3x1000mg
○ SP novorapid 2U/jam
TEMUAN KLINIS Kontak (+), Airway Kontak (+), Airway Kontak (+), Airway
Clear, Breathing Clear, Breathing: Clear, Breathing:
pergerakan dinding pergerakan dinding pergerakan dinding
dada simetris, BND dada simetris, BND dada simetris, BND
vesikuler, rh +/+, vesikuler, rhonki vesikuler, rhonki
Circulation: edema +/+, Circulation: +/+, Circulation:
+/+/+/+, Lateralisasi edema +/+/+/+, edema +/+/+/+,
(-), R.Fisiologis +/+, Lateralisasi (-), Lateralisasi (-),
R.Patologis(-) R.Fisiologis +/+, R.Fisiologis +/+,
R.Patologis(-) R.Patologis(-)
JUMAT 6/11/20 SABTU 7/11/20 MINGGU 8/11/20
INPUT
OUTPUT
AGD
JUMAT 6/11/20 SABTU 7/11/20 MINGGU 8/11/20
TEMUAN KLINIS Kontak (+), Airway Kontak (+), Airway Kontak (+), Airway
Clear, Breathing: I: Clear, Breathing: Clear, Breathing:
pergerakan dinding
dada asimetris, dada
pergerakan dinding pergerakan dinding
kiri tertinggal, P: dada simetris, dada simetris,
krepitasi (-), P: rhonki +/+, rhonki +/+,
sonor/redup, A: paru kiri Circulation: edema Circulation: edema
tidak terdengar bising -/-/-/-, Lateralisasi -/-/-/-, Lateralisasi
napas, paru kanan rh +, (-), R.Fisiologis +/+, (-), R.Fisiologis +/+,
Circulation: edema
-/-/-/-, Lateralisasi (-),
R.Patologis(-) R.Patologis(-)
R.Fisiologis +/+,
R.Patologis(-)
SENIN 9/11/20 SELASA 10/11/20 RABU 11/11/20
INPUT
OUTPUT
Hemoglobin
Leukosit
Trombosit
Ureum
Creatinine
Albumin
RR 14 kali/menit 17 kali/menit
INPUT
OUTPUT
Trombosit 179
Albumin
WHO,2011. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity, pp. 1-6.
Gejala Klinik Umum : Tanda Klinik Umum:
● Fatigue ● Kulit pucat
● Lemah ● Takikardi
● Palpitasi ● Hepatomegali
● Tinnitus ● Splenomegali
● Konsentrasi menurun
● Kulit pucat
● Sesak napas
● Presinkop
Tatalaksana Anemia
Contoh:
■ Penurunan PaCO2
■ Gejala: takipneu, parastesi sekitar mulut, kesemutan
dan baal pd jari tgn/kaki, bila berat🡪 tdk bs konsentrasi,
sinkop
■ Penatalaksanaan : pemberian O2 dan terapi penyakit
dasar
Etiologi
PaCO2 Darah Ventilasi
Diabetes mellitus 44 %
Tipe 1 (7%)
Tipe 2 (37%)
Stanford Health Issue Date: 05/2017. Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Antibiotic Guide.
Antibiotic selection options for healthcare associated and/or
immunocompromised patients
• Aztreonam 2g IV q8h
• If fluoroquinolone allergy: Azithromycin 500mg IV Q24H plus Tobramycin 7mg/kg IV Q24H - if at risk of P. aeruginosa infection
Stanford Health Issue Date: 05/2017. Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Antibiotic Guide.
Immobilisasi
Imobilisasi pada penyakit kritis / geriatri
Immobilization may cause various systemic complications which will lead the elderly into a terminal
state and death, particularly if that condition has been ignored without any appropriate and proper
medical care in keeping with the procedures. Death that frequently occurs in elderly with immobilization
is usually caused by pulmonary embolism.
Laksmi, et.al. Management of immobilization and its complication for elderly. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2008:40(4);233-40.
Pencegahan DVT & PE
Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Hospitalization and immobilization increases
the risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary emboli, especially in high-risk patients (e.g.,
with obesity, cancer, previous DVT, age >65). DVT prophylaxis will be warranted according to the
guidelines published by the American College of Chest Physicians.
All geriatric patients are considered high risk, so they should receive DVT prophylaxis with either
subcutaneous unfractionated heparin three times daily or low-molecular-weight heparin once daily.
Laksmi, et.al. Management of immobilization and its complication for elderly. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2008:40(4);233-40.
Pencegahan DVT & PE
Other available methods: exercising the extremities and joint movement, either active or passive, as
tolerated by the patient; foot elevation placed at a 15-20° with knee in slight flexion position; sliding
down the bed or flat bed; avoid sitting on the chair during early post-operative period; apply the anti-
phlebitis elastic stocking for patients with varices or history of phlebitis; post-operative regular exercise,
i.e. walking in a short time period.
Laksmi, et.al. Management of immobilization and its complication for elderly. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2008:40(4);233-40.
Pencegahan Ulkus Dekubitus
Preventing pressure ulcer by frequent repositioning as many as possible
Repositioning the patient’s back position, i.e. turning the position at the angle of 30o to the matress,
alternately to the left or right side, and supine position in every 2-3 hours for high-risked patients and 2-
4 times daily for patients with lower risk. Using protective padding include pillows placed between
extremities, lower back and arm-supporting pad to maintain the optimal position, preventing contact
within bony prominence, extremities or with the matress; elevating the heels of the matress and
supporting the patient on lateral side position at 30o angle.
Laksmi, et.al. Management of immobilization and its complication for elderly. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2008:40(4);233-40.
Tinjauan Pustaka :
Assesments pada Pasien
Pneumonia
Definisi
• Anamnesis
Gambaran klinik biasanya ditandai dengan demam, menggigil, suhu
tubuh meningkat dapat melebihi 400C, batuk dengan dahak mukoid
atau purulen kadang-kadang disertai darah, sesak napas dan nyeri
dada.
• Pemeriksaan fisik
Temuan pemeriksaan fisis dada tergantung dari luas lesi di paru.
Pada inspeksi dapat terlihat bagian yang sakit tertinggal waktu
bernapas, pasa palpasi fremitus dapat mengeras, pada perkusi
redup, pada auskultasi terdengar suara napas bronkovesikuler
sampai bronkial yang mungkin disertai ronki basah halus, yang
kemudian menjadi ronki basah kasar pada stadium resolusi
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
● Gambaran Radiologis
○ Gambaran radiologis dapat berupa infiltrat sampai konsolidasi dengan " air
broncogram", penyebab bronkogenik dan interstisial serta gambaran kaviti.
○ Foto toraks saja tidak dapat secara khas menentukan penyebab pneumonia,
hanya merupakan petunjuk ke arah diagnosis etiologi, misalnya gambaran
pneumonia lobaris tersering disebabkan oleh Steptococcus pneumoniae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa sering memperlihatkan infiltrat bilateral atau gambaran
bronkopneumonia sedangkan Klebsiela pneumonia sering menunjukkan
konsolidasi yang terjadi pada lobus atas kanan meskipun dapat mengenai
beberapa lobus.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
● Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
○ Pada pemeriksaan labolatorium terdapat peningkatan
jumlah leukosit, biasanya lebih dari 10.000/ul kadang-
kadang mencapai 30.000/ul, dan pada hitungan jenis
leukosit terdapat pergeseran ke kiri serta terjadi peningkatan
LED. Untuk menentukan diagnosis etiologi diperlukan
pemeriksaan dahak, kultur darah dan serologi. Kultur darah
dapat positif pada 20- 25% penderita yang tidak diobati.
Analisis gas darah menunjukkan hipoksemia dan hikarbia,
pada stadium lanjut dapat terjadi asidosis respiratorik.
Pneumonia Severity Indek(PSI)/PORT Score
● Efusi Pleura
● Empiema
● Abses Paru
● Pneumothoraks
● Gagal Napas
● Sepsis
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
(CHF)
DEFINISI GAGAL JANTUNG
● Diuretik: Furosemid oral / IV bila tanda dan gejala kongesti masih ada, dengan
dosis 1 mg/kg BB atau lebih
● ACE inhibitor (atau ARB bila batuk) bila tidak ada kontra indikasi; dosis
dinaikan bertahap sampai dosis optimal tercapai
● Beta blocker dosis kecil bila tidak ada kontra indikasi, dosis naik bertahap Bila
dosis sudah optimal tetapi laju nadi masih cepat (>70x/menit), dengan:
Klasifikasi Deskripsi
KEBUTUHAN KALORI
○ Menentukan jumlah kalori yang dibutuhkan untuk penyandang DM
■ Perhitungkan kebutuhan kalori basal : 25-30 kal/kgBB ideal.
Obat
Antihiperglikemia
Suntik
Kom
Insulin Agonis GLP-1 insu
Obat Antihiperglikemia Suntik (INSULIN)
● Diagnosis hipertensi
ditegakkan bila TDS > 140
mmHg dan/atau TDD > 90
mmHg pada pengukuran di
klinik atau fasilitas layanan
kesehatan. (INASH, 2019)
● Hypertension be diagnosed
when a person’s systolic
blood pressure (SBP) in the
office or clinic is ≥140 mm
Hg and/or their diastolic
◦ JNC 8, 2014
Terapi Non Farmakologis