CABANG-CABANG TOKSIKOLOGI

DOSEN PENGAMPU : apt.MUSTIKA FURI,M.Si

KELOMPOK 2 NIM
ADY SUTRISNO 1801084
BEATRIX EVALIN TAMBUNAN 2001188
NABILA INDAH SARI 2001197
ADINDA ABIA UTAMI 1901001
CINDY ANGGREINI NAPITUPULU 1901006
FENNY MEILIANI 1901012
MERRY MEILANI 1901019
RESSI OKTAMARA DIWA 1901030
RIZQIA I’ZZA RAHMAH 1901031
SILVIANA 1901034
Pokok Pembahasan
01 Definisi Toksikologi

02 Istilah Toksikologi

03 Cabang-cabang Toksikologi
 Definisi Toksikologi

Toksikologi adalah ilmu yang menetapkan batas aman

dari bahan kimia. Selain itu toksikologi juga
mempelajari jelas/kerusakan/cedera pada organisme
(hewan, tumbuhan, manusia) yang di akibatkan oleh
suatu materi substansi/energi, mempelajari racun, tidak
saja efeknya, tetapi juga mekanisme terjadinya efek
tersebut pada organisme dan mempelajari kerja kimia
yang merugikan terhadap organisme.
(Casarett and Doulls, 1995)
 Istilah Toksikologi
Toksikan
01 Substansi toksik yang diproduksi oleh aktifitas manusia

Toksin/Racun
02 Zat yang dalam dosis kecil dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada jaringan hidup
(Sax, 1957)
Semua zat pada hakekatnya adalah racun, dosisnyalah yang membedakan
racun dari obat (Paracelcus, 1493-1541)

Toksisitas
03 Kemampuan suatu zat kimia/xenobiotic dalam menimbulkan
kerusakan pada organisme baik saat digunakan atau saat berada di
lingkungan

04
Xenobiotik
Diartikan sebagai bahan asing bagi tubuh organisme,
antara lain adalah racun.
 Cabang-cabang Ilmu Toksikologi

2. Toksikologi
zat yang 3. Toksikologi
1. Toksikologi 4. Toksikologi 5. Toksikologi 6. Toksikologi
menimbulkan bahan
obat pestisida lingkungan aksidental
ketergantungan makanan

7. Toksikologi 8. Toksikologi 9. Toksikologi 10. Toksikologi 11. Toksikologi

industri perang forensik sinar regulatori

12. Toksikologi 13. Toksologi 14. Toksikologi 15. Toksikologi 16.Toksikologi

dekriptif klinik analitik mekanistik ekonomi
 1. Toksikologi Obat

Uji toksisitas sangatlah diperlukan
untuk menilai keamanan suatu obat.
hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari
adanya efek negatif yang timbul bagi
kesehatan, baik efek secara langsung
maupun di masa depan.
Salah satu organ pada tubuh manusia
yang sangat penting adalah hepar, hepar
memiliki fungsi untuk memetabolisme
semua jenis bahan obat serta bahan-
bahan asing yang masuk ke tubuh
manusia.
 2. Toksikologi zat yang menimbulkan ketergantungan

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Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang penggunaan suatu zat

yang menimbulkan ketergantungan akibat pemakaian
yang berlebihan dan tidak sesuai dengan anjuran dokter.

antara merokok dan kanker paru-paru dan

penyalahgunaan berbagai zat piskoaktif, seperti misalnya
LDS, heronia, marihuana dan alcohol
 3. Toksikologi bahan makanan
Toksin yang ada pada makanan dapat menyebabkan
peristiwa keracunan. keracunan makanan selain
disebabkan adanya toksin dan kontaminasi, dapat pula
dipicu oleh adanya senyawa anti gizi dan penggunaan
bahan aditif makanan.

Toksikologi bahan makanan menguji bahan makanan (termasuk

air minum) terhadap kemungkinan adanya zat berbahaya yang
dikandungnya, misalnya zat warna atau zat pengawet, zat
pengikat, korigensia rasa, sisa antibiotika, ion logam berat, zat
pelindung tanaman, atau zat pengelantang.
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4. TOKSIKOLOGI
PESTISIDA

Penggunaan yang tak terkontrol misalnya

akan menyebabkan pestisida terus
menerus dalam jumlah kecil akan masuk
bersama makanan dimana-mana kadang-
kadang pestisida tersebut sulit
dieliminasi.

mengupayakan pestisida yang

digunakan bermanfaat pada
manusia dan tidak merugikan
manusia.
 5. Toksikologi
Lingkungan

Studi toksikologi lingkungan terkait dengan

pertanyaan bagaimana toksikan lingkungan, melalui
interaksinya dengan manusia, hewan, dan tanaman,
memengaruhi kesehatan dan keselamatan organisme
hidup tersebut (Yu, 2005: 1).

Dapat dikatakan, toksikologi lingkungan

adalah suatu cabang ilmu yang mempelajari
sifat, penyebaran dan perilaku zat racun
(polutan) di dalam lingkungan, serta
efeknya terhadap flora, fauna dan manusia
(Sudarjat & Siska Rasiska, 2006: 1).
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6. TOKSIKOLOGI
AKSIDENTAL

Toksikologi aksidental berupa

keracunan pada zat yang
berbahaya yang dikonsumsi
dengan sengaja atau tidak
disengaja.
7. TOKSIKOLOGI
INDUSTRI
- Toksikologi industri adalah cabang ilmu dalam Bidang
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja yang mempelajari
efek bahaya zat kimia pada sistem biologi.
- Kajian toksikologi meliputi: studi quantitatif tentang efek
bahaya zat kimia dan zat fisika, sifat dan aksinya racun,
dan gangguan kesehatan yang ditimbulkan pada manusia
dan hewan. penggunaan bahan kimia ini disamping
menghasilkan produk yang bermanfaat tetapi juga
memberikan dampak bagi kesehatan manusia
Racun rumah tangga dan obat-obatan yang menimbulkan keracunan (menurut moeschlin) :
Dosis yang dapat mematikan untuk anak-anak
Toksikan usia 1-3 tahun
a. Racun rumah tangga  
Bensin 10-15 ml
Penghilang noda 10-15 ml
Basa 5-10 ml
Minyak bumi 10-15 ml
Ester asam fosfat Beberapa tetes
Asam 10-15 ml
Terpentin 10-15 ml
Taliumsulfat Beberapa butir
Rokok 1 batang
b. Obat-obatan  
Analgetika (antipiretika) 2-3 tablet
Antiepileptika 1-2 tablet
Antihistaminika 1-2 tablet
Antihipertensiva 2-3 tablet
Antitusiva 100 ml sirup
Senyawa barbiturate bayi 2 g
  anak kecil 5-6 g
Sedative 1-2 tablet
Timoleptika 3 tablet
8. TOKSIKOLOGI PERANG

Toksikologi perang merupakan

identifkasi penggunaan
senjata untuk perang, berupa :
- Senjata nuklir : menangani
senjata yang mempunyai
reactor nuklir dan radio aktif
- Gas air mata
9. TOKSIKOLOGI FORENSIK
Toksikologi forensik adalah penggunaan
toksikologi dan disiplin ilmu lainnya
seperti kimia analisis, farmakologi dan
kimia klinik untuk tujuan penyelidikan
hukum atau medis kasus kematian,
keracunan, dan penggunaan obat.
- Identifikasi perdangan obat terlarang
- Identifikasi racun dari bedah mayat
yang dicurigai sebagai penyebab
terjadinya kesakitan atau kematian dari
korban
Jenis bahan racun dan gejala yang timbul pada penderita keracunan
Bahan kimia toksin Gejala
Asam : nitrat, hidroklorat, sulfat rasa terbakar sekitar mulut, bibir dan hidung
Aniline : hipnotik, nitrobenzene kulit muka dan leher menjadi gelap
Arsenik : metal, merkuri, tembaga diare, profus (terus menerus)
Atrofin (belladonna), scolpolamine Pupil mata dilatasi
Basa (KOH, hidroksi ) rasa terbakar sekitar mulut, bibir dan hidung
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04

Sodium fluoride (NaF) Kejang- kejang

strychnine kejang-kejang, kulit muka dan leher berwarna
gelap
10. TOKSIKOLOGI SINAR

Toksikologi sinar menangani senjata-senjata yang

mempunyai reactor nuklir, radio aktif.
 11. TOKSIKOLOGI REGULOTORI

Cabang ilmu toksikologi yang

menggunakan pengetahuan ilmiah
untuk mengembangkan peraturan dan
Toksikologi Regulator: Merupakan bagian ilmu yang strategi lain untuk mengurangi dan
bertanggung jawab dalam memutuskan terhadap data yang mengendalikan paparan bahan kimia
didapat berdasarkan hasil dari deskriptif dan mekanistik berbahaya
dalam menentukan ketoksikan suatu zat.
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