Pembimbing
Dr. Nani Zaitun, Sp.PD
Peningkatan set-point
hipotalamus
Aspirin
Inhibisi
Asam
COX
arakidonat
PGE2
WS Inhibisi
Heat-loss
thermoeffectors Neurons Aktivasi
CS Heat-gain
Neurons thermoeffectors
• Sebuah stressor tubuh (misalnya, infeksi, cedera, trauma) menstimulasi limfosit untuk melepaskan sitokin dan merangsang
hipotalamus
• Di dalam hipotalamus, terjadi pengaktifan siklooksigenase (COX), yang mengkatalisis pembentukan prostaglandin (PGE 2).
• Zat mirip hormon ini menghasilkan demam dengan mengaktifkan neuron sensitif dingin (cold-sensitive, CS) dan menghambat
neuron sensitif hangat (warm-sensitive, WS).
Ogoina D. Fever, fever patterns and diseases called ‘fever’ – A review. Journal of Infection and Public Health 2011;4:108–24. 6
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.05.002.
Demam Berdasarkan Suhu
Ogoina D. Fever, fever patterns and diseases called ‘fever’ – A review. Journal of Infection and Public Health 2011;4:108–24. 7
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.05.002.
Pola demam
Lorenzi OD, Acosta H, García-Gubern C, Santiago LM, Galarza IE, Peñaranda S, et al. Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance in a Tertiary Hospital
Emergency Department: Comparison of Influenza and Dengue Virus Infections. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2013;88:472– 11
80. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0373.
Joshi S, Immanuel G, Arulrhaj S, Tiwaskar M, Vora A, Samevadam S. Roadmap for the management of acute undifferentiated febrile illness: an expert 12
discussion and review of available guidelines. J Assoc Physicians India. 2021;69:78-84.
5 kelompok penyakit prominent
pada AUFI (Acute undifferentiated febrile illness)
Nama penyakit / Patogen yang berperan Insidensi terhadap AUFI
Kelompok penyakit
Malaria Termasuk semua malaria Semua tipe: 5 – 50% kasus
karena Plasmodium
falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P.
malariae, P. knowlesi
Infeksi arboviral Dengue, chikungunya, Dengue: 4 – 19% kasus
Japanese encephalitis, Zika
virus, yellow fever
Enteric fever Terjadi karena Salmonella 7 – 30% kasus
enterica serovar typhi dan
paratyphi A, B, C
Infeksi spirochaeta Leptospirosis dan tick-borne Leptospirosis: 3 – 10% kasus
atau louse-borne relapsing
fever
Infeksi rickettsial Scrub typhus, murine typhus, Scrub typhus: 4 – 19% kasus
spotted fevers
Joshi S, Immanuel G, Arulrhaj S, Tiwaskar M, Vora A, Samevadam S. Roadmap for the management of acute undifferentiated febrile illness: an expert 13
discussion and review of available guidelines. J Assoc Physicians India. 2021;69:78-84.
Malaria
• Penyebab Malaria adalah parasit Plasmodium yang
ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk anopheles
betina.
• Dikenal 5 (lima) macam spesies yaitu: Plasmodium
falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale,
Plasmodium malariae dan Plasmodium knowlesi.
14
Ditjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit KEMENKES RI. Buku Saku Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria. 2017
Gejala malaria
• Gejala demam tergantung jenis malaria.
• Sifat demam akut (paroksismal) yang didahului
oleh stadium dingin (menggigil) diikuti demam
tinggi kemudian berkeringat banyak.
• Gejala klasik ini biasanya ditemukan pada
penderita non imun (berasal dari daerah non
endemis).
• Selain gejala klasik di atas, dapat ditemukan
gejala lain seperti nyeri kepala, mual, muntah,
diare, pegal-pegal, dan nyeri otot .
• Gejala tersebut biasanya terdapat pada orang-
orang yang tinggal di daerah endemis (imun).
• Ditjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit KEMENKES RI. Buku Saku Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria. 2017 15
• Malarial Fever. (2018). Retrieved 25 November 2021, from https://www.malariasite.com/malarial-fever/
Diagnosis Malaria
• Diagnosis malaria ditegakkan seperti diagnosis penyakit
lainnya berdasarkan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan
pemeriksaan laboratorium.
• Untuk malaria berat diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan
kriteria WHO
16
Ditjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit KEMENKES RI. Buku Saku Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria. 2017
Diagnosis Malaria Berat
Ditemukannya Plasmodium falciparum stadium aseksual dengan minimal
satu dari manifestasi klinis atau didapatkan temuan hasil laboratorium
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for Prevention and Control of
Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Revised and expanded edition. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 18
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894
Infeksi Virus Dengue – Dengue Fever (DF)
Tanda dan Gejala Laboratoris
• Periode inkubasi 4 – 6 hari • Leukopenia (neutrofil ≤
• Demam dengan 2 dari gejala 5 ribu/mm3
berikut:
• Trombositopenia (< 150
• Nyeri kepala
• Nyeri retro-orbital
rinu/mm3)
• Mialgia • Peningkatan hematokrit
• Arthralgia (5 – 10%)
• Rash
• Tidak ada bukti plasma
• Manifestasi perdarahan
loss
• Tidak ada bukti kebocoran
plasma (plasma leakage)
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for Prevention and Control of
Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Revised and expanded edition. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 19
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894
Perjalanan klinis infeksi virus dengue
Assir, Muhammad Zaman Khan. (2011). Guidelines For Clinical Case Management Of Dengue Fever/ Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/ 20
Dengue Shock Syndrome 2011 In Pakistan Context.
Infeksi Virus Dengue – Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for Prevention and Control of
Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Revised and expanded edition. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 21
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894
Diagnosis DF dan DHF
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for Prevention and Control of
Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Revised and expanded edition. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 22
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for Prevention and Control of
Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Revised and expanded edition. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 23
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894
Chikungunya
• Virus Chikungunya (CHIKV)
adalah alphavirus yang
ditularkan melalui arthropoda
yang termasuk dalam famili
Togaviridae yang ditularkan
oleh nyamuk Aedes.
• Ojeda Rodriguez JA, Haftel A, Walker, III JR. Chikungunya Fever. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021
Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534224/ 24
• Couderc T, Lecuit M. Chikungunya virus pathogenesis: From bedside to bench. Antiviral Research 2015;121:120–31.
Chikungunya
Umum Jarang Jarang pada dewasa tetapi
kadang terlihat pada anak
Fotophobia
Rash
Demam Nyeri retro-orbital
Stomatitis
Arthralgia Muntah
Ulkus mulut
Nyeri punggung Diare
Hiperpigmentasi
Nyeri kepala Meningeal sindrom
Dermatitis exfoliata
Ensefalopati akut
Other spotted fever group rickettsial infections. (2021). Retrieved 25 November 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/other-spotted-fever-group-rickettsial- 27
infections?search=rickettsia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~94&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Penegakan diagnosis
• Penegakan diagnosis laboratorium berdasarkan
pada penemuan rickettsia pada jaringan atau darah
• Pengecatan jaringan yang terinfeksi dapat dilakukan
dengan pengecatan Machiavello, Castaneda atau
Giemsa
• Diagnosis konfirmasi dilakukan berdasarkan reaksi
serologi (reaksi Weil-Felix)
• Tes antibodi secara tidak langsung menggunakan
fluorescent untuk mendeteksi antibodi IgM dan IgG
terhadap rickettsia
• Pramestuti N. Rickettsia. BALABA. 2011;7(01):29-30.
• Snowden J, Ladd M, King KC. Rickettsial Infection. [Updated 2021 Jul 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: 28
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431127/
Algoritma Diagnosis dan Manajemen AUFI
Joshi S, Immanuel G, Arulrhaj S, Tiwaskar M, Vora A, Samevadam S. Roadmap for the management of acute undifferentiated febrile illness: an expert 29
discussion and review of available guidelines. J Assoc Physicians India. 2021;69:78-84.
Joshi S, Immanuel G, Arulrhaj S, Tiwaskar M, Vora A, Samevadam S. Roadmap for the management of acute undifferentiated febrile illness: an expert 30
discussion and review of available guidelines. J Assoc Physicians India. 2021;69:78-84.
Referensi
1. Fever | Concise Medical Knowledge. (2020). Retrieved 25 November 2021, from
https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/fever/
2. Ogoina D. Fever, fever patterns and diseases called ‘fever’ – A review. Journal of Infection and Public Health
2011;4:108–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.05.002.
3. Lorenzi OD, Acosta H, García-Gubern C, Santiago LM, Galarza IE, Peñaranda S, et al. Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance
in a Tertiary Hospital Emergency Department: Comparison of Influenza and Dengue Virus Infections. The American
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2013;88:472–80. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0373.
4. Assir, Muhammad Zaman Khan. (2011). Guidelines For Clinical Case Management Of Dengue Fever/
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/ Dengue Shock Syndrome 2011 In Pakistan Context.
5. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for
Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Revised and expanded
edition. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894
6. Ditjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit KEMENKES RI. Buku Saku Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria. 2017
7. Malarial Fever. (2018). Retrieved 25 November 2021, from https://www.malariasite.com/malarial-fever/
8. Joshi S, Immanuel G, Arulrhaj S, Tiwaskar M, Vora A, Samevadam S. Roadmap for the management of acute
undifferentiated febrile illness: an expert discussion and review of available guidelines. J Assoc Physicians India.
2021;69:78-84.
9. Pramestuti N. Rickettsia. BALABA. 2011;7(01):29-30.
10. Snowden J, Ladd M, King KC. Rickettsial Infection. [Updated 2021 Jul 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island
(FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431127/
11. Other spotted fever group rickettsial infections. (2021). Retrieved 25 November 2021, from
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/other-spotted-fever-group-rickettsial-infections?search=rickettsia&source=sea
rch_result&selectedTitle=1~94&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
31