AND
NUTRITI
ON
March, 2023
NUTRITION
FOODS
NUTRIENTS
HEALTH
METABOLI
SM
NUTRIENTS
Macronutrients Micronutrients
Makronutrien Mikronutrien
⚬Karbohidrat ⚬Vitamin (Vitamin yang
⚬Lipid larut dalam lemak :
⚬Protein A,D,E,K dan vitamin yang
larut dalam air : B,C)
⚬Mineral (Mineral utama :
Na,K,Ca,Mg,P dan unsur
jejak : Fe,Zn,I,Mn,Se,Mo,
Cr
NUTRIENTS FUNCTIONS
• Simpel Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides (1 sugar unit) : glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides (2 sugar units) : lactose, sucrose, maltose
• Complex Carbohydrate
Oligosaccharides (3-10 sugar units) : raffinose, stachyose, verbacose
Polysaccharides (>10 sugar units) : starch, glycogen, dietary fiber
KARBOHIDRAT
• Simpel Karbohidrat
Monosakarida (1 unit gula): glukosa, fruktosa, galaktosa
Disakarida (2 unit gula): laktosa, sukrosa, maltosa
• Karbohidrat Kompleks
Oligosakarida (3-10 unit gula): raffinose, stachyose, verbacose
Polisakarida (>10 unit gula): pati, glikogen, serat makanan
Glucose + Glucose
Glukosa + Glukosa
Digestion of Carbohydrate
Pencernaan Karbohidrat
Energy Metabolism
• Glycolysis (aerobic or anaerobic)
• Krebs Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle)
• Oxidative Phosphorilation (Electron Transport Chain)
Metabolisme energi
• Glikolisis (aerobik atau anaerobik)
• Siklus Krebs (Siklus Asam Trikarboksilat atau Siklus Asam Sitrat)
• Fosforilasi Oksidatif (Rantai Transpor Elektron)
GLYCOLY
SIS
GLIKOLISI
S
KREBS
CYCLE
SIKLUS
KREBS
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Fosforilasi
oksidatif
aspartate
chain
aspartat
rantai
FATS
• Proteins are found throughout the body, with over 40% of body
protein found in skeletal muscle, over 25% found in body organs,
and the rest found mostly in the skin and blood.
• Proteins are cellular and extracellular constituents and play a
crucial part in most biological processes. Proteins have a role in :
structure (e.g. collagen, actin, myosin); biochemical reactions
(enzymes); transport (e.g. hemoglobin); immune responses
(immunoglobulins, CRP); the translation process (e.g. histones)
• Proteins are continuosly produced and broken down, each at
specific rates but varying depending on conditions such as
starvation, stress and undernutrition.
PROTEIN
• Protein ditemukan di seluruh tubuh, dengan lebih dari 40% protein
tubuh ditemukan di otot rangka, lebih dari 25% ditemukan di organ
tubuh, dan sisanya sebagian besar ditemukan di kulit dan darah.
• Protein adalah konstituen seluler dan ekstraseluler dan memainkan
peran penting dalam sebagian besar proses biologis. Protein
berperan dalam : struktur (misalnya kolagen, aktin, miosin); reaksi
biokimia (enzim); transportasi (misalnya hemoglobin); respon imun
(imunoglobulin, CRP); proses penerjemahan (misalnya histones)
• Protein diproduksi dan dipecah secara terus-menerus, masing-
masing pada tingkat tertentu tetapi bervariasi tergantung pada
kondisi seperti kelaparan, stres, dan kekurangan gizi.
• Proteins are ‘strings’ of amino acids (peptides) folded into a three-
dimensional structure.
• Structurally, all amino acids have a central carbon (C), at least one
amino group (-NH2), at least one carboxy acid group (-COOH),
and a side chain (R group) that makes each amino acid unique.
• 1 gram of protein produces about 4 kcal of energy
• Daily protein requirement is about 1 gr/BW/day
• Protein adalah 'untaian' asam amino (peptida) yang dilipat menjadi
struktur tiga dimensi.
• Secara struktural, semua asam amino memiliki karbon pusat (C),
setidaknya satu gugus amino (-NH2), setidaknya satu gugus asam
karboksi (-COOH), dan rantai samping (gugus R) yang membuat
setiap asam amino unik.
• 1 gram protein menghasilkan energi sekitar 4 kkal
• Kebutuhan protein harian sekitar 1 gr/BB/hari
Classification of Amino Acids
• Side Chain
Aliphatic : glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine
Hydroxylic (OH) group : Serine, threonine
Sulfur atom : cysteine, methionine
Acidic group/amide : aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine
Basic group : arginine, lysine, histidine
Aromatic ring : phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan
Imino acid : proline
Amino acid formed posttranslationally : cystine, hydroxylisine, hydroxyproline, 3-metilhistidine
Klasifikasi Asam Amino
• Rantai samping
Alifatik : glisin, alanin, valin, leusin, isoleusin
Gugus hidroksilat (OH): Serin, treonin
Atom belerang : sistein, metionin
Gugus asam/amida : asam aspartat, asam glutamat, asparagin, glutamin
Kelompok dasar : arginin, lisin, histidin
Cincin aromatik : fenilalanin, tirosin, triptofan
Asam imino : prolin
Asam amino yang terbentuk pasca translasi : sistin, hidroksilisin, hidroksiprolin, 3-metilhistidin
Classification of Amino Acids
• Polarity
Polar neutral : cysteine, glutamine, serine, threonine, asparagin
Polar charged : arginine, lysine, histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid
Nonpolar neutral : alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, proline, valine
Relatively nonpolar : phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine
Klasifikasi Asam Amino
• Polaritas
Netral kutub : sistein, glutamin, serin, treonin, asparagin
Bermuatan polar : arginin, lisin, histidin, asam glutamat, asam aspartat
Netral nonpolar : alanin, glisin, isoleusin, leusin, metionin, prolin, valin
Relatif nonpolar : fenilalanin, triptofan, tirosin
Classification of Amino Acids
• Essentiality
Essential : phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine,
methionine, histidine, lysine, leucine
Non-essential : tyrosine, glycine, alanine, cysteine, serine, aspartic
acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, proline
Klasifikasi Asam Amino
• Esensialitas
Esensial : fenilalanin, valin, triptofan, treonin, isoleusin, metionin,
histidin, lisin, leusin
Non-esensial : tirosin, glisin, alanin, sistein, serin, asam aspartat,
asparagin, asam glutamat, glutamin, arginin, prolin
Digestion of Proteins
Pencernaan Protein
Synthesis of Non-Essential Amino Acid
Krebs cycle is a rich source of biosynthetic precursors
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
VITAMINS
• The term “vitamin A” (also called preformed vitamin A or retinoids is generally used to
refer to a group of compounds that possess the biology activity of trans retinol
• Structurally, retinoids contain a β-ionone ring and a polyunsaturated side chain with
either an alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid or ester group.
• Retinoids are structurally similar : retinol, retinal, retinoic acid,retinyl ester, also
synthetic analogue
• Vitamin A is found primarily in selected foods of animal origin : liver, egg, fish, milk,
cheese, fortified foods (margarine, cereal, cooking oil)
• Preformed vitamin A also referred to as provitamin A or carotenoids, consist of β-
carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin
• Carotenoids are synthesized by a wide variety of plants and thus are found naturally in
many fruits and vegetables : carrots, watermelon, papaya, tomatoes, pumpkin, corn,
broccoli
• Animals, fish and seafood can accumulate some carotenoids because they feed on plants
• Retinoids can undergo oxidation if exposed to varying degrees of oxygen, light, heat and
some metals. Carotenoid absorption ranges from about <5% in uncooked vegetables to
about 60% as a pure oil or aqueous supplement.
VITAMIN A
• Istilah “vitamin A” (juga disebut vitamin A atau retinoid yang telah dibentuk
sebelumnya) umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk pada sekelompok senyawa yang
memiliki aktivitas biologis trans retinol.
• Secara struktural, retinoid mengandung cincin β-ionon dan rantai samping tak jenuh
ganda dengan gugus alkohol, aldehida, asam karboksilat, atau ester.
• Retinoid secara struktural serupa: retinol, retinal, asam retinoat, retinil ester, juga analog
sintetik
• Vitamin A ditemukan terutama pada makanan tertentu yang berasal dari hewan: hati,
telur, ikan, susu, keju, makanan yang diperkaya (margarin, sereal, minyak goreng)
• Vitamin A preformed juga disebut sebagai provitamin A atau karotenoid, terdiri dari β-
karoten, α-karoten, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin
• Karotenoid disintesis oleh berbagai macam tumbuhan dan ditemukan secara alami di
banyak buah dan sayuran: wortel, semangka, pepaya, tomat, labu, jagung, brokoli
• Hewan, ikan, dan makanan laut dapat mengakumulasi sejumlah karotenoid karena
mereka memakan tumbuhan
• Retinoid dapat mengalami oksidasi jika terkena berbagai tingkat oksigen, cahaya, panas,
dan beberapa logam. Penyerapan karotenoid berkisar dari sekitar <5% pada sayuran
mentah hingga sekitar 60% dalam bentuk minyak murni atau suplemen air.
VITAMIN A