NEUROSAINS

DAN
KESEHATAN
SPIRITUAL
Taufiq Pasiak
1

Dosen; FK UNSRAT Manado

NIP 19700129200003101
Pembina IVa/D/Lektor Kepala bidang Neuroanatomi-Neurosains
Bersertifikasi Dosen-2011

Dr.Taufiq Pasiak, dr., M.Pd., M.Kes.

Kepala Pusat Studi Otak dan Perilaku Sosial LPPM-Universitas Sam

Ratulangi.
Kepala Bagian Anatomy Histologi FK UNSRAT Manado
Sekertaris Jenderal Indonesia Neuroscience Society (INS)
Anggota seeks Psikiatri, Reliji dan Spiritualitas Perhimpunan
Dokter Spesialis kedokteran Jiwa Indonesia.
Anggota Luar Biasa Perhimpunan Dokter Specials kedokteran Jiwa
Indonesia, Cabang Surabaya.
Pendiri dan Konsultan Senior Centre for Neuroscience, Health and
Spirituality (C-NET) UIN Kalijaga Jogjakarta
Neuroscience and Spirituality Study Group UNSRAT Manado
(Advisor)
Dosen Luar Biasa Neurosains dan ILMU PERILAKU di
Pascasarjana Kesehatan Masyarakat UNSRAT, IAIN Manado dan
Program Doktor di UIN Sunan Kalijaga Jogjakarta.

ASPEK PARADIGMA
ASPEK PRAGMATIKA
(Filosofi yang mendasari) (Manfaat Praktis)

Agama
Tuhan
Mental
Spiritualitas
Kesehatan Spiritual.
3

Fit and Proper

Clinical Assessment
Intervention
Rehabilitation

Keadaan sehat fisik, mental, spiritual dan sosial yang memungkinkan

seseorang menjadi produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis ( UU Kes
RI nomor 36/2009; UU Kesehatan Jiwa nomor 18/2014)

INDONESIA
Inggris
Latin
Yunani
Arab
Kawi

FISIK
Body
Corpus
Soma
Jasmani
Raga

MENTAL
Mind
Mens
Psyche
Nafsu
Jiwa

SPIRITUAL
Spirit
Spirit
Pneuma
Ruhani
Atma

Number of Medline-Indexed English

Articles by Year, with Keywords
SPIRITUAL or SPIRITUALITY
600

Number of Medline-Indexed English

Articles by Year, with Keywords
RELIGION, RELIGIOSITY, RELIGIOUS
or RELIGIOUSNESS
1200

500

1000

400

800

300

600

200

400

100

200

04
20

02
20

00
20

98
19

96
19

94
19

92
19

90
19

88
19

86
19

84
19

19

80

19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

19

04
20

02
20

00
20

98
19

96
19

94
19

92
19

90
19

88
19

86
19

84
19

82
19

80
19

Number of Medline-Indexed English Articles

by Year, with TITLES Using the Terms
Religion/Religiosity/Religious/Religiousness
and Spiritual/Spirituality

82

NEUROSCIENCE

The Neuroscience Studies

major, provides a broad
multidisciplinary introduction to
the study of the brain, mind
and behavior (eq.spirituality)

Describe the human brain and how it

functions normally.
Determine how the nervous system
develops, matures and maintains itself
through life.
Find ways to prevent or cure many
devastating neurological and
psychiatric disorders.

NEUROPLASTICITY
Ability of the human brain to structurally rearrange itself in
response to a wide variety of positive and negative event.
Moldable and changeable in structure
Adaptibility of human brain reflect each new experience
Change in neural structure as response to changes in behavior,
environment and neural process.

Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training

Bogdan Draganski, Christian Gaser, Volker Busch, Gerhard Schuierer, Ulrich Bogdahn & Arne May
Nature 427, 311-312(22 January 2004)

International seminar on Spiritualism and Radicalism

Brain and Spirituality

Emotion as the basis of religious experience,
and argues that it is correlated with a persons thoughts
and cognitions (James, 1901).
Emotion was the essence and source of religion, and the
best way to determine the religiosity of an individual was to
examine his or her emotional expression. Religious emotion
was fundamentally different and distinct from other
emotional experiences.(Schleiermacher, in Kevin, 2007)

RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY

(Glock and Stark, 1958)

Dimensi Ideologis
Dimensi Intelektual
Dimensi Ritual
Dimensi Eksperiensial (Emotional)
Dimensi Konsekuensial
10

Religion
Spirituality
Spiritual
Experience

Emotional
Experience

GOD CIRCUITRY

James, 1901; McNamara, 2009; Pasiak, 2012

11

In hundreds of clinical cases and a handful of neuroimaging

studies, it is a striking fact that the amygdala, large
portions of the prefrontal lobes, and the anterior temporal
cortex are repeatedly implicated in expression of religious
experiences.

McNamara, 2009: 7

12

AGAMA
Berfokus pada komunitas

SPIRITUALITAS
Individualistik

Dapat diamati, diukur dan obyektif Kurang bias dilihat dan diukur,
subyektif
Formal, ortodoks, terorganisir

Kurang formal, kurang ortodoks,

kurang sistematis

Orientasi perilaku, praktik-praktik Orientasi emosional, arah ke dalam

keluar
Otoriter dalam kaitan dengan Tidak otoriter, sedikit dapat dinilai
perilaku
Doktrin pemisahan antara baik dan Penyatuan, tidak doktriner
jahat

13

Neuroscience, Religion and Spirituality.

research finding:
Each part of the brain constructs a different perception of God
Every human brain assembles its perception of God in unique different ways,

thus giving God different qualities of meaning and value

Spiritual practices, even when stripped of religious beliefs, enhance the neural
function of the brain in ways that improve physical and emotional health
Intense, long term contemplation of God and other spiritual values appears
permanently change the structure of those parts of the brain that control our
moods, give rise to our conscious notions of self, and shape our sensory
perception of the world.
Contemplative practices strengthen a spesific neurological circuit that generates
peacefulness, social awareness, and compassion for others
Newberg, 2009 : 7

14

RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY

(Religion): the feelings, acts, and experiences of
individual men in their solitude, so far as they
apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever
they may consider the divine
[Religion] Involves beliefs, practices, and rituals related to
the transcendent, where the transcendent is God, Allah,
HaShem, or a Higher Power in Western religious traditions,
or to Brahman, manifestations of Brahman, Buddha, Dao, or
ultimate truth/reality in Eastern traditions.
Spirituality is distinguished from all other things humanism, values,
morals, and mental healthby its connection to that which is sacred, the
transcendent. The transcendent is that which is outside of the self, and yet
also within the selfand in Western traditions is called God, Allah,
HaShem, or a Higher Power, and in Eastern traditions may be called
Brahman, manifestations of Brahman, Buddha, Dao, or ultimate truth/
reality.

15

RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY

Ensure group security
Strengthen moral of
individuals
Attenuate personal
suffering for self or
other

Sociobiological
(Religion)
Psychological
(Spirituality)
16

TUHAN (Keyakinan pada-Nya)

Tuhan sebagaimana ditulis dalam teks kitab suci
Tuhan sebagaimana dipersepsi oleh umat-Nya
Tuhan sebagaimana Ia diwujudkan dalam perilaku

17

5%
Atheist

6%
Critical

23 %
Benevolent
31 %
Authoritarian

Benevolent
Distant
Authoritarian
Atheist
Critical

24 %
Distant

The personality we assign to God has distinct neural

pattern that corelate with our emotional styles of behavior
(based on Baylor Study)

Gallup-Baylor Study

Are
a

Neural Personality of God

God
/

ea
r
A
bic
m
i
/L
t
s
i
Athe

Criti
ca l

God will have

little meaning in
life

Authoritarian God/Limbic Area

(frightening God)

Generate fear and anger

God is very angry dan willing to punish
God causes earthquakes dan disaster
(for the sinful behavior people)
Gods warriors

God does not intervene with the world.

God will cast judgement on people in the afterlife

Lim

bic

Benevolent God/Cingulate anterior

(loving God)
Gentle, loving

Parietal Area
(otherness God)

Forgiving
God listens
Respond to prayers
Cares deeply
Source of emphaty

God is up there
In heaven
We are down here on
earth

International seminar on Spiritualism and Radicalism

Cingulate anterior/Benevolent God (Loving God)

Old Brain

New Brain
Feel greater tolerance and acceptance
Towards others who hold different beliefs

Prefrontal Cortex

Spindle Cell

Limbic Area

Cingulate
anterior

more acitivity the ant.cingulate,

the less perceive God as an authoritarian
or critical force

Social Skill
Integrating thoughts, feelings and behaviors
International seminar on Spiritualism and Radicalism

RESEARCH
Brain in meditation Tibetian Budhist
(Newberg, 2001)

Brain in praying Fransiscan Nuns

(Newberg, 2001)

22

Theoretical model of causal pathways for mental health (MH), based on Western monotheistic religions (Christianity,
Judaism, and Islam). (Permission to reprint obtained. Original source: Koenig et al. [17]). For models based on Eastern
religious traditions and the Secular Humanist tradition, see elsewhere. (Koenig et al. [24]).

Meditation, prayer and a belief in a Loving God may not

enough to eradicate the limbic system tendency to distrust
people who appear to look or think differently. Instead, we
will need to bring a spiritual practice into SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS with others

Eradication
Limbic System

Fear
Anger
Irritability

International seminar on Spiritualism and Radicalism

Spirituality and social Interaction

Contemplating God will change the brain
Religious and spiritual contemplating chnages
the brain ia a profoundly different way
(compare eq with play musical instrumen,
exercise, etc), because is strenghtens a
unique neural circuit that specially enhances
SOCIAL AWARENESS and EMPHATY while
subduing destructive feeling and emotions

Clinical Implication
Meditation,
Praying,
Contemplating
God/God
Perception
27
extended life expectancy
lower blood pressure
lower rates of death from coronary artery
disease
reduction in myocardial infarction
increased success in heart transplants
reduced serum cholesterol levels
reduced levels of pain in cancer sufferers
reduced mortality among those who attend
church and worship services
increased longevity among the elderly
reduced mortality after cardiac surgery.
Larson, Swyers and McCullough (1997) and Swinton and Pattison (2001)

2 komponen yang diperiksa

INDONESIA SPIRITUAL
HEALTH ASSESSMENT
(ISHA)

Centre for Neuroscience, Health and Spirituality (CNET)

UIN Kalijaga
Yogyakarta

Spiritualitas

Otak

POSISI ISHA DALAM PROSES ASSESSMENT/FIT AND PROPER

ASSESSMENT

Brain

Neurobehavior

Personality/MMPI

Non Brain

ISHA

Penyakit dalam,
bedah, dll

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PASIAK/DIES FS UNHAS 2003

31

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