Muhammad Japar

Yulia Siska

BUKU AJAR

Konsep IPS di SD/MI

AURA

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Printing & Publishing
Bandarlampung, 2019

2
3
 BUKU AJAR

Konsep IPS di SD/MI

Penulis:
Dr. Muhammad Japar, M.Si.
Yulia Siska, S.Pd., M.Pd.

Editor:
Andri Wicaksono, M.Pd.

Design:
Pamadya A.W.

Cover:
Pusbuk

15,5 x 23 cm ; x + 352 hlm

ISBN: ……………………….
Cetakan Pertama: September 2019

Diterbitkan oleh:
Aura Publishing
Bandarlampung
www.aurapublishing.com

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 KATA PENGANTAR
Syukur Alhamdulillah senantiasa dipanjatkan ke hadirat Allah
SWT, atas karunia, hidayah, dan pertolongan-Nya sehingga buku
Konsep IPS di SD/MI dapat berada di tangan para pembaca yang
budiman. Dalam penyelesaian buku ini tentu saja banyak mendapat
bantuan, bimbingan, dan arahan dari berbagai pihak yang tidak dapat
disebutkan satu persatu. Hanya ucapan terima kasih dengan segala
ketulusan hati.
Buku ini merupakan gambaran umum yang diramu dari
berbagai sumber yang semoga tidak menyalahi tata tulis ilmiah
ataupun pelanggaran hak cipta. Kalau pun ada kekhilafan, atas nama
penulis dan penyunting (editor) memohon maaf yang sedalam-
dalamnya bagi yang bersangkutan. Buku ini disajikan seperti halnya
mozaik, tersusun dari tulisan yang berserak, dan kemudian disatukan
dalam bagian-bagian yang tak terpisahkan. Sebuah analogi acak
tentang konsep dasar IPS.
IPS sebagai mata pelajaran di tingkat sekolah dasar pada
hakikatnya merupakan suatu integrasi utuh dari disiplin ilmu-IPS dan
disiplin ilmu lain yang relevan untuk merealisasikan tujuan
pendidikan di tingkat persekolahan. Implikasinya, berbagai tradisi
dalam IPS termasuk konsep, struktur, cara kerja ilmuwan sosial,
aspek metode, maupun aspek nilai yang dikembangkan dalam ilmu-
IPS, dikemas secara psikologis, pedagogis, dan sosial budaya untuk
kepentingan pendidikan. Berdasarkan perspektif tersebut, secara
umum IPS dapat dimaknai sebagai seleksi dari struktur disiplin
akademik ilmu-IPS yang diorganisasikan dan disajikan secara ilmiah
dan psikologis untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan dalam
kerangka pencapaian tujuan pendidikan nasional.
Untuk mewujudkan apa yang terurai di atas, diperlukan suatu
buku ajar bagi guru SD/MI, mahasiswa/ calon guru SD/MI atau para
pemerhati pendidikan yang haus akan bidang keilmuan IPS. Secara
ringkas buku ini membahas mengenai konsep dasar IPS di SD/MI.
Bagian awal buku ini secara runtut mengupas konsep dan ruang

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lingkup kajian IPS. Pembahasan selanjutnya meliputi kurikulum dan
pembelajaran. Kemudian, pembahasan secara terstruktur analogis
mengenai stuktur pranata dan proses sosial, prinsip dasar hukum
dan pemerintahan, manusia dan lingkungan, pengaruh budaya asing
terhadap kebudayaan sejarah perjuangan bangsa, perekonomian, dan
pembangunan nasional Indonesia.
Semoga dengan kehadiran buku ini turut serta mempunyai
andil dalam pembelajaran IPS di SD/MI meskipun tidak akan sebaik
dari buku-buku yang telah terbit sebelumnya, setidaknya dapat
terjangkau di hadapan para pembaca. Semoga buku sederhana ini
bermanfaat bagi pembaca.

Rawamangun, Agustus 2019

Editor,

Andri Wicaksono, M.Pd.

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 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
i
CATATAN EDITOR
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
v

BAB I PRAWACA
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
1
A....................................................................................................
Latar Belakang
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
1
B....................................................................................................
Tujuan Penulisan Buku Ajar
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
3
C....................................................................................................
Ruang Lingkup
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
4

7
 D....................................................................................................
Manfaat
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
6
E....................................................................................................
Petunjuk Penggunaan Buku
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
6

BAB II KONSEP ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL (IPS)

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
9
A.............................................................................................................
Studi Awal
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
9
B.............................................................................................................
Pengertian IPS
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
10
C.............................................................................................................
Tujuan dan Fungsi Mata Pelajaran IPS
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
14
D.............................................................................................................
Karakteristik Mata Pelajaran IPS
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
18
E.............................................................................................................
Nilai-nilai dalam Pembelajaran IPS
................................................................................................................

8
 ................................................................................................................
19
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
21
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
22

BAB III KURIKULUM DAN PEMBELAJARAN IPS DI SEKOLAH

DASAR
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
23
A.............................................................................................................
Ruang Lingkup Mata Pelajaran IPS
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
23
................................................................................................................
B.............................................................................................................
Pembelajaran IPS Tingkat Sekolah Dasar
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
24
C.............................................................................................................
Pengorganisasian Materi IPS
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
26
D.............................................................................................................
Pendidikan IPS di SD dalam Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan
Pendidikan (KTSP)
................................................................................................................

9
 ................................................................................................................
29
E.............................................................................................................
Pelajaran IPS dalam Struktur Kurikulum 2013
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
33
1.....................................................................................................
Posisi IPS dalam Kurikulum 2013
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
35
2.....................................................................................................
Beban Belajar
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
36
3.....................................................................................................
Organisasi Kompetensi Dasar dalam Mata
Pelajaran
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
37
4.....................................................................................................
Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar IPS
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
37
F..............................................................................................................
Penilaian dalam Pembelajaran IPS
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
46
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
49
..............................................................................................................................

10
 Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
50

BAB IV PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPS

DI SD
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
51
A.............................................................................................................
Pendekatan Ilmiah dalam Kurikulum 2013
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
51
B.............................................................................................................
Kriteria Penggunaan Pendekatan Saintifik
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
60
C.............................................................................................................
Pembelajaran IPS SD dengan Pendekatan Saintifik
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
61
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
65
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
65

BAB V RUANG LINGKUP KAJIAN ILMU SOSIAL

................................................................................................................................

11
................................................................................................................................
67
A.............................................................................................................
Konsep Ruang dan Waktu dalam Sejarah
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
69
B.............................................................................................................
Konsep Dasar Geografi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
78
C.............................................................................................................
Konsep Dasar Ekonomi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
87
D.............................................................................................................
Konsep Koperasi Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
92
E.............................................................................................................
Konsep Politik dan Pemerintahan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
94
F..............................................................................................................
Paradigma, Teori, dan Metode Sosiologi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
97
G.............................................................................................................
Perilaku Manusia dalam Perspektif Psikologi Sosial
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
108

12
 H.............................................................................................................
Antropologi dan Konsep Kebudayaan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
118
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
122
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
124

BAB VI STRUKTUR PRANATA DAN PROSES SOSIAL

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
125
A.............................................................................................................
Sistem dan Struktur Sosial
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
125
B.............................................................................................................
Pranata Sosial
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
129
C.............................................................................................................
Diferensiasi dan Stratifikasi Sosial
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
132
D.............................................................................................................
Norma yang Berlaku di Masyarakat
................................................................................................................

13
 ................................................................................................................
138
E.............................................................................................................
Sistem Sosial Budaya Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
140
F..............................................................................................................
Perubahan Sosial Budaya
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
142
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
144
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
146

BAB VII PRINSIP DASAR HUKUM DAN PEMERINTAHAN

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
147
A.............................................................................................................
Konsep Negara Demokrasi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
148
B.............................................................................................................
Konsep Negara Hukum
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
151

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 C.............................................................................................................
Prinsip Negara Hukum dan Negara Demokrasi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
152
D.............................................................................................................
Ciri-ciri Negara Hukum
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
155
E.............................................................................................................
Negara Hukum Arti Material
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
156
F..............................................................................................................
Negara Hukum "Indonesia" yang Demokratis
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
159
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
163
........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
164

BAB VIII MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
165
A.............................................................................................................
Perubahan dan Perkembangan Manusia
................................................................................................................

15
 ................................................................................................................
165
B.............................................................................................................
Manusia sebagai Makhluk Individu dan Sosial
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
167
C.............................................................................................................
Hubungan Manusia dengan Lingkungan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
170
D.............................................................................................................
Manusia dan Lingkungan dalam Bingkai Islam
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
173
E.............................................................................................................
Pendekatan dalam Kajian Manusia – Lingkungan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
178
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
182
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
183

BAB IX PENGARUH BUDAYA ASING TERHADAP KEBUDAYAAN

INDONESIA
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
185

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 A.............................................................................................................
Hakikat Kebudayaan Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
185
B.............................................................................................................
Orientasi pada Budaya Asing
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
192
C.............................................................................................................
Pengaruh Budaya Asing
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
195
D.............................................................................................................
Ketahanan Budaya Indonesia, Suatu Keharusan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
198
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
203
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
204

BAB X SEJARAH PERJUANGAN BANGSA MASA KOLONIAL

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
205
A.............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Pattimura
................................................................................................................

17
................................................................................................................
206
B.............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Diponegoro (1825-1830)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
207
C.............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Padri (1821-1838)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
210
D.............................................................................................................
Ekspedisi Militer ke Bali dan Nusa Tenggara
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
213
E.............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Rakyat Sulawesi dan Papua
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
214
F..............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Rakyat Kalimantan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
215
G.............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Rakyat Palembang dan Jambi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
217
H.............................................................................................................
Perlawanan Rakyat Batak (Si Singamangaraja)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
218

18
 I..............................................................................................................
Perang Belanda di Aceh (1873-1912)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
220
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
225
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
226

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BAB XI SEJARAH PERGERAKAN NASIONAL
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
227
A.............................................................................................................
Politik Etis (1900-1942)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
227
B.............................................................................................................
Budi Utomo
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
229
C.............................................................................................................
Sarekat Islam
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
230
D.............................................................................................................
Indische Partij
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
231
E.............................................................................................................
Muhammadiyah
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
232
F..............................................................................................................
Nahdlatul Ulama
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
233
G.............................................................................................................
Partai Komunis Indonesia
................................................................................................................

20
................................................................................................................
234
H.............................................................................................................
Perhimpunan Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
234
I..............................................................................................................
Partai Nasional Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
236
J...............................................................................................................
Kongres Pemuda dan Sumpai Pemuda
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
238
K.............................................................................................................
Partindo
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
239
L.............................................................................................................
Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia dan Partai Indonesia Raya
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
240
M............................................................................................................
Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
240
N.............................................................................................................
Pergerakan Nasional, 1940-1942
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
241

21
 O.............................................................................................................
Runtuhnya Hindia Belanda
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
242
P..............................................................................................................
Partai Politik: Legal dan Ilegal
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
242
Q.............................................................................................................
BPUPKI dan PPKI
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
243
R.............................................................................................................
Sekitar Proklamasi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
244
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
246
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
248

BAB XII SEJARAH PERANG KEMERDEKAAN DAN DIPLOMASI

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
249
A.............................................................................................................
Perang Kemerdekaan 1945-1949
................................................................................................................

22
 ................................................................................................................
249
B.............................................................................................................
Menuju Perundingan
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
253
C.............................................................................................................
Perjanjian Roem Royen
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
263
D.............................................................................................................
Konferensi Meja Bundar (KMB)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
274
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
276
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
277

BAB XIII KONSEP DASAR DAN SISTEM PEREKONOMIAN

INDONESIA
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
279
A.............................................................................................................
Konsep Dasar Perekonomian
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
279

23
 1.....................................................................................................
Hakikat Ekonomi
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
279
2.....................................................................................................
Makroekonomi dan Mikroekonomi
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
281
3.....................................................................................................
Konsep Ilmu Ekonomi
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
283
B.............................................................................................................
Sistem Perekonomian di Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
294
1.....................................................................................................
Bentuk Sistem Perekonomian Indonesia
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
294
2.....................................................................................................
Ciri-ciri Sistem Ekonomi Pancasila
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
296
C.............................................................................................................
Ekonomi Indonesia dalam Periodisasi
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
300
1.............................................................................................
Masa Sebelum Kemerdekaan
........................................................................................................

24
 ........................................................................................................
300
2.............................................................................................
Pada Masa Orde Lama
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
301
3.............................................................................................
Ekonomi Pada Masa Orde Baru (1965-1998)
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
304
4.............................................................................................
Pemerintahan Reformasi (1967-2004)
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
307
5.............................................................................................
Pemerintahan Indonesia Bersatu Jilid II (Era SBY –
Boediono, 2009-2014)
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
309
6.............................................................................................
Era Baru Ekonomi Indonesia Masa Pemerintahan
Jokowi – JK (2014-2019)
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
310
D.............................................................................................................
Permasalahan Ekonomi Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
311
E.............................................................................................................
Koperasi, Solusi Masalah Perekonomian Indonesia
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
312

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 Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
316
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
317

BAB XIV PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL INDONESIA

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
319
A.............................................................................................................
Hakikat Pembangunan Nasional
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
319
B.............................................................................................................
Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
320
C.............................................................................................................
Strategi Normatif Penyusunan Kebijakan Perencanaan
Pembangunan Nasional
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
322
D.............................................................................................................
Pancasila dan Paradigma Pembangunan Nasional
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
323
E.............................................................................................................
Pembangunan Nasional Berkelanjutan
................................................................................................................

26
 ................................................................................................................
329
Rangkuman
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
331
..............................................................................................................................
Latihan Soal
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
332

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
333
INDEKS
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
345
BIBLIOGRAFI
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
349
BIODATA PENULIS
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
351

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