Chapter 15
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
DECISION 2
15 - 2
MODAL
STRUKTUR MODAL
Weight, Wd Cost, cd
Debt
Preference
Mix weight, Wp Cost, cp
Common
Weight, Ws Cost, cs
15 - 3
PENDAHULUAN
PENDAHULUAN
Menghitung rsL.
rsL = rsU + (rsU - rd)(D/S)
(
$1,000,000
= 14.0% + (14.0% - 8.0%) $2,571,429 )
= 14.0% + 2.33% = 16.33%.
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26 rs
20
14 WACC
rd
8
Debt/Value
Ratio (%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
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VU =
EBIT(1 - T) = $500,000(0.6) = $2,142,857.
rsU 0.14
VL = D + S = $2,542,857
$2,542,857 = $1,000,000 + S
S = $1,542,857.
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3. Find rsL.
(
$1,000,000
= 14.0% + (14.0% - 8.0%)(0.6) $1,542,857 )
= 14.0% + 2.33% = 16.33%.
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1 Debt
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 (Millions of $)
Miller’s Proposition I:
(1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)
[
VL = VU + 1 - (1 - Td) ]D.
Tc = tingkat pajak korporasi (corporate tax).
Td = tingkat pajak personal atas pendapatan utang
(tax rate on debt).
Ts = tgkt pajak atas pendapatan saham (tax rate on
stock income).
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[
VL = VU + 1 - (1 - 0.30) ]
(1 - 0.40)(1 - 0.12)
D
= VU + (1 - 0.75)D
= VU + 0.25D.
Ketika Miller memasukkan pajak personal, maka peningkat nilai dari utang adl lebih
rendah. Mengapa?
1. Aturan pajak korporasi lbh menguntungkan utang (corporate tax laws favor
debt) melebihi pendanaan ekuitas sebab biaya bungan bisa dikurangkan pd
pajak sedangkan dividen tidak demikian.
2. Namun, aturan pjk personal lbh menguntungkan ekuitas (personal tax laws
favor equity) melebihi utang sebab saham memberikan pengunduran pajak
maupun tingkat pajak keuntungan modal lbh rendah (tax deferral and a lower
capital gains tax rate).
3. Biaya modal ekutias yg relatif lbh rendah tsb (lowers the relative cost of
equity) pada model MM dg tdk ada pajak personal, akan menurunkan jarak
(decreases the spread) antara biaya utang dan ekuitas.
4. Dg demikian, beberapa keuntulngan dr pendanaan utang hilang, sehingga
pendanaan utang kurang bernilai bagi pershn.
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Levered beta
EBIT = $500,000
T = 40%
rU = 14% = rTS
rd = 8%
Reinvestasi yg disyaratkan dlm aset
operasi neto = 10% dr EBIT =
$50,000.
Debt = $1,000,000
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Calculating VU
NOPAT = EBIT(1-T)
= $500,000 (.60) = $300,000
Investasi dlm aset operasi neto
= EBIT (0.10) = $50,000
FCF = NOPAT – Inv. in net op. assets
= $300,000 - $50,000
= $250,000 (mrp FCF ekspektasian
tahun depan)
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VL = VU + VTS
= $3,571,429 + $457,143
= $4,028,571
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40.00%
35.00%
Cost of Capital
30.00% MM rsL
25.00%
MM WACC
20.00%
Extension rsL
15.00%
10.00% Extension WACC
5.00%
0.00%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
D/V
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Equity as an option
Equity as an option
Anggap rRF = 6%
σ = volatility of debt + equity = 0.60
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V = P[N(d1)] - Xe -r t[N(d2)].
RF
σ2/2)]t
ln(P/X) + [rRF + (σ
d1 = .
σ t
d2 = d1 - σ t.
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Black-Scholes Solution
V = $4[N(d1)] - $2e-(0.06)(1.0)[N(d2)].
ln($4/$2) + [(0.06 + 0.36/2)](1.0)
d1 = (0.60)(1.0)
= 1.5552.
d2 = d1 - (0.60)(1.0) = d1 - 0.60
= 1.5552 - 0.6000 = 0.9552.
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V = $4(0.9401) - $2e-0.06(0.8303)
= $3.7604 - $2(0.9418)(0.8303)
= $2.196 Million = Value of Equity
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Value of Debt
Managerial Incentives
Managerial Incentives
3.00
2.50
Value (millions)
2.00
Equity
1.50
Debt
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Volatility (sigma)
15 - 54