to infection
- Septic shock : subset of sepsis with circulatory & cellular/ metabolic dysfunction
> 8 : sepsis
Hipercapnia / Gagal nafas tipe 2 (PaCO2 > 45 mL/Kg) jangan kasi karbohidrat ↑↑
karena hasil akhirnya menyebabkan [CO2]↑. Terutama pada PX GUCH+PH, di
mana [CO2] sudah ↑.
untuk mengetahui apa cairan masih dapat diberi/tidak dengan cara : (fluid
responsiveness) :
Kalau takut overload, mini fluid challenge aja → 100-200 cc → cairan lihat
kenaikkan BP
- pH N : 7.35 – 45
- pCO2 N : 35 – 45
- HCO3- N : 22 – 26
pH pCO2 HCO3-
Normal N N N N
As. Resp ↓ ↑↑ ↑ Hipoventilasi, COPO
Alk. Resp ↑ ↓ ↓↓ Hyperventilation (CO2↓)
As. Met ↓ ↓ ↓↓ C.KO
Alk. Met ↑ ↑ ↑↑ Severe vomit, dehidrasi
hipoK +
[ Glukosa ] [ urea ]
Osmolaritas Plasma=2 x [ Na ] + x
18 6
( 140−umur ) x BB
GFR= x 0,85 ( laki−laki )
72 x kreatinin plasma
Perempuan : 97 - 137
Normal : mL/min/137 m2
140−120
- px sadar = = 40 jam
0.5
140−120
- px ga sadar = = 20 jam
1
(140−Na ) x BB x 0.6
koreksi Na=
256
( 4−K ) x BB x 0.3
Koreksi kalium=
25
Kecepatan koreksi kalium melalui vena perifer max 10 meq/jam atau vena sentral
20 meq/jam max : 30 – 40 meq meq/L. (kalau, bisa hiper K)
NIV → px sadar
BIPAP CPAP
F ormation NO
MURMUR SISTOLIK
1. Ejection : AS/PS
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
MURMUR DIASTOLIK
CONTINUOUS MURMUR
1. Continuous : PDA
Arterial Pulse
PULSUS BISFERINS
PULSUS DEFICIT
PULNUS ALTERNANS
PULSUS PARADOXUS
→ Etiologi : chronic AR
ANACROTIC PULSE
→ Etiologi : AS
PULSUS TARDUS
→ etiologi : AS
JERKY PULSE → pada HOCM ( sharp rapid + upstroke, volume (sudden obs)↓ )
DICROTIC NOTCH
→ etiologi : HOCM
- Posisi 45o
- N = JVP ↓ saat inspirasi
Descent a ℇ v waves
restrictive cardiomyopathy)
PERBEDAAN PULSE
S1/S2 = normal
S3 = gallop, low EF
S4 = atrial (karena LVH)
S3 + S4 = poor prognosis
- Akhir sistol ventrikel dengan menutupnya katup Aorta (1st) ℇ pulmonal (2nd)
- Best heard dengan diafragma steroskop di ICS II kanan ℇ kiri parasternum
- A2 lebih keras dari P2 (ICS II kiri) pada keadaan N, best heard di ICS II kanan
- S2 (A2) ↑ : HT, dilatasi aorta
- S2 (A2) ↓ : AS
- S2 (P2) ↑ : PH, dilatasi PA
- S2 (P2) ↓ : PS
- Single S2 :
A2 (-) : severe AS
P2 (-) : COPD, obesity, PS, pulmonal atresia, TOF, RVOT obs
A2 – P2 bersmaan : aging (me↓ inspiratory delay of P2)
- Fisiologic Spilitting : A2 P2 split saat inspirasi bersamaan saat ekspirasi karena PVR
↓ ℇ RV ejection retalise longer thean LV ejection periode
- Fixed splitting : ASD (70% 2nd ASD), RV failure, PS, PAPVD (biasanya dengan
ASD sinus venosus), VSD dengan L→R shunt (A2 closure early)
- Persistent Splitting :
P2 delay : RBBB, PH, RV dysf, PS, dialted PA
A2 early : severe MR, VSD, WPW (LV pre-px)
- Paradoxical splitting (P2A2) :
A2 delay : LBBB/RV pacing, AS, LV dyst, HCM, dilated aorta, ischaenia
P2 early : WPW (RV pre-excitation)
- Fisiologis pada dewasa muda, hilang dengan stranding hamper hilang S3 setelah
umur 40 tahun
- N pada trimester 3 kehamilan
- Best heard with bell steroskop (light pressure di apex dengan LLD
- Right sided S3 : didengar di LSB, meningkat saat inspirasi
- Sering pada high flow across AV valves
- S3 ≈ Y desent/doppler E wave di echo
- S3 tidak mungkin Bersama dengan severe MS
⁖ Pada HOCM ga boleh kasih digitalis ℇ isoproterenol, tapi di-thl dengan beta bloker
- Gold standard: septal myectomy (severe symptom, hot respond to medical thl,
resting gradient ⩾ 30 mmHg, excercist gradient ⩾ 60 mmHg)
- Alternatif : Alcohol Septal Ablation (ASA)
Simpatomimetik Drugs
Drugs D1 α β1 Β2
Dopamin +^a ++++^b ++++ ++
Dobutamin - + ++++ +
Non-Epinefrine - ++++ ++++ -
Epinefrine - ++++^b ++++ ++
Isopretenenol - - ++++ ++++
Inspirasi Ekspirasi
JVP↓ JVP↑
BP↓ BP↑
HR↑ HR↓
Split S2 S2 Fusion
Levine Test = devessed of angina by carotid sinus massage = for angina pectoris
Platypneo = sesak hilang saat berbaring,muncul saat duduk atau berdiri
Etiologi= R→L Shunt (PFO) Progresif hifosis
STETOSKOP
PACEMAKER
-transvenous
-epicardial
-leadless
Mode / code :
- Huruf I = the area being faced
A = atria,V=Ventricle,D=dual,O=none
- Huruf 2 = the area which sensed
A = atria,V=Ventricle,D=dual,O=none
- Huruf 3 = the response of pacemaker to sensing
O = stands for none,I=inhibiting,T=triggering,D=dual
- Huruf 4 = rate adaptiveness/respon
O = none,R = rate adaptiveness
→R = digunakan untuk choronotopic in competence (Problem di S4
node)
Prinsip = kalau atrium healthy → Maintain AV,synchrony as much as possible
Single chamber modes
VOO :
V = paling di ventrikel
O = sensing off
O = Respon to sensing off
Pacing dari pacemaker sketsa,tidak mempedulikan irama instrinsik
VVI :
V = pacing di ventrikel
V = sensing di ventrikel
I = inhibit
Pacemaker kerja kalo ga ada impuls,tapi tidak pacing kalau ada irama
instrinsik
AOO :
A = pacing di atrium
O = sensing off
O = respon to sensing off
VOO,Cuma beda tempat pacing
AAI :
A = pacing di atrium
A = sensing di atrium
I = inhibit
VVI,Cuma beda tempat pacing
Dual Chamber Modes
1. Tracking modes = (bagus untuk AV Syndromny)
ODD :
O = pacing atrium dan ventrikel
D = sensing atrium dan ventrikel
D = inhibit and or trigger
Irane intrinsic bias menghambat pacing, intrinsic P wave/ atrial pace bias
trigger AV delay. Jadi,kurang lebih konduksi N
ODD punya 4 pacing pattern
1. AsVs (Atrial sensed,ventrikel sensed)
>> good SA dan AV node function
2. AsVp (Atrial sensed,ventrikel paced)
>> good SA,Poor AV node
3. ApVs (Atrial paced,ventrikel paced)
>>Poor SA,good AV node
4. ApVp (Atrial paced,ventrikel paced)
>>Poor SA and AV node