Modul Fidas Teknik Industri

PRAKTIKUM
FISIKA DASAR
MODUL
PRAKTIKUM
FISIKA INDUSTRI
Nama : ...........................................
NPM : ............................................
Grup : ...........................................
Rekan : ...........................................
Tgl. Percobaan : ...........................................
Asisten : ...........................................
Tim Laboratorium Fisika Dasar

∑| L A B O R A T O R I U M FISIKA DASAR
MODUL PENUNTUN
PRAKTIKUM FISIKA DASAR
Disusun Oleh :
LABORATORIUM FISIKA DASAR

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH TANGERANG
2022
Berdasarkan SK Menteri Pendidikan Nasional RI. No. 109/B/0/2009
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan I No. 33 Cikokol Tangerang Banten Tlp. 021 – 55793251, 55772949, 55793902
KATA PENGANTAR
Modul penuntun praktikum fisika dasar ini sebagai pegangan untuk
memahami leabih jelas kebenaran teori-teori dasar ilmu fisika yang diberikan di
dalam perkuliahan. Pengamatan-pengamatan yang dilakukan sedikit lebih banyak
dipengaruhi oleh praktikum yang didalamnya melakukan percobaan.
Pada bagian pendahuluan dibahas mengenai tata tertib yang wajib ditaati
oleh setiap peserta praktikum, cara pembuatan laporan serta sistem penilaiannya
dan terakhir mengenai teori kesalahan yang membahas cara mengananalisa data
dengan menggunakan teori ketidak pastian.
Dalam petunjuk setiap mata percobaan, alat-alat yang digunakan. Teori
singkat mengenai materi yang akan dipraktekkan, jalannya percobaan dan
pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang wajib dijawab yang selanjutnya diakhiri dengan
arahan kesimpulan.
Besar harapan kami tidak lain, semoga modul penuntun ini dapat
bermanfaat dan dapat digunakan sebagai mana mestinya khususnya bagi para
peserta praktikum fisika dasar Fakultas Teknik.
Tangerang, 08 Oktober 2018
Tim Lab. Fisika Dasar
ii
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul
Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................... i
Daftar Isi.............................................................................................................. ii
Tata Tertib Praktikum Fisika Dasar .................................................................... iii
Aturan Penulisan Laporan Praktikum ................................................................. v
Sistem Penilaian .................................................................................................. vi
Daftar Nilai Praktikum Fisika Dasar ................................................................... vii
Teori Kesalahan .................................................................................................. viii
Modul Praktikum
1. Pengukuran .................................................................................................. 1
2. Bandul Fisis ................................................................................................. 16
3. Viskositas ..................................................................................................... 23
4. Resistor, hukum ohm dan hukum kirchoff .................................................. 30
5. Voltmeter dan amperemeter arus searah ...................................................... 46
iii
PERATURAN PESERTA
I. TATA TERTIB PRAKTIKUM

a. Praktikan diwajibkan hadir paling lambat 15 menit sebelum praktikum
dimulai.
b. Apabila Praktikan terlambat lebih dari 30 menit setelah praktikum dimulai
maka praktikan :
 Tidak diperkenankan mengikuti praktikum.
 Dianggap tidak hadir/absen.
 Mengajukan praktikum susulan.
c. Peserta praktikum diijinkan memasuki ruang laboratorium bila telah
mendapat ijin dari dosen/asisten setelah dinyatakan siap.
d. Praktikan wajib mematuhi ketentuan sebagai berikut :
 Membawa modul petunjuk praktikum milik masing-masing.
 Memakai sepatu, berpakaian rapih dan sopan.
 Dilarang merokok, makan dan minum selama praktikum berlangsung.
 Dilarang merusak dan membawa pulang peralatan yang berada di
laboratorium.
 Dilarang membuat kegaduhan, merusak prasarana laboratorium dan
melakukan kegiatan yang dapat mengganggu praktikan lain.
e. Selama pelaksanaan, praktikum alat komunikasi dan alat elektronik lainnya
wajib dimatikan.
II. TATA CARA PELAKSANAAN PRAKTIKUM

a. Praktikum dapat dilakukan secara perorangan atau kelompok yang sudah
ditentukan oleh laboratorium.
b. Praktikan wajib menyerahkan Laporan Pendahuluan.
c. Praktikan diijinkan mengikuti praktikum apabila lulus ujian pendahuluan.
Jika tidak lulus, maka praktikan dapat mengajukan praktikum susulan.
iv
d. Setiap praktikan harus melakukan semua materi praktikum/percobaan

dengan bimbingan asisten.
e. Praktikan diperbolehkan untuk menggunakan peralatan praktikum setelah
diperiksa dan mendapat ijin dari asisten.
f. Praktikum diwajibkan menggunakan peralatan pelindung yang sesuai
dengan materi praktikum.
g. Praktikan diwajibkan menyerahkan laporan lengkap dengan batas waktu
yang ditentukan.
h. Praktikum susulan hanya boleh dilakukan maksimal 2 kali.
III. TATA CARA PEMINJAMAN ALAT PRAKTIKUM

a. Mengisi formulir peminjaman alat-alat praktikum sesuai dengan yang
dibutuhkan, kemudian diserahkan kepada Asisten Laboratorium Fisika.
b. Setiap praktikan harus bertanggungjawab terhadap peralatan yang dipinjam.
IV. TATA CARA SETELAH PRAKTIKUM

a. Matikan peralatan praktikum.
b. Bersihkan dan rapihkan peralatan praktikum kemudian kembalikan kepada
Koordinator Laboratorium setelah diperiksa oleh asisten praktikum.
c. Laporkan hasil praktikum kepada asisten.
d. Pastikan bahwa kartu praktikum sudah ditandatangani oleh asisten.
e. Serahkan kembali kartu praktikum kepada asisten.
f. Dilarang meninggalkan ruang praktikum sebelum mendapat ijin dari asisten.
V. SANKSI
a. Bagi yang melanggar tata tertib akan dikenakan sanksi tidak diperbolehkan
untuk mengikuti praktikum yang sedang berjalan.
b. Apabila ada kerusakan pada peralatan praktikum yang disebabkan oleh
kecerobohan/kelalaian praktikan, maka praktikan wajib menggantinya.
TTD
v
ATURAN PENULISAN
LAPORANPRAKTIKUM FISIKA DASAR
Laporan di kategorikan selesai jika terdapat :

1. SAMPUL LAPORAN (cover): di print out, data identitas benar, nama
asisten jelas, tanggal dan tahun praktikum sesuai, tidak ada coretan.
2. HALAMAN JUDUL: berwarna sesuai modul, dijilid rapi.
3. DAFTAR ISI
4. BAB I PENDAHULUAN, yang meliputi: Tujuan Percobaan, Teori Dasar,
Alat dan Bahan, Prosedur Percobaan.
5. BAB II HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN, yang meliputi: Perhitungan, Hasil
dan Pembahasan, Ralat (Langsung, Tidak Langsung).
6. BAB III KESIMPULAN
7. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
8. LAMPIRAN, yang meliputi: Tugas Akhir
Aturan penulisan:
1. Laporan ditulis tangan, menggunakan pena tinta biru.
2. Laporan ditulis didalam modul pratikum.
3. Penomoran halaman disesuaikan dengan aturan berikut:
• Halaman Judul, Daftar Pustaka, dan Lampiran tidak diberi nomor
halaman.
• Halaman-halaman sebelum Bab I ditulis dalam angka romawi (i, ii, iii,
…) dengan letak tengah-bawah.
• Mulai Bab I, halaman ditulis dalam angka arab (1, 2, 3, …) dengan letak
atas-kanan.
4. Persamaan (rumus) diberi nomor per bab (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, …)
5. Keterangan gambar ditulis di bawah gambar, diberi nomor per bab (Gambar
1.1, …)
6. Keterangan tabel ditulis di atas tabel, diberi nomor per bab (Tabel 1.1, …)
7. Data dalam perhitungan harus sesuai dengan yang tercantum pada blangko
percobaan.
8. Satuan (unit) harus tercantum.
9. Grafik/kurva dibuat pada kertas millimeter block.
10. Data Perhitungan merupakan perhitungan terperinci dari perhitungan-
perhitungan yang terdapat pada Jawaban Pertanyaan atau Teori Ralat.
vi
SISTEM PENILAIAN
Kepada setiap praktikan diberlakukan sistem penilaian yang sama yang

terdiri dari 5 (lima) komponen nilai :
- 10% nilai kehadiran (Absensi)
- 10% nilai tugas pendahuluan (TP)
- 15% nilai pelaksanaan praktikum (PP)
- 10% nilai tugas akhir (TA)
- 55% nilai laporan lengkap (LL)
Nilai kehadiran diambil berdasarkan jumlah kehadiran praktikan sesuai

dengan jadwal kegiatan praktikumnya.
Nilai Tugas Pendahuluan (TP) diambil pada saat sebelum melakukan
percobaan.Sedangkan Pelaksanaan Praktikum (PP) yang dinilai adalah
kedisiplinan, kecakapan dan kecepatan dalam melaksanakan praktikum.Tugas
Akhir (TA) dan Laporan Lengkap (LL) yang dinilai adalah isi dari laporan,
susunan penulisan dan kerapihan tulisan.
Untuk kriteria penilaian Laporan Lengkap (LL) setiap laporan terdiri dari :
1. Pengolahan data, yang meliputi sistematika penulisan, analisa data baik secara
analitik maupun secara grafik, dan satuan-satuan yang digunakan dalam
perhitungan.
2. Tugas akhir, yang meliputi jawaban pertanyaan, perbandingan hasil yang
diperoleh terhadap harga menurut literatur, dan gambar grafik (jika ada).
3. Kesimpulan hasil percobaan (yang ditulis secara singkat dan jelas).
4. Gambar alat,untuk percobaan yang menggunakan rangkaian listrik sebaiknya
gambar alat memperlihatkan hubungan antara alat yang satu dengan alat yang
lainnya.
Baik nilai Laporan Lengkap akan selalu diumumkan setiap kali setelah
kegiatan praktikum selesai.
vii
DAFTAR NILAI
Nilai
No. Percobaan
Tugas Laporan
Tugas Akhir
Pendahuluan Lengkap
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rata-rata
Nilai Kehadiran (Absensi) : …………… x 10% = ………………….
Nilai Total Tugas Pendahuluan (TP) : …………… x 10% = ………………….
Nilai Pelaksanaan Praktikum (PP) : …………… x 15% = ………………….
Nilai Total Tugas Akhir (TA) : …………… x 10% = ………………….
Nilai Total LL : …………… x 55% = ………………….+
Jumlah Nilai Akhir = …………………...
viii
TEORI KESALAHAN
Dalam melakukan percobaan yang didasarkan pada sejumlah pengukuran

selalu diberlakukan teori kesalahan.Hal ini didasarkan pada suatu keyakinan
bahwa setiap pengukuran selalu dihinggapi kesalahan. Ada tiga jenis kesalahan
yang menyertai kesalahan, yaitu:
a. Kesalahan bersistem, seperti kesalahan kalibrasi, kesalahan titik nol,
kelelahan komponen alat, gesekan antar bagian didalam suatu alat,
kesalahan paralak, dan kesalahan akibat perbedaan keadaan saat bekerja dan
keadaan saat alat dikalibrasi.
b. Kesalahan acak, seperti kesalahan akibat gerak Brown, fluktuasi pada
tegangan listrik, landasan yang bergetar dan lain sebagainya.
c. Kesalahan pengamat, diakibatkan karena kurang terampilnya pemakai alat
terutama pada peralatan modern yang rumit pemakaiannya.
Sumber-sumber kesalahan tersebut wajib kita ketahui dan wajib untuk

menghilangkannya, tetapi nyata bahwa tidak semua kesalahan dapat
dihilangkan.Ini adalah suatu fakta yang harus diterima.
1. Kesalahan Pengukuran
Hasil dari suatu pengukuran pada umumnya disajikan dalam bentuk 𝑥 =
𝑥0 ± ∆𝑥. Dengannya kita dapat mengetahui kesalahan ∆𝑥 pada hasil pengukuran
yang kita peroleh. Hasil pengukuran yang diwakili oleh 𝑥 tidak dapat diharapkan
tepat sama dengan nilai benar 𝑥0 terdapat didalam interval 𝑥 − ∆𝑥dan 𝑥 + ∆𝑥,
percobaan kita sungguh mempunyai arti dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.
Disini∆𝑥 disebut dengan salah mutlak.
a. Pengukuran Tunggal, yaitu pengukuran suatu besaran yang dilakukan cukup
hanya satu kali saja atau beberapa kali hasilnya tetap sama, oleh karena
pengukuran yang kita lakukan tidak menghasilkan nilai yang berbeda. Hasil
pengukuran tunggal disajikan dalam bentuk:
𝑥 = 𝑥1 ± ∆𝑥
ix
Dimana : 𝑥1 =Hasil dari pengukuran tunggal

1
∆𝑥 =Salah mutlak = 2 skala pengukuran terkecil
b. Pengukuran Berulang, yaitu pengukuran suatu besaran yang apabila

dilakukan berulang kali hasilnya berbeda-beda. Misalkan hasil pengukuran
dari suatu populasi 𝑥 adalah 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 , maka nilai yang terbaik
mewakili data tersebut adalah nilai rata-rata, yaitu:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥= =
𝑛 𝑛
Dan salah mutlak ∆𝑥 adalah simpangan bakunilai rata-rata, yaitu:
2
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 − (∑ 𝑥𝑖 )
∆𝑥 = √
𝑛2 (𝑛 − 1)
Sedangkan hasil pengukuran disajikan dalam bentuk:
𝑥 = 𝑥 ± ∆𝑥
Dimana : 𝑥 =Nilai rata-rata sampel

∆𝑥 =Simpangan bakurataan sampel
𝑛 =Jumlah populasi (data)
c. Kesalahan Relatif
Untuk menyatakan kesalahan pengukuran suatu besaran adalah dengan
kesalahan relatifnya yaitu ∆𝑥/𝑥 (tidak berdimensi) dan seringkali
dinyatakan dalam %, yaitu:
∆𝒙
𝒌𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒇 = ( ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒙
Kesalahan relative selalu dihubungkan dengan penelitian pengukuran, makin
kecil kesalahan relative makin tinggi pengukuran tersebut.
2. Angka Berarti
Ketelitian pengukuran dapat pula dinyatakan dengan memperhatikan
banyaknya angka yang dipakai.Angka-angka ini disebut dengan angka signifikan.
Ada beberapa peraturan yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penulisan angka berarti
ini, yaitu:
a. Semua angka bukan nol adalah angka berarti.
Contoh : 432,6 m memiliki 4 angka berarti
58,1 gram memiliki 3 angka berarti
x
7,9 sekon memiliki 2 angka berarti

b. Semua angka nol yang terletak diantara angka bukan nol adalah angka
berarti.
Contoh : 270,14 kg memiliki 5 angka berarti
52,0003 m memiliki 6 angka berarti
c. Angka nol disebelah kanan angka bukan nol, tetapi tanpa decimal adalah
bukan angka berarti, kecuali diberi tanda khusus (missal garis atas atau garis
bawah) pada angka yang diragukan.
Contoh : 650000 kg memiliki 2 angka berarti
650000 kg memiliki 4 angka berarti
d. Semua angkan nol disebelah kanan tanda decimal, tetapi disebelah kiri
angka bukan nol adalah bukan angka berarti.
0,000906 m memiliki 3 angka berarti
e. Semua angka nol disebelah kanan tanda decimal dan mengikuti angka bukan
nol adalah angka berarti.
6,20 jg memiliki 3 angka berarti
7,00 sekon memiliki 3 angka berarti
Dalam menyajikan hasil pengukuran, banyaknya angka berarti yang

digunakan berkaitan erat dengan besarnya kesalahan relatif pengukuran
tersebut.Makin kecil kesalahan relatif pengukuran, maka makin besar jumlah
angka berarti yang boleh diikut sertakan. Dalam hal ini kita dapat berpegang pada
aturan praktis sebagai berkut:
 Kesalahan sekitar 10% memberi hak atas dua angka berarti
 Kesalahan sekitar 1% memberi hak atas tiga angka berarti
 Kesalahan sekitar 0,1% memberi hak atas empat angka berarti
 Kesalahan sekitar 0,01% memberi hak atas lima angka berarti
3. Notasi Ilmiah
Seringkali hasil pengukuran besaran-besaran fisika terdiri atas deretan
bilangan yang sangat panjang, misalnya :
xi
Bilangan Avogadro = 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 k.mol-1
Muatan Elektron = 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 1602 coulomb
Deretan bilangan tersebut dapat ditulis dengan cara yang lebih singkat
dalam bentuk a x 10n , dimana a adalah bilangan antara -10 dan +10, dan n adalah
bilangat bulat.
Cara penulisannya perhatikan contoh berikut:

Hasil Pengukuran Notasi Ilmiah Banyaknya Angka
Berarti
58000000 kg 5,800 x 107 kg 4
0,00000678 m 6,78 x 10-6 m 3
760069000 kg 7,60069 x 107 kg 6
4. Perambatan Kesalahan
Banyak besaran fisis yang tidak dapat ditentukan dengan pengukuran secara
langsung, tetapi merupakan fungsi dari besaran-besaran lain yang dapat diukur
langsung. Misalnya untuk mengetahui harga z harus diukur terlebih dahulu
besaran x dan y, maka disiniz = z(x,y). Tentunya besarnya kesalahan Δz
dipengaruhi oleh kesalahan-kesalahan Δx dan Δy dan dikatakan sebagai kesalahan
akibat perambatan.
Contoh sederhana : mengetahui massa air yang ada didalam kalorimeter,
mengetahui pertambahan panjang dari pemuaian suatu logam, dan sebagainya.
a. Fungsi satu variabel
Misalkan besaran z hanya bergantung pada satu besaran lain yang mana
merupakan hasil pengukuran, sebut besaran itu adalah x, sehingga dapat
ditulis z = z(x). Untuk fungsi tersebut ada dua kasus, yaitu:
1. Jika besaran x merupakan hasil pengukuran tunggal, maka:

𝑑𝑧
∆𝑧 = | | |∆𝑥 |
𝑑𝑥
2. Jika besaran x merupakan hasil pengukuran berulang, maka:
xii
𝑑𝑧 2
∆𝑧 = √( ) (∆𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
b. Fungsi dua variable atau lebih
Misalkan besaran w bergantung pada besaran lain yang lebih dari satu yang
mana besaran-besaran tersebut merupakan hasil pengukuran, sebut besaran-
besaran tersebut adalah x, y dan z, sehingga dapat ditulis w = w(x,y,z).
Untuk fungsi tersebut dapat dibagi menjadi tiga kasus, yaitu:
1. Jika besaran x, y dan z adalah hasil pengukuran tunggal ∆𝑥, ∆𝑦 dan
∆𝑧kesemuanya merupakan 12𝑠𝑝𝑡 , maka :
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
∆𝑤 = | | |∆𝑥 | + | | |∆𝑦| + | | |∆𝑧|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2. Jika besaran x, y dan z adalah hasil pengukuran berulang atau ∆𝑥, ∆𝑦
dan ∆𝑧kesemuanya merupakan simpangan baku nilai rata-rata sampel,
maka:
𝜕𝑤 2 𝜕𝑤 2 𝜕𝑤 2
∆𝑤 = √( ) (∆𝑥 ) + ( ) (∆𝑦) + ( ) (∆𝑧)2
2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3. Jika besaran x, y dan z merupakan kombinasi antara hasil pengukuran

tunggal dan berulang, maka kesalahan dalam bentuk 12𝑠𝑝𝑡 dapat dirubah
2
menjadi simpangan baku dengan cara mengalikannya dengan 3
,
kemudian ∆𝑤 dihitung dengan cara seperti nomor 2.
5. Perbandingan Terhadap Literatur

Untuk mengetahui apakah percobaan yang kita lakukan sudah benar atau
tidak (minimal mendekati kebenaran), perlu dilakukan perbandingan antara hasil
yang diperoleh dari percobaan dengan harga literaturnya. Hasil perbandingan ini
merupakan suatu kesalahan terhadap literature yang biasa dinyatakan dalam %,
yaitu:
𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑡 − 𝑋𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐
𝐾𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑡
Makin kecil prosentase kesalahannya, maka semakin baik.Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa percobaan yang kita lakukan sudah mendekati kebenaran.
xiii
6. Pembuatan Grafik
Selain dengan caraanalitik seperti diatas, untuk membuktikan suatu rumus
maupun perhitungan suatu konstanta (koefisien) dalam rumus, dapat juga
ditentukan secara grafik.
 Tujuan pembuatan grafik:
a. Melihat hubungan antar variabel
b. Menghitung harga suatu konstanta/koefisien
c. Membuktikan rumus
d. Melihat kesalahan pengamatan yaitu dengan melihat atau
memperhatikan penyimpangan titik-titik pengamatan
 Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam membuat grafik:
a. Grafik dibuat pada kertas milimeter block
b. Harus diberikan keterangan yang diperlukan
c. Pergunakan tanda pada titik-titik pengamatan. Misalnya: x, [ ] dan o
Pada umumnya hubungan antar variabel yang diamati pada Laboratorium
Fisika Dasar bentuk grafiknya sudah dapat diramalkan terlebih dahulu. Grafik
yang paling mudah diamati adalah berupa garis lurus. Dengan cara ini kita dapat
pula melihat hubungan antara variabel yang satu dengan variabel yang lainnya.
Untuk keperluan tersebut digunakan grafik yang paling sederhana, yaitu grafik
regresi linier yang memilki bentuk persamaan :
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑡
Dimana: 𝑚𝑡 = Slope(gradient)
𝑛𝑡 = Intercept
Cara membuat garis lurus :
a. Secara visual/memandang
 Buat garis lurus yang mendekati (secara penglihatan) ke semua titik data
yang ada
 Dari garis lurus yang diperoleh, hitung gradiennya (b), dan titik potong
dengan sumbu y yaitu (a).
b. ̅,Y
Mencari titik centroid (titik pusat) yaitu (X ̅)
 Dari titik-titik yang ada, cari titik pusatnya (X

̅,Y
̅)
xiv
 Buat garis lurus melalui titik pusat (x,y) dan mendekati ke semua titik
data
 Hitung a dan b kurva linier tersebut.
c. Secara analitis dengan metode kuadrat terkecil (least square)
Dengan metode ini diperoleh:
ƩXi 2 . ƩXi . Ʃ(Xi . Yi ) I

a= 2 = (ƩYi − b. ƩXi )
n. ƩXi − (ƩXi ) 2 n
n. Ʃ(Xi . Yi ) − ƩXi . ƩYi

b=
n. ƩXi 2 − (ƩXi )2
Sedangkan untuk menyatakan kekuatan hubungan antar data yang diperoleh

dipergunakan koefisien determinasi, r:
a. n. ƩYi + b. n. Ʃ(Xi Yi ) − (ƩYi )2

r2 =
n. ƩXi 2 − (ƩXi )2
bila r > 0.9, maka hubungan antara variabel x dan y kuat
Contoh:
Akan dihitung harga hambatan dari suatu hambatan murni dengan metode
kuadrat terkecil. Berdasarkan hukum Ohm. V = I.R, dimana V = Y, I = X
dan R = b
No V I V2 I2 V.I
1 5 0,8 25 0,64 4
2 10 17,9 100 320,41 179
3 15 25,7 225 660,49 385,5
4 20 33,8 400 1142,44 676
5 25 41,8 625 1747,24 1045
6 30 49,6 900 2460,16 1488
7 35 57,4 1225 3294,76 2009
8 40 65,4 1600 4277,16 2616
9 45 72,5 2025 5256,25 3262,5
10 50 80,9 2500 6544,81 4045
Ʃ 275 445,8 9625 25704,36 15710,0
Berdasarkan tabel diatas, maka dapat dihitung konstanta a dan b sebagai

berikut:
xv
ƩI2 . ƩV . −ƩI . Ʃ(V . I) (25704,36). (276) − (445,8). (15710)

a = =
n. ƩI2 − (ƩI)2 10. (25704,36) − (445,8)2
= 1.1 Volt
n . Ʃ(V . I) − ƩI . ƩV (10). (15710) − (445,8). (275)

b= =
n . ƩI2 − (ƩI)2 (10). (25704,36) − (445,8)2
= 0,59 KΩ
Dari perhitungan di atas didapat harga atau besar hambatan murni adalah:
R = 0,59 KΩ. Persamaan garis lurusnya : V = 0,59 I + 1,1
Pedoman pembuatan grafik:

a. Usahakan agar grafik tampak mengisi seluruh kertas. Hal ini dapat tercapai
dengan memilih nilai skala horizontal dan vertikal yang tepat.
Contoh :
Y Y
X X
Grafik yang kurang baik Grafik yang baik
b. Pada pembuatan grafik hendaknya ΔX dan ΔY dapat tergambar dengan jelas

pada kertas grafik.
Contoh:
ΔX = 0,05 Volt, maka dalam arah sumbu Y skala 0,5 harus bernilai >> 0,05
Volt. Dengan demikian 10,0 Volt paling tidak digambarkan dalam 1 cm
(pada kertas grafik).
c. Jangan lupa mencantumkan satuan dan besaran pada masing – masing
sumbu. Cantumkan pula informasi lain yang berhubungan dengan segala
sesuatu tentang grafik tersebut.
PENGUKURAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
2022
[Type text]
M1
MODUL 1
PENGUKURAN
I. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
1. Mengukur besaran panjang dengan berbagai alat ukur panjang
II. ALAT DAN BAHAN

1. Mistar 5. Neraca Pegas
2. Jangka sorong 6. Besi
3. Mikrometer sekrup 7. Gelas Kaca
4. Neraca Teknis 8. Berat Benda
III. T EORI
Pengukuran panjang harus dilakukan dengan alat ukur yang tepat.
Perhatikan dilingkungan sekitar kita, pengukuran panjang dilakukan oleh
penjahit pakaian, pekerja bangunan, pengukur tanah, atau pembuat kunci.
Masing-masing profesi tadi membutuhkan alat ukur yang berbeda. Namun
pada hakekatnya mereka semua melakukan pengukuran panjang, dan
masing-masing pekerjaan membutuhkan ketelitian yang berbeda sehingga
alat ukur yang di gunakan berbeda pula (Nursyamsuddin,2004).
Berikut ini cara penggunaan mistar, mikrometer sekrup dan jangka sorong.
a. Mistar
kebanyakan mistar memiliki skala terkecil 0,1 cm. Dengan menggunakan
mistar, pengukuran panjang dapat dilakukan dengan ketelitian sampai
dengan skala terkecil yang terdapat pada mistar itu. Cara membaca skala
mistar, kedudukan atau posisi mata pengamat harus tegak lurus dengan
skala yang dibaca. Perhatikan gambar berikut ini :
1
Gambar 1.1. Pembacaan skala mistar

Hasil pembacaan ialah :
1. hasil pembacaan (a) adalah 21,6 cm (salah)
2. hasil pembacaan (b) adalah 21,7 cm (benar)
3. hasil pembacaan (a) adalah 21,8 cm (salah)
b. Mikrometer sekrup
Jika skala nonius di putar lengkap 1 kali maka rahang geser dan skala
nonius maju mundur 0.5 mm. Karena skala nonius memiliki skala 50
skala, maka ketelitian mikrometer sekrup 0.5 mm / 50 = 0.01 mm
(Kanginan,2002).Dengan demikian ketidak pastianya ∆x.
∆x = 1/2 x nilai satuan terkecil (nst) = 1/2 x 0.001 mm = 0.005 mm
Maka cara menentukan nilai x (panjang benda) yaitu:
1. Perhatikan garis skala utama dengan skala nonius. Pada gambar 1.
garis skala utama adalah 7 mm lebih.
2. Perhatikan garis mendatar pada skala nonius yang berhimpit dengan
garis mendatar pada skala utama. Pada gambar 1. garis mendatar
tersebut 24. maka nilai x = 7,0+( 24 x 0,01 mm ) = 7,24 mm.
Sehingga jika dituliskan. Panjang = (7,240 ± 0,005) mm
Rahang Skala Utama

geser Skala nonius /
Benda
sekrup pemutar
Gambar 1.2.Mengukur panjang dengan mikrometer sekrup

c. Jangka Sorong
Rahang
Skala
geser
Benda Skala Utama
Nonius
Gambar 1.3. mengukur dengan Jangka Sorong
Skala nonius memikiki panjang 9 mm dan di bagi 10 skala sehingga

selisihnya 0,1 mm.atau 0,01 cm. Maka ketidakpastiannya adalah
∆x = 1/2 x 0,1 mm = 0,05 mm = 0,005 cm
Cara menentukan nilai x (panjang benda) yaitu:
1. Perhatikan angka pada skala utama yang berdekatan dengan angka 0
pada nonius. Pada gambar 2. angka tersebut 5 cm
2. Perhatikan garis nonius yag berhimpit dengan skala utama. Pada
gambar 2. angka tersebut adalah garis ke 4. ini berarti
nilai x = 5 cm + ( 5 x 0,01 cm ) = 5,05 cm.
Sehingga jika dituliskan, Panjang = (5,050 ± 0,005) cm
IV. PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN

1. Mengukur panjang besi
a. Ukurlah panjang besi dengan mistar.
b. Lakukan pengukuran dengan posisi mata tegak lurus dengan alat
c. Ulangi dengan 5 kali pengukuran.
d. Tuliskan data yang didapat ke dalam tabel pengamatan.
2. Mengukur diameter Gelas Kaca
a. Ukurlah diameter luar, diameter dalam, dan kedalamangelas kaca dengan
jangka sorong (cara penggunaan dapat dilihat pada teori dasar).
b. Lakukan 5 kali pengukuran.
c. Tuliskan data yang didapat pada tabel data.
d. Ulangi langkah a sampai d dengan menggunakan Jangka sorong.

3. Mengukur tebal besi
a. Ukurlah tebal besi dengan mikrometer sekrup (cara penggunaan dapat
dilihat pada teori dasar)
b. Lakukan 5 kali pengukuran
c. Tuliskan data yang didapat pada tabel data
d. Ulangi langkah a sampai d dengan menggunakan Jangka sorong
4.Mengukur Massa
 Mengukur massa benda dengan neraca pegas
Neraca pegas (dinamometer) adalah timbangan sederhana yang
menggunakan pegas sebgai alat untuk menentukan massa benda yang
diukurna neraca pegas mengukur ketegangan pegas, yang sebenarnya adalah
tekanannya. Neraca pegas mempunyai dua baris skala, yaitu skala N
(nwton), dan g (gram). Untuk menimbang bean (benda), atur terlebih dahulu
skala 0 (nol) dengan cara memutar skrup pengatur skala. Setelah itu
gantungkan benda pada pengait neraca selanjutnya, baca hasil pengukuran
kelebihan menimbang beban dengan neraca pegas yaitu dalam sekali
menimbang benda dapat diketahui massa dan berat benda sekaligus.
Gambar 1.4. Mengukur massa dengan Neraca Pegas

a. Timbanglah massa benda dengan cara mengaitkan pada neraca

pegas
b. Lihat nilai yang tertera pada neraca pegas, lalu tulis pada tebel data
pengamatan.
c. Ulangi sampai 5 kali pengulangan dengan orang yang berbeda.
d. Ulangi langkah a sampai c dengan kawat tembaga dan kertas.
 Mengukur massa benda dengan neraca lengan

Pada prinsipnya cara menggunakan neraca lengan / neraca teknis
hampir sama dengan neraca analitis, terutama sekali hal – hal yang
perlu diperlihatkan sebelum dan pada saat melakukan penimbangan.
Sedangkan perbedaannya kita tidak perlu mengambil dan meetakkan
anak timbangan, tetapi cukup menggeser-geser beban-beban
penunggang pada skala.Secara bertahap urutannya dimulai dengan
menggeser beban penunggang dari yang terbesar sampai yang terkecil.
Neraca teknis ini dapat mengukur massa suatu benda dengan ketelitian
0,01 gram.
Gambar 1.5. Mengukur massa dengan Neraca Lengan
a. Timbanglah massa benda/koin dengan cara meletakan di lengan

neraca.
b. Lihat nilai yang tertera pada neraca, lalu tulis pada tebel data
pengamatan.
c. Ulangi sampai 5 kali pengulangan dengan orang yang berbeda.
d. Ulangi langkah a sampai c dengan kawat tembaga dan kertas.
V. TUGAS PENDAHULUAN
1. Apa yang anda ketahui tentang pengukuran ?
2. Sebutkan jenis-jenis alat ukur dan satuannya dalam SI yang anda ketahui ?
3. Gambarkan dan jelaskan cara penggunaan alat ukur yang anda ketahui (4
jenis alat ukur yang bebeda)!
4. a. Mengapa pengukuran penting dilakukan ?
b. Ketidakpastian yang ada pada pengukuran tunggal sama dengan
setengah skala terkecil dari alat ukur yang digunakan. Jika kita
menggunakan mistar, maka ketidakpastianya adalah
5. Ubahlah satuan berikut :
a. 100 cm = ….. mm
b. 600 cm = ….. dm
c. 300 mm = ….. m
d. 7 gram = ….. kg
VI. DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN

1. Hasil pengukuran panjang besi
Tebal Mistar Tebal (mikrometer
Pengukuran ke Panjang (cm)
(mm) sekrup) , (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
x
x
Kesalahan Relatif
2. Hasil pengukuran Gelas Kaca
Diameter luar Diameter

Pengukuran ke Kedalaman (mm) Tebal (mm)
(mm) dalam (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
x
x
Kesalahan Relatif
3. Hasil pengukuran berat

Berat benda (gram) Berat benda (gram)
Pengukuran ke
neraca lengan neraca pegas
1
2
3
4
5
x
x
Kesalahan Relatif
VII. ANALISIS DATA DAN PERHITUNGAN

1. Dari hasil pengukuran massa denagn neraca pegas apakah semua benda
dapat diukur dengan neraca lengan?
2. Dari hasil pengukuran alat ukur manakah yang lebih teliti (presisi) ?
3. Dari kedua alat pengukur massa tersebut apakah dapat mengukur massa air
? jelaskan.
4. Hitunglah nilai rata-rata hasil pengukuran x , kesalahan pengukuran (∆x)

x
dan perentase error perhitungan ( x100%) pada tiap-tiap data
x
pengukuran. Gunakan persamaan berikut:
x
 xi
x 
 xi  x
n n ............................... (1.1)
Dengan : x = rata-rata hasil pengukuran

∆x = ketidak pastian pengukuran
 xi = jumlah data hasil pengukuran
n = banyaknya pengulangan
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VIII. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Gambar dan jelaskan cara penggunaan alat ukur yang dilakukan dalam
praktikum !
2. Untuk mengukur diameter rambut, alat ukur manakah yang anda akan
gunakan ?berikan alasannya !
3. Dari hasil pengukuran, alat manakah yang lebih teliti ?berikan alasannya!
4. Dari hasil pengukuran massa dengan neraca pegas, apakah semua benda
dapat diukur dengan neraca lengan ?dan apakah kedua alat ukur tersebut
dapat mengukur massa air ? jelaskan !
IX. KESIMPULAN
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TANGGAL: TANDA TANGAN ASISTEN:

ASISTEN:
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BANDUL FISIS

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
2022
M2
MODUL II
BANDUL FISIS
I. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
1. Memahami sifat-sifat bandul fisis
2. Menentukan percepatan gravitasi bumi
II. ALAT-ALAT
1. Bandul Fisis
2. Pencatat Waktu
3. Mistar
III.T E O R I
Bandul fisis atau bisa disebut juga ayunan fisis adalah ayunan yang paling
tinggi sering dijumpai, karena pada ayunan ini massa batang penggantung
tidak diabaikan seperti halnya pada ayunan matematis. Bandul fisis terdiri
dari 1 batang logam sebagai sebagai penggantung dan beban logam yang
berbentuk silinder.
Waktu getar ayunan sebatang besi, secara umum dapat ditentukan
𝐼
berdasarkan persamaan : 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑚𝑔ℎ……………. (1.1)
Dengan : T = periode ayunan

I = momen inersia batang
terhadap pusat ayunan
m = massa batang
g = percepatan gravitasi
bumi
h = jarak pusat ayunan ke
titik pusat massa
Persamaan (1) dapat diubah menjadi :
𝐾 2 + ℎ2
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ … … … … … .. (1.2)
𝑔ℎ
dengan : K = jari-jari girasi

Apabila dilukiskan sebuah grafik T terhadap h, terlihat dengan jelas bahwa
harga T akan minimum untuk satu harga h tertentu dan ternyata harga h yang
menyebabkan harga T minimum adalah pada saat h = k. Untuk suatu batang
yang serba sama dengan panjang L dan lebar B maka berlaku hubungan :
1 2
𝐾2 = [𝐿 + 𝐵2 ] … … … … … … … .. (1.3)
12
Maka persamaan (2) dapat diubah menjadi :
4𝜋 2 ℎ2 4𝜋 2 𝑘 2
ℎ𝑇 2 = + … … … … … … . . … (1.4)
𝑔 𝑔
Dengan membuat grafik hT2 terhadap h2 , bisa dihitung besarnya percepatan
gravitasi g yakni dengan cara menentukantangen arah grafik tersebut.
IV. TUGAS PENDAHULUAN

1. Apa yang anda ketahui tentang Bandul Fisis, getaran dan periode ?
2. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan ‘ RadiusGirasi’ !
𝐼 𝐾2 +ℎ2
3. Buktikan bahwa persamaan 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ sama dengan 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑔ℎ
4. Sebuah bandul di getarkan sehingga dalam 4,5 menit menghasilkan 175

getaran, tentukan periodenya ?
5. Menurut anda bagaimana sifat-sifat bandul fisis ?
V. PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN
1. Ukurlah panjang batang besi untuk lubang ke 3 (pengukuran dimulai dari
titik tumpu)
2. Pasanglah tumpuan pada lubang ke 1 dari lubang pertengahan pusat
massa batang
3. Ayunkan bandul fisis dengan sudut 5°
4. Catat waktu yang dibutuhkan dan periode ayunan yang dihasilkan (sudut-
sudut simpangan pada saat memulai ayunan diusahakan sekecil mungkin)
5. Ulangin langkah 1 sampai 3 untuk lubang ke 4, 5, 6 dan 7
VI. DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN

k (radius girasi) =
m (massa) =
𝜃 (sudut kemiringan) =
n (getaran) =
Percobaan ke h (m) T (periode) s (secon) Gravitasi
1
2
3
4
5
x
x
Kesalahan relatif
VII. ANALISA DAN HASIL PERHITUNGAN

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VIII. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Hitunglah harga g berdasarkan persamaan 2!
2. Buatlah grafik T terhadap h dan tentukan harga k dari grafik terebut!
3. Bagaimana dengan harga g yang didapatkan, apakah hasilnya sudah

baik? Berikan pengaruh hasil pengukuran yang dilakukan terhadap
kehidupan!
4. Parameter manakah yang paling besar pengaruhnya terhadap hasil
perhitungan? Jelaskan dan berikan alasannya!
5. Bagaimana pengaruh h dan θ terhadap hasil g? Jelaskan!
IX. KESIMPULAN
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Tanggal
Paraf Asisten
VISKOSITAS

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
2022
Tanggal
Paraf Asisten
M3
MODUL III
VISKOSITAS
I. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
Menentukan angka pergeseran (koefisien of viscosity) zat cair dengan hukum
stokes.
II.ALAT – ALAT
1. Tabung zat cair dengan isinya
2. Bola-bola kecil zat padat/kelereng.
3. Jangka sorong dan mistar
4. Sendok saringan untuk mengambil kelereng dari dalam tabung
5. Stopwatch
6. Aerometer
7. Neraca analitis
III. T E O R I
Bila sebuah benda yang berbentuk bola bergerak di dalam suatu medium
(cair atau gas) yang tetap sifat-sifatnya menurut stokes
𝐹 = −6𝑇𝜋 𝑟 𝑣 ……………………….(1.1)
Dimana :
F = gaya gesekan yang menahan gerakan
r = jari-jari bola
𝜋 = koefisien gerakan
𝑣 = kecepatan bola relative terhadap medium
Adapun syarat-syarat pemakaian hukum stokes diatas adalah :

1. Ruang tempat medium tak terbatas (ukurannya cukup luas)
2. Tidak turbulensi (pergelinciran) pada medium
3. Kecepatan v tidak besar
Pada rumus (1) bila v makin besar maka gaya gesekan F harga mutlaknya
juga makin besar, hal ini akan mengakibatkan : bila benda jatuh karena gaya
tetap gravitasi maka suatu saat gaya gesekan F akan sama dengan gaya
gravitasi (dikurangi gaya Archimedes).
Dalam hal ini V2 menjadi konstan maka berlaku persamaan :

Tanggal
Paraf Asisten
2𝑟 2 𝑔
𝑣= (𝜌 − 𝜌 0 ) ……………………(1.2)
9𝜂
Atau
9𝜂𝑑
𝑇𝑟 2 = …………………..(1.3)
2𝑔(𝜌− 𝜌0 )
Dimana :
T = waktu jatuh bola dalam menempuh d
D = jarak jatuh yang ditempuh bola
𝜌 = massa jenis bola-bola (kelereng)
0
𝜌 = massa jenis medium (zat cair)

1. Ukurlah diameter kelereng, masing-masing pengukuran dilakukan
beberapa kali (dengan menggunakan jangka sorong/micrometer sekrup)
2. Timbanglah kelereng dengan neraca analitis
3. Ukurlah massa jenis tiap-tiap zat cair menggunakan aerometer
4. Ukurlah jarak jatuh (jarak kelereng ke dasar gelas ukur)
5. Jatuhkan kelereng kedalam gelas ukur
6. Ukurlah waktu jatuh (t) untuk kelereng yang sudah ditentukan bn
pasangan zat cairnya menggunakan stopwatch
7. Masukkanlah sendok saringan sampai dasar untuk mengambil kelereng,
kemudian bersihan kelereng
8. Lakukan kembali percobaan 1 sampai 7 pada kelereng dan zat cair yang
berbeda
1. Apa yang anda ketahui tentang pergeseran (koefisien viskositas) fluida?
2. Sebutkan 10 nilai masa jenis fluida yang berbeda!
3. Apa saja syarat – syarat yang diperlukan supaya hukum Stokes dapat
berlaku?
4. Data apa saja diperlukan untuk menghitung koefisien pergeseran fluida?
Tuliskan rumusnya!
5. Sebuah kelereng memiliki masa jenis 0,9 g/cm 3 yang jari jarinya 1,5 cm
dijatuhkan bebas dalam sebuah tabung yang berisi oli dengan masa jenis
0,8 g/cm3, kecepatan terminal kelereng adalam 1m/s. Tentukan koefisien
viscositasnya!
VI. DATA DAN HASIL PERHITUNGAN

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VII. DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN
Warna Jenis zat 𝜌𝑓 (𝑘𝑔

Db(mm) s(cm) Mb (gr) t (s)
kelereng cair /𝑚3 )
Merah Minyak
Kuning Oli
Biru Gliserin
Putih
Air
Bening
VIII. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Bagaimana harus dipilih kawat-kawat yang melingkar tabung (jarak
d).
2. Apakah akibatnya bila terlalu tinggi atau terlalu rendah.
3. Hitunglah r2 untuk tiap-tiap d
4. Buat grafik antara Tr2 dan d
5. Apakah faedah menghitung Tr2 dulu untuk menghitung harga.
IX. KESIMPULAN
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ASISTEN:
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Tanggal
Paraf Asisten

RESISTOR, HUKUM OHM DAN HUKUM
KIRCHOFF

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
2022
Tanggal
Paraf Asisten
M4
MODUL IV
9
RESISTOR, HUKUM OHM DAN
HUKUM KIRCHOFF
I. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
1. Mampu mengenali bentuk dan jenis resistor.
2. Mampu menghitung nilai resistansi resistor melalui urutan cincin
warnanya.
3. Mampu merangkai resistor secara seri maupun paralel.
4. Memahami penggunaan hukum Ohm& hukum Kirchoff pada rangkaian
resistor.
II. ALAT-ALAT
1. Beberapa resistor
2. Projectboard
3. Catu daya
4. Multimeter
III.TEORI
Resistor adalah komponen dasar elektronika yang digunakan untuk
membatasi jumlah arus yang mengalir dalam suatu rangkain. Resistor bersifat
resistif dan umumnya terbuat dari bahan karbon. Satuan resistansi dari suatu
resistor Ohm atau dilambangkan dengan simbol Ω (omega).
Bentuk resistor yang umum adalah seperti tabung dengan dua kaki dikiri dan
kanan. Pada badannya terdapat lingkaran membentuk cincin kode warna
untuk mengetahui besar resistansi tanpa mengukur besarnya dengan
ohmmeter. Kode warna tersebut adalah starndar manufaktur yang dikeluarkan
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oleh EIA (Electronic industries Assiation) seperti yang ditunjukan pada tabel
dibawah.
I II III IV V
Gambar 4.1 Urutan Cincin warna pada resistor
Tabel 4.1 Nilai warna pada cincin resistor

Warna cincin Cincin 1 Cincin II Cincin III Cincin IV Cincin V
Angka Angka Angka ke Pengalih Toleransi
ke -1 ke -2 -3
Hitam 0 0 0 X100
Coklat 1 1 1 X101 1%
Merah 2 2 2 X102 2%
Jingga 3 3 3 X103
Kuning 4 4 4 X104
Hijau 5 5 5 X105
Biru 6 6 6 X106
Ungu 7 7 7 X107
Abu-abu 8 8 8 X108
Putih 9 9 9 X109
Emas X10-1 5%
Perak X10-2 10%
Tanpa warna 20%
Tanggal
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Besarnya ukuran resistor sangat tergantung watt atau daya maksimum

yang mampu ditahan oleh resistor. Umumnya dipasar tersedia ukuran 1/8. ¼.1. 2.
5. 10 dan 20 watt. Resistor yang memiliki daya maksimum 5.10 dan 20 watt.
Umum nya terbentuk balok berwarna putih dan nilai resistansinya dicetak
langsung dibadannya, misalnya 1k Ω5W.
Contoh :
Urutan cincin warna (resistor 4 cincin warna) : merah, ungu, biru, emas
Merah Ungu Biru Emas Hasilnya
2 7 X105 5% 27M Ω=5%
Urutan cincin warna (resistor 5 cincin warna) :coklat, merah, hitam, jingga, coklat
Coklat Merah Hitam Jingga Coklat Hasilnya
1 2 0 X103 1% 120K Ω=1%
Rangkaian Resistor
Rangkaian resistor secara seri akan mengakibatkan nilai resistansi total
semakin besar. Dibawah ini contoh resistor yang dirangkai secara seri.
R3 R1 R2
Gambar 4.2 Rangkaian resistor secara seri
Pada rangkaian resistor berlaku rumus :

RTOTAL = R1 + R2+ R3 .................................................................. (1.1)
Rangkaian resistor secara paralel akan mengakibatkan nilai resistansi penggati
semakin kecil. Di bawah ini resistor yang dirangkai secara paralel.
R1
R3
R2
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Gambar 4.3 Rangkaian resistor secara paralel
Pada rangkaian resistor paralel berlaku rumus :

RPengganti = 1/R1 + 1/R2+1/R3 ..................................................................................... (1.2)
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Hukum Ohm
Dari hukum Ohm diketahui resistansi berbanding balik dengan jumlah
arus yang mengalur melalui resistor tersebut.
Ohm’s law
P = Power I = Current
V
VxI
V2 R P
R V
Watts Ampr P
I2 x R
P I R
IxR V R V2
Volts Ohms R
V
PxR
P P I
I I2
V = Voltage R = Resistance
Gambar 4.4 Diagram hukum Ohm

Dimana :
V = tegangan dengan satuan Volt
I = Arus dengan satuan ampere
R = Resistansi dengan satuan resistansi
P = Daya dengan satuan Watt
Hukum Kirchoff
Hukum Kirchhoff pada rangkain seri selisih tegangan sumber dengan
jumlah tegangan jatuh pada masing-masing beban adalah 0. Sedangkan pada
rangkaian paralel : jumlah arus yang mengalir menuju satu titik dengan jumlah
arus yang keluar dari titik tersebut.
VR1 VR2 VR3
R2 R1 R3
Vdc
Gambar 4.5 Ilustrasi penerapan hukum kirchoff pada rangkaian seri
VSUMBER - VR1 +VR2 + VR3 ) = 0 ................................................. (2.1)

VSUMBER = VR1 +VR2 + VR3 ......................................................... (2.2)
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Dimana :
VRN = I X RN : VRN = Tegangan jatuuh pada beban RN .................... (2.3)
Sehingga :
VR1 = I X R1 ; VR1 = tegangan jatuh pada beban R1
Pada rangkain seri, arus mengalir pada masing- masing beban sama besarnya
dengan arus pada rangkain.
I= IR1 = IR2 = IR3 .......................................................................... (2.4)
Dimana:
VSUMBER
I= ................................................................................. (2.5)
RTOTAL
Hukum kirchhoff pada rangkian paralel arus yang mengalir menuju suatu titik
berbanding lurus dengan jumlah arus yang keluar dari titik tersebut.
R1
I R1
I Total
I R2
R3
I R3
Vdc
R2
Gambar 4.6 Ilustrasi penerapan hukum kirchoff pada rangkaian paralel
Itotal – (IR1 +IR2 + IR3 ) = 0 ........................................................... (2.6)

Itotal = IR1 +IR2 + IR3 ..................................................................... (2.7)
Dimana :
VSUMBER
IRn = Rn
: IRn = arus yang mengalir pada beban Rn .......... (2.8)
Sehingga :
VSUMBER
IR1 = : IR1 = arus yang mengalir pada beban R1
R1
VSUMBER
R2
VSUMBER
R3
Pada rangkian paralel, tegangan jatuh pada masing-masing beban sama dengan
tegangan sumber.
VSUMBER = VR1 = VR2 = VR3 ........................................................ (2.9)
Tanggal
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III. TUGAS PENDAHULUAN

1. Hitung beberapa nilai resistansi resistor 4 cincin dibawah ini.
a. Coklat, hitam, coklat, emas.
b. Biru, abu-abu, hijau, emas.
c. Jingga, jingga, merah, perak.
d. Jingga, putih, coklat, perak
2. Hitungan besar arus yang mengalir pada masibg-masing beban rangkaian
di bawah ini dengan menggunakan Analisa hk.kirchoff
R1
100 k Ohm
R4 R2
10 k Ohm 330 k Ohm
Vs
15 V
R2
220 k Ohm
I = ….?
A
Gambar 4.7 Rangkaian resistor secara parallel
3. Sebutkan warna-warna urutan cincin resistor dengan nilai resistansi.

a. 83K Ω±1%
b. 100K Ω±5%
c. 330 Ω±10%
d. 120 Ω±1% (5 cincin)
e. 27K Ω±1% (5 cincin)
4. Sebutkan beberapa perbedaan pada 2 buah resistor yang dirangkai seri
dengan resistor yang dirangkai paralel.

A. Percobaan Rangkaian Seri
1. Susunlah rangkaian seperti gambar dibawah ini
Tanggal
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R2 R3 R1
10 V
Gambar 4.8 Rangkaian resistor secara seri
2. Ukurlah nilai resistansi pada masing-masing resistor

3. Ukurlah besar resistansi total pada rangkaian (RTOTAL)
4. Berilah tegangan sebesar 10 Vdc kemudian ukur besar tegangan
pada masing-masing resistor (VR1, VR2. VR3).
5. Ukurlah besar arus yang mengalir pada rangkaian (I).
6. Cari nilai resistansi total (RTOTAL), tegangan pada masing-maisng
resistor (VR1, VR2. VR3), arus yang mengalir pada rangkaian (I)
dengan menggunakan rumus hukum Ohmbuktikan hukum Kirchhoff
pada rangkaian diatas.
B. Percobaan Rangkaian Paralel
1. Susunlah rangkaian seperti gambar dibawah ini
R1
R3
10 V R2
Gambar 4.9 Rangkaian resistor secara paralel
2. Ukurlah nilai resistansi pada masing-masing resistor.

3. Ukurlah besar resistansi pangganti pada rangkaian (RPENGGANTI ).
4. Berilah tegangan sebesar 10 Vdc kemudian ukur besar arus pada
masing-masing resistot ( I R1 , I R2, I R3).
5. Ukurlah besar tegangan pada rangkaian (V).
6. Cari nilai resisitansi penggganti ( RPENGGANTI ). Arus pada masing-
masing resistor ( I R1 , I R2, I R3), tegangan pada rangkaian (V)
Tanggal
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dengan menggunakan pada hukum Ohmbuktikan hukum Kirchhoff

pada rangkaian diatas.
V. TUGAS AKHIR
1. Dari data hasil pengamatan anda apakah sudah sesuai dengan literatur
yang telah ada? Berikan alasan yang logis terhadap data anda dengan
literatur
2. Apa gunanya kita harus mempelajari materi resistor Hk. Ohm & Kirchoff
ini?
Tanggal
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DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN
Percobaan Rangkaian Seri
NO R1 R2 R3 RTOTAL VR1 VR2 VR3 I Vs VS – ( VR1 +VR2 + VR3)
Percobaan Rangkaian Paralel

NO R1 R2 R3 RPengganti IR1 IR2 IR3 Itotal V Itotal – (IR1 +IR2 + IR3 )
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VI. DATA DAN HASIL PERHITUNGAN

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VII. KESIMPULAN
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Tanggal
Paraf Asisten

VOLTMETER DAN AMPEREMETER ARUS
SEARAH

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
2022
M5
5 MODUL V
VOLTMETER DAN AMPEREMETER ARUS SEARAH
I TUJUAN
1. Dapat mempergunakan voltmeter dan ampemeter untuk mengukur arus listrik dan
beda potensial listrik arus searah.
2. Menentukan nilai hambatan suatu hambatan listrik.
II. ALAT-ALAT
1. Ampermeter (1 buah)
2. Voltmeter (1 buah)
3. Catu daya DC (1 buah)
4. Hambatan tetap
5. Kabel-kabel
III. TEORI
Jenis arus listrik terbagi menjadi dua, yakni arus listrik searah atau DC (Direct
Current) dan arus listrik bolak-balik atau AC (Alternating Current). Pada arus listrik
bolak-balik, muatan listrik mengalir dalam dua arah (bolak-balik). Adapun pada arus
listrik searah, muatan listrik hannya mengalir dalam satu arah saja. Ciri umum dari
arus bolak-balik, yaitu sumber tegangan berasal dari PLN sedangkan arus searah
berasal dari baterai. Contoh peralatan yang menggunakan arus listrik searah yaitu
kalkulator, remote control, jam, dan lampu senter (Abdullah, 2000).
Kuat arus didefinisikan sebagai jumlah muatan yang mengalir melalui
penampang suatu kawat penghantar persatuan waktu. Secara sistematisnya kuat arus
dituliskan sebagai berikut : I = Q/t
dengan, I = kuat arus listrik (A)
Q = jumlah muatan yang mengalir (C)
t = waktu (s)
1A = 1 C/s
Untuk mengukur kuat arus listrik dalam suatu penghantar dapat dilakukan
dengan menggunakan amperemeter. Cara pengukurannya yaitu dengan
menghubungakan alat ukur arus lisrtri secara seri dengan sumber tegangan listrik
(Arkundato, 2007).
Jika berbagai komponen listrik dihubungkan membentuk suatu rangakaian
terhadap adanya percabangan diantara kutub-kutub sumber ggl, dikatakan bahwa
komponen-komponen tersebut terhubung dalam satu rangkaian seri. Elektron-
elektron mengalir dari kutub negatif sumber arus listrik melalui kabel dan masing-
masing komponen seri berurutan dan akhirnya kembali ke kutub positif sumber arus
listrik. Kuat arus yang mengalir selalu sama di setiap titik di sepanjang rangkaian
(Indrajit, 2007).
Setiap alat ukur arus listrik atau amperemeter memiliki karateristik yang
berbeda, baik arus maksimum yang didapat atau skala yang tertera pada
amperemeter. Cara membaca skala pada amperemeter adalah dengan menggunakan
rumusan sebagai berikut :
Hasil pengukuran = (skala yang ditunjuk : skala maksimum) x batas ukur(Kemmerly,
2005).
Pergerakan muatan atau arus di dalam konduktor dapat diibaratkan air yang
mengalir di dalam pipa. Agar air mengalir dengan deras maka air harus digerakkan
dari potensial tinggi ke potensial rendah. Begitupun arus listrik, agar arus bergerak
dengan cepat, diantara kedua kutub harus diberi beda potensial yang tinggi. Beda
potensial yang menyebabkan arus mengalir biasa disebut dengan tegangan listrik.
Tegangan listrik juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai ukuran untuk kerja yang
dibutuhkan untuk memindahkan muauutan melalui elemen. Satuan tagangan adalah
volt, dan 1 volt sama dengan 1 Joule/sekon. Tegangan disimbolkan dengan V
(Paulina, 2008).
Untuk mengukur beda potensial atau tegangan diantara kedua ujung
penghantar, digunakan alat yang bernama voltmeter. Penyusunan voltmeter harus
secara paralel dengan sumber listrik atau komponen listrik yang akan diukur beda
potensialnya. Namun, perlu diperhatikan bahwa pada voltmeter terdapat dua kutub,
yaitu kutub negatif dan kutub positif sehingga kutub-kutub ini harus dihubungkan
secara bersesuaian dengan kutub-kutub yang pada rangakaian.
Gambar 2.1 Pemasangan Voltmeter

Efek pemasangan voltmeter terhadap rangkaian disebut juga loading effect.
Efek ini dapat diartikan sebagai pengaruh pemasangan voltmeter yang akan merubah
besaran voltase yang ingin diukur karena voltmeter juga terukur sebagai beban,
sehingga resistansi voltmeter harus jauh lebih tinggi atau lelbih besar dari beban
yang ingin diukur (Zemansky, 1962).
Amperemeter sering juga disebut ammeter. Amperemeter pada rangkaian perlu
diletakkan seri terhadap kuat arus yang ingin diukur. Hal ini disebabkan arus tidak
akan berubah bila melalui rangkaian seri, dan akan terbagi bila melalui rangkaian
paralel. Walaupun arus pada rangkaian seri tidak berubah, akan tetapi perletakan
amperemeter pada suatu rangkaian tersebut akan mempengaruhi pengukuran. Hal ini
dikarenakan amperemeter memiliki tahanan internal sehingga akan menambah
besaran tahanan total pada rangkaian tersebut dan merubah besar arus yang hanya
mengalir ke tahanan pada rangakaian awal (Arukundato, 2007).
Besaran rentang ukur ditentukan oleh seberapa besar resistor total yang
tersambung. Sensifitas sebuah amperemeter atau ammeter juga ditentukan oleh
resistor shunt, semakin besar resistor shunt maka semakin sensitif ammeter tersebut.
Untuk mengukur arus yang lebih dari 50A, maka amperemeter perlu ditambah
resistor shuntatau resistor tambahan (eksternal). Resistor shunt ini berfungsi untuk
menurunkan arus yang masuk ke rangkaian agar tidak merusak alat ukur.
Amperemeter bekerja sesuai dengan hukum gaya Lorentz dan gaya magnetis. Arus
yang mengalir pada rangakaian akan menimbulkan gaya Lorentz yang akan
menggerakkan jarum amperemeter. Semakin besar arus yang mengalir, maka
semakin besar simpangannya (Zemansky, 1962).
Gambar 2.2 Pemasangan Amperemeter

Perhatian : jangan menyalakan catu daya sebelum rangkaian diperiksa Asisten.
1.1. Menentukan nilai hambatan dalam RA
1. Rangkaian disusun seperti gambar a.
2. Kedudukan Amperemeter (I) dan voltmeter (V) dicatat
3. Ulangi langkah 1 & 2 dengan merubah variasi dari nilai Rs
4. Rangkaian disusun seperti gambar b tanpa menghubungkan hambatan R.
hubungkan dengan catu daya, kemudian di catat nilai arus sebagai nilai (I1).
5. Hubungkan hambatan R pada rangkaian tersebut , hubungkan dengan catu
daya, kemudian catat nilai arus sebagai nilai (I2).
Gambar 2.3 Pengukuran Hambatan Pada Amperemeter
1.2. Menentukan nilai hambatan dalam RV

1. Rangkaian disusun seperti gambar a.
2. Kedudukan Amperemeter (I) dan voltmeter (V) dicatat
4. Rangkaian disusun seperti gambar b tanpa menghubungkan hambatan R.
hubungkan dengan catu daya, kemudian di catat nilai arus sebagai nilai (V 1).
5. Hubungkan hambatan R pada rangkaian tersebut , hubungkan dengan catu
daya, kemudian catat nilai arus sebagai nilai (V2).
Gambar 2.4 Pengukuran Hambatan Pada Voltmeter

1. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan batas ukur dan skala terkecil dari suatu alat.
2. Apa itu hambatan dalam?
3. Jelaskan pengaruh hambatan dalam dari suatu alat ukur listrik!
4. Berikan langkah-langkah untuk mengukur arus dan tegangan menggunakan
amperemeter dan voltmeter!
VI. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Dari data hambatan dalam yang anda dapatkan apakah nilainya sudah baik dan
logis?
2. Jelaskan mengapa untuk mengukur arus dengan amperemeter harus dirangkai seri
sedangkan untuk mengukur tegangan dengan voltmeter harus dirangkai parallel?
3. Jelaskan prinsip kerja dari alat amperemeter, voltmeter, dan multimeter analog?
VII. DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN

1. Amperemeter
No. I V RA RS
1.
2.
3.
𝑉
RA = 𝐼
No. I1 I2 RA RS
1.
2.
3.
(𝐼1− 𝐼2)
RA = .𝑅 R = 47 Ω
𝐼2
2. Voltmeter
No. I V RV RS
1.
2.
3.
𝑉
RV = 𝐼
No. V1 V2 RV RS
1.
2.
3.
(𝐼1− 𝐼2)
RV = .𝑅 R = 47 Ω
𝐼2
VIII. DATA DAN HASIL PERHITUNGAN

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Modul Fidas Teknik Industri

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PRAKTIKUM

Tim Laboratorium Fisika Dasar

LABORATORIUM FISIKA DASAR

Modul penuntun praktikum fisika dasar ini sebagai pegangan untuk

dalam perkuliahan. Pengamatan-pengamatan yang dilakukan sedikit lebih banyak

dipengaruhi oleh praktikum yang didalamnya melakukan percobaan.

dengan menggunakan teori ketidak pastian.

Dalam petunjuk setiap mata percobaan, alat-alat yang digunakan. Teori

singkat mengenai materi yang akan dipraktekkan, jalannya percobaan dan

pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang wajib dijawab yang selanjutnya diakhiri dengan

peserta praktikum fisika dasar Fakultas Teknik.

Tangerang, 08 Oktober 2018

Tim Lab. Fisika Dasar

Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................... i

Tata Tertib Praktikum Fisika Dasar .................................................................... iii

Aturan Penulisan Laporan Praktikum ................................................................. v

Sistem Penilaian .................................................................................................. vi

Daftar Nilai Praktikum Fisika Dasar ................................................................... vii

Teori Kesalahan .................................................................................................. viii

2. Bandul Fisis ................................................................................................. 16

4. Resistor, hukum ohm dan hukum kirchoff .................................................. 30

5. Voltmeter dan amperemeter arus searah ...................................................... 46

I. TATA TERTIB PRAKTIKUM

II. TATA CARA PELAKSANAAN PRAKTIKUM

d. Setiap praktikan harus melakukan semua materi praktikum/percobaan

III. TATA CARA PEMINJAMAN ALAT PRAKTIKUM

IV. TATA CARA SETELAH PRAKTIKUM

Laporan di kategorikan selesai jika terdapat :

Kepada setiap praktikan diberlakukan sistem penilaian yang sama yang

Nilai kehadiran diambil berdasarkan jumlah kehadiran praktikan sesuai

Nilai Kehadiran (Absensi) : …………… x 10% = ………………….

Nilai Total Tugas Pendahuluan (TP) : …………… x 10% = ………………….

Nilai Pelaksanaan Praktikum (PP) : …………… x 15% = ………………….

Nilai Total Tugas Akhir (TA) : …………… x 10% = ………………….

Nilai Total LL : …………… x 55% = ………………….+

Jumlah Nilai Akhir = …………………...

Dalam melakukan percobaan yang didasarkan pada sejumlah pengukuran

Sumber-sumber kesalahan tersebut wajib kita ketahui dan wajib untuk

Dimana : 𝑥1 =Hasil dari pengukuran tunggal

b. Pengukuran Berulang, yaitu pengukuran suatu besaran yang apabila

Sedangkan hasil pengukuran disajikan dalam bentuk:

Dimana : 𝑥 =Nilai rata-rata sampel

7,9 sekon memiliki 2 angka berarti

Dalam menyajikan hasil pengukuran, banyaknya angka berarti yang

Cara penulisannya perhatikan contoh berikut:

58000000 kg 5,800 x 107 kg 4

0,00000678 m 6,78 x 10-6 m 3

760069000 kg 7,60069 x 107 kg 6

1. Jika besaran x merupakan hasil pengukuran tunggal, maka:

3. Jika besaran x, y dan z merupakan kombinasi antara hasil pengukuran

5. Perbandingan Terhadap Literatur

 Dari titik-titik yang ada, cari titik pusatnya (X

ƩXi 2 . ƩXi . Ʃ(Xi . Yi ) I

n. Ʃ(Xi . Yi ) − ƩXi . ƩYi

Sedangkan untuk menyatakan kekuatan hubungan antar data yang diperoleh

a. n. ƩYi + b. n. Ʃ(Xi Yi ) − (ƩYi )2

bila r > 0.9, maka hubungan antara variabel x dan y kuat

Berdasarkan tabel diatas, maka dapat dihitung konstanta a dan b sebagai

ƩI2 . ƩV . −ƩI . Ʃ(V . I) (25704,36). (276) − (445,8). (15710)

n . Ʃ(V . I) − ƩI . ƩV (10). (15710) − (445,8). (275)

Pedoman pembuatan grafik:

b. Pada pembuatan grafik hendaknya ΔX dan ΔY dapat tergambar dengan jelas

LABORATORIUM FISIKA DASAR

1. Mengukur besaran panjang dengan berbagai alat ukur panjang