MATA KULIAH PENGENALAN EOR “Little Step to A

Big Journey”

Pekanbaru 06 Maret
LOW SALINITY WATER INJECTION EOR SYSTEM 2019
APPLICATION IN NORTH SEA CLAIR FIELD Universitas Islam Riau
 KELOMPOK 6

MUHAMMAD IMAM SHANIA ARIEF MUHAMMAD

IRTIN HIDAYAT REGINA FIKRI KURNIAWAN

SYARIEFUDIN

(173210928) (173210930) (163310633) (153210711) (173210929)

Oil Recovery
 Oil

Recovery
PRIMARY RECOVERY
Proses pengurasan minyak dari suatu reservoir dengan hanya
mengandalkan energi alami reservoir (pressure) untuk mendorong
minyak ke sumur-sumur produksi. Ketika tekanan reservoir
tersebut sudah tidak mampu lagi untuk memproduksikan minyak
secara alami sehingga untuk membantu proses lifting minyak ke
atas permukaan digunakanlah Artificial Lift.

SECONDARY RECOVERY
Usaha untuk menaikkan recovery minyak dari suatu reservoir
dengan cara menginjeksikan sejumlah fluida yang berasal dari
dalam reservoir itu sendiri seperti air ataupun gas melalui sumur
injeksi. Water Injection dan Gas Injection.

TERTIARY RECOVERY (EOR)

Pengurasan minyak tahap lanjut dengan cara menginjeksikan
sejumlah zat kedalam reservoar melalui sumur injeksi untuk
merubah sifat fisik ataupun sifat kimia dari oil properties untuk
meningkatkan recovery factor. Sekedar catatan EOR ini akan
diterapkan ketika : Produksi yang dihasilkan dari metode
sebelumnya terus mengalami decline, masih terdapat banyak oil
remains ataupun juga harga minyak yang tinggi
Jenis-jenis Metode
Water-based EOR
EOR
 CEOR (polymer,
Gas-based EOR surfactants, alkaline,gel,..)
 Miscible gas (CO2,  Microbial (MEOR)
HC,...)
 Foam + WAG  Low Salinity
 Immiscible gas (N2,…)
Thermal EOR
 WAG
 Steam drive
 CSS (Steam Cyclic Stimulation)
 SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage)
 Air injection (in-situ combustion)
 TAHAPAN PELAKSANAAN EOR
RESERVOAR

DATA GEOLOGI DATA RESERVOAR DATA PRODUKSI

· Jenis
Batuan Sifat Fisik Batuan Sifat Fisik Fluida Kondisi Reservoar Tenaga · Qo
·Arah Migrasi Pendorong ·Water Cut
·Vb Reservoar ·Remaining
· Porositas · Viscositas · Pres Reserve
·Permeabilitas Oil ·Tres
·Oil Gravity
·Wetabilitas

Screening Criteria

Metode EOR

EOR LAB

Simulasi

Pilot Projek Full Scale

Tipe Waterflood yang
umum digunakan
EOR
Property screening
•
HCgas C02 N2/Flue Steam SAGD Hot Polymer ASP
css water
OilAPI >30-40 >22 >40 8-35 8-20 7-12 10-35 >15 >20
Oil <3 <10 <0.4 103 103 - 104 4000 - 103 - 10-1000 <35
viscosity, - 10 10
106 6 4
cp

Reservoir 4000- >2500 >10,000 400- 400- 250- <3000 800- 500-
Depth, ft 16000 3000 4500 3000 9000 9000
Permeability -- -- -- >250 >250 >5000 >35 >100 >100
, md
Pressure, >MMP >MMP <MMP 400- <1500 High >2000 -- --
psia 1500

Oil saturation, >30 >20 >40 >50 >40 >50 >50 >30 >45
%
Thickness, ft Thin Thin Thin >20-150 15-150 50-100 >20 -- --

Salinity, ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <3000 <

200000
Temperature, Affect Affect -- -- -- -- -- < 170 <200
F MMP MMP

(Pope et al. 2013)

8
Prof. Hussein Hoteit - Basic Principles of EOR
Tabel dibawah ini menunjukkan screening criteria dalam peningkatan perolehan minyak
dengan metode Low Salinity Water Injection pada batuan pasir dan batuan karbonat.
 Location of the Clair field and other BP operated fields in the North Sea

helf
Lapangan Clair pertama kali ditemukan pada ental s
n
m conti
tahun 1977, terletak 142 mil di sebelah utara o .
d Kingd ia Raya
e n
daratan Skotlandia dan 35 mil di sebelah barat Unit ), Brita
S
pulau Shetland memiliki luas area sebesar 220 (UKC
dengan kedalaman air 132 m hingga 155 m.
 CurrentEOR Projects
Clair Ridge Magnus

Schiehallion/
Loyal

Mariner

Captain

Hydrocarbon Gas EOR

Low Salinity EOR

Polymer EOR

18
 Curren EOR Project
t s
The oil price has declined significantly and this currently impacts EOR economics
making the task of maximising economic recovery through EOR even more challenging.

5 EOR projects have Field Development Plans:

• Magnus hydrocarbon miscible gas EOR – in n
operation

• Captain phased polymer EOR pilot programme and

then field-wide implementation – in front end design
phase

• Schiehallion/Loyal Quad 204 – in construction

(pre-investment in tanks and pumps has been e
approved, ordering of polymer and deployment into
th reservoir is still subject to partner sanction)

• Mariner polymer pilot scheme – in construction (pre-

investment in tanks, pumps and infrastructure has
been approved).

• Clair Ridge (world’s first offshore low salinity EOR

scheme) – in construction

17
 Low Salinit EOR
Taking Stock
• Attractive as low cost
y
• Operators are comfortable with conventional sea water flooding.
• PILOT generated good cooperation, with industry leadership from BP Clair RidgeProjec
• Lack of clear understanding of how the Low Salinity Mechanism t
work
in the reservoir has proved a significant issue

• Identified good options for implementation on North Sea platforms

• Best results if implemented from day 1; at sanction – Do EOR
.
Considerations
Early !!
LowSalinityEORBrownfieldFaciliti
• All new developments should be screened for low salinity EOR
es
potential - don’t just assume seawater as default
• Still better understanding of mechanisms: such as impacts of clays;
brine salinity and composition; oil composition and micro emulsion.
• Still need clearer guidelines on core screening methods.
• Solutions to offshore implementation, such as new membranes –
(Imperial College) and Low weight and space desalination designs
• Further work needed on potential to combine EOR techniques:
Polymer and Low Salinity

16
Baground /Introduction Clair Field
Geology and Finding Review
Low Salinity Water Injection Process
Recovery Mechanism for Incremental Oil
1. Decrease of oil residual saturation (Bound
Low Salinity Water Injection
oil becomes mobile)
2. Alteration of rock Wettability (water – wet Mechanism
state)
3. Alteration of relative Permeability
4. Cation exchange between reservoir
surface and low salinity

Multi Component Ionic Change (MIE)

Attraction mechanisms between crude oil and rock surface (Robbana et al., 2012).

Perubahan kesetimbangan pertukaran ion The multicomponent ion exchange mechanism.

terjadi ketika ion divalen dari salinitas rendah,
pertukaran dengan kompleks orogano kationik
multivalen (MIE)
a) Oil molecules are attracted to the divalent ions (Mg2+, Ca2+)
and the clay surface.
b) b) Na+ -ions from the injected water replace the divalent
cations and release the oil. Re-drawn after (Zekri et al.,
2011).
How Does Low
Salinity Work
Molekul minyak berikatan dengan partikel clay
melalui jembatan kation divalen seperti; Ca ++,
Mg ++ .
Dalam air Salinitas tinggi yang ditemukan di
reservoir jembatan ini dikompres ke
permukaan tanah liat, oleh kekuatan listrik,
yang berarti bahwa banyak molekul minyak
tidak bebas mengalir.
Dengan mengurangi salinitas air, jembatan
akan rileks dan dapat mengembang,
memungkinkan ion monovalen yang tidak
menjembatani seperti Na +, K + mengakses dan
mengganti ion divalen. Ini membebaskan
molekul minyak yang kemudian dapat disapu
ke sumur produksi.
 TAHAPAN PELAKSANAAN EOR
RESERVOAR

DATA GEOLOGI DATA RESERVOAR DATA PRODUKSI

· Jenis
Batuan Sifat Fisik Batuan Sifat Fisik Fluida Kondisi Reservoar Tenaga · Qo
·Arah Migrasi Pendorong ·Water Cut
·Vb Reservoar ·Remaining
· Porositas · Viscositas · Pres Reserve
·Permeabilitas Oil ·Tres
·Oil Gravity
·Wetabilitas

Screening Criteria

Metode EOR

EOR LAB

Simulasi

Pilot Projek Full Scale

Input Data
 Facilitas instalation

Integration of membrane treatment facilities into conventional offshore water injection

systems
 Low Salinity effects non-linear with salinity
 Appears to be an upper
 Webb, Black, Edmond (2005)
critical value for Low Salinity
 Dead oil
effects

0.6

0.5
Low Salinity (1000 ppm)
Low Salinity
effects non-linear
Sea Water Equivalent (30,000 ppm)

Reservoir Brine (80,000 ppm)

0.4

with salinity
Oil Production (Total PV)

0.3

Reservoir Brine
0.2 Sea Water Equivalent
Low Salinity (1000 ppm)

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Water Throughput (Pore Volumes)

It appears to be an upper critical salinity, which the Low Salinity fluid

must stay below, to observe the Low Salinity effect
Low Salinity Versus High Salinity Injection
Total production forecast at Clair Ridge.

Low Salinity water injection

(LoSal EOR)

High salinity water injection

References
1. UKCS Maximising Recovery Review: Final Report - Sir Ian Wood
2. Maximising Enhanced Oil Recovery Opportunities in UKCS Through Collaboration –
SPE 172017
3. Energy Research Partnership - Prospects for CO2- EOR in the UKCS – October 2015
4. OGA Corporate Plan 2016 - 2021 v2 – 4 th March 2016
5. Enhanced Oil Recovery Strategy - 22nd July 2016