REDUCTION - OXIDATION

Biochemistry Department
Fakultas Kedokteran UNISBA
Bandung
2015
Reaksi oksidasi - reduksi
1. OKSIDASI
• Reaksi pelepasan elektron
• Peningkatan muatan positif
• Peningkatan biloks (bilangan oksidasi)
Contoh :
Al Al 3+ + 3e

Reaksi oksidasi Alumunium :

Al Al 3+ + 3e ) x4 (oksidasi)

O2 + 4e 2O2- ) x 3 (reduksi)

4 Al + 3 O2 4Al3+ + 6O2- 2Al2O3

REAKSI OKSIDASI REDUKSI

2. REAKSI REDUKSI
 Reaksi penangkapan elektron
 Penambahan muatan negatif
 Penurunan bilangan oksidasi
Contoh :

o2 O2- + 2e
Reaksi oksidasi selalu disertai reduksi dan disebut
reaksi redoks
Reaksi oksidasi atau reduksi saja secara terpisah
disebut reaksi setengah (Half reaction)
OKSIDATOR DAN REDUKTOR
OKSIDATOR : Zat yang mengoksidasi zat lain, tetapi zat Tersebut
mengalami reaksi reduksi (penurunan bilok)

Ciri-ciri oksidator:
 Memiliki biloks tinggi
 Dalam bentuk molekul maupun ion mudah mengikat elektron
 Dalam sistim periodik unsur ada di sebelah kanan

Contoh :
KMNO4 Mn bervalensi +7
K2Cr2O7 Cr bervalensi +6
KClO3 Cl bervalensi +5
OKSIDATOR DAN REDUKTOR

Reduktor : zat yang mudah mereduksi zat lain, tetapi zat itu sendiri
mengalami oksidasi (peningkatan bilok)

Ciri-ciri reduktor :
 Memiliki biloks rendah
 Dalam bentuk molekul maupun ion mudah melepaskan elektron
 Dalam sistim periodik unsur, terletak di golongan : I, II, III,VI dan VII
OKSIDATOR DAN REDUKTOR

oksidator Elektron yg Setelah reaksi Kondisi reaksi

ditangkap
MnO4 5 Mn2+ Larutan asam
MnO4- 3 MnO2 Netral /basa
NO3- 1 NO2 Asam pekat
SO42- 2 SO2 Asam pekat
O2 4 2O2-
ClO- 2 Cl-
CrO72- 6 2Cr3+ Larutan asam
PbO2 2 Pb2+
OKSIDATOR DAN REDUKTOR

Reduktor Elektron yang Setelah Kondisi reaksi

dilepas reaksi
NO2 2 NO3
S2- 2 S
SO32- 6 SO2 Dg oksidator kuat
Fe2+ 1 Fe3+
Sn2+ 2 Sn4+ Larutan asam
Cu 2 Cu2+
Cl2 2 2ClO- Larutan basa
2I- 2 I2
BILANGAN OKSIDASI
Syarat reaksi redoks : harus ada perubahan bilok
BILANGAN OKSIDASI :
Banyaknya muatan listrik dari unsur-unsur dalam suatu persenyawaan

Peraturan-peraturan biloks:
 Bilangan oksidasi satu unsur bebas = 0
 Bilangan oksidasi satu atom hidrogen = + 1
 Bilangan oksidasi satu atom oksigen = -2
 Bilangan oksidasi logam, selalu positif. Logam alkali selalu +1 dan alkali
tanah selalu +2
 Jumlah biloks semua unsur dalam senyawa = 0
 BILANGAN OKSIDASI
Contoh :
Bilangan oksidasi SO2 = 0
1. SO2
Bilangan oksidasi 2 atom O = -4
Bilangan oksidasi S = +4

Bilangan oksidasi K2Cr2O7 = 0

2. K2Cr2O7 Bilangan oksidasi 2 atom K = +2
Bilangan oksidasi 7 atom O = -14
Bilangan oksidasi 2 atom Cr = +12
ATURAN BILOKS

1. Unsur bebas dan molekul unsur biloksnya = 0

Contoh :
4K + O2 → 2K2O

P4 + 6I2 → 4PI3
Ba + Cl2 → BaCl2
2. Logam dalam senyawa biloksnya selalu positif (+)

Contoh :
2K + Cl2 → 2KCl K = +1
Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2 Mg =+2
3Fe + 3Cl2 → 3FeCl2 Fe = +2
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 Fe = +3
3. Hidrogen dalam senyawa biloksnya = +1

Kecuali : bersenyawa langsung dengan logam,

hidrogen = -1
Contoh :
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O H=+1
H2 + 2K → 2KH H=-1
H2 + Mg → MgH2 H=-1
4. Oksigen dalam senyawa biloksnya=-2

Kecuali : a. peroksida = -1
b. superoksida = -1/2
c. OF2 = +2
Contoh :
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O O=-2
H2 + O 2 → H2O2 O=-1
K + O2 → KO2 O=-1/2
5. Biloks ion = muatannya
a. monoatomik
b. poliatomik
Contoh :
O2- = -2 NH4+ = +1
Na+ = +1 NO3- = -1
Cl- = -1 SO42- = -2
Al3+ = +3 Cr2O72- = -2
6. Total biloks senyawa = 0

Contoh :
KClO4 = 0
MnO2 = 0
H2SO4 = 0
H2O = 0
KO2 = 0
CONTOH SOAL :

1. Tentukan biloks Cl dalam senyawa KClO4

Jawab :
1K + 1Cl + 4O = 0
1(+1) + 1(Cl) + 4(-2) = 0
+1 + Cl - 8 = 0
Cl = +7
2. Tentukan biloks Cr dalam senyawa Cr2O72-
Jawab :
2Cr + 7O = -2
2(Cr) + 7(-2) = -2
2Cr - 14 = -2
2Cr = +12
Cr = +6
A. Penyetaraan Persamaan Reaksi Redoks

1. Metode Bilangan Oksidasi

2. Metode Ion Elektron

Contoh:

1. Tuliskan persamaan reaksi ion yang terjadi

antara Al dan NO3- dalam suasana basa dengan
cara perubahan biloks jika diketahui perubahan
yang terjadi Al/AlO2- dan NO3-/NH3
JAWAB:
Al + NO3- → AlO2- + NH3

3e
0 +3
8e
+5 -3
 8 Al + 3 NO3- → 8 AlO2- + 3NH3
+ 5 OH-

+ 2 H2O

8Al + 3NO3- + 5OH- + 2H2O → 8AlO2 + 3NH3

Contoh:
2. Tuliskan pers. reaksi ion yang terjadi
antara KI + KOH + KMnO4 jika diketahui
I-/I2 dan MnO4- /MnO2
JAWAB:
Langkah 1:

oksidasi : I- → I2
reduksi : MnO4- → MnO2
Langkah 2:

oksidasi : 2 I- → I2
reduksi : MnO4- → MnO2 + 4 OH-
 Langkah 3:

Oks : 2 I- → I2 + 2e ) x3

Red : MnO4- +2H2O + 3e → MnO2 +4OH- ) x2

Langkah 4:

oksidasi : 6I- → 3 I2 + 6e
reduksi : 2MnO4- +4H2O + 6e → 2MnO2 + 8OH-
 Langkah 5:

6I- + 2MnO4- +4 H2O → 3 I2 + 2MnO2 + 8OH-

Reaksi Lengkap:

6KI + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O → 3I2 + 2MnO2 + 8KOH

PENYETARAAN PERSAMAAN REDOKS

Pengertian :
Banyaknya elektron yang dilepaskan oleh reduktor harus
sama dengan banyaknya elektron yang ditangkap oleh oksidator

1. REAKSI SEDERHANA
K + Cl2 KCl

Langkah-langkah :
a. Cari perubahan biloks unsur-unsur
b. Tulis reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi secara terpisah
c. Kalikan masing-masing reaksi dengan bilangan tertentu untuk menyamakan
elektron yang dilepas dan yang ditangkap
d. Jumlahkan kedua reaksi tersebut
 PENYETARAAN PERSAMAAN REDOKS

Penyelesaian contoh :
K K+ + 1e ) x2

Cl2 + 2e 2Cl- ) x1
+

2K 2K + 2e
Cl2 + 2e 2 Cl-
+
2K + Cl2 2K + 2 Cl- 2 KCl
REDUCTION - OXIDATION
In Biochemical Process

Biochemistry Department
Fakultas Kedokteran UNISBA
Bandung
2015
BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
 Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions.
 Functions of metabolism are:
1. Synthesis of biomolecules.
2. Transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes.
3. Production of force and movement.
4. Removal of metabolic waste and other toxic substances.

1P2-
30
BIO RXNS: BY MECHANISM-1
Nucleophilic Substitution-acyl

O O
R C CH2C SCoA + CoA-SH
O O
R C SCoA + CH3C SCoA
Sulfur nucleophile attacks C=O
Bio Rxns: By Mechanism-1
Nucleophilic Substitution-alkyl
O
C O
+
H3N CH O
+ CH2 O C CH3
HS-
O
C O O
+
H3N CH + CH C O
3
CH2 SH
Sulfur nucleohile attacks alkyl C
BIO RXNS: BY MECHANISM-2
 Addition: two molecules combine to give one.
 One molecule usually multiple bonded.
O O
C O C O
HC HO CH
C H H2O
+ CH2
C O C O
O O
Addition occurs at C=C
BIO RXNS: BY MECHANISM-3
 Elimination-
a molecule loses atoms usually in
the form of a small molecule like water.

O O
C O 2-
C O 2-
H C OPO3 C OPO3
CH2 OH CH2 +H O
2
Water is lost to form
phosphoenolpyruvate
BIO RXNS: BY MECHANISM-4
Isomerization: molecule rearranges atoms

O O
C O C O 2-
H C OH H C OPO3
2-
CH2 OPO3 CH2 OH
3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
BIO RXNS: BY MECHANISM-5
 Hydrolysis: water cleaves (splits) a covalent bond and inserts itself.

O CH2 OH
CH2 O C R
O H C OH
H C O C R + 3 H2O CH2 OH
O O
CH2 O C R
+ 3 HO C R
Hydrolysis of a fat
Hydrolysis is a variant of acyl substitution.
BIO RXNS: BY REDOX NATURE
 Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.
 Oxidation: a loss of electrons
 Reduction: a gain of electrons
 Oxidizing agent: the electron acceptor
 Reducing agent: the electron donor
 Note:
Reactions may fall into both classification
categories, mechanism and redox.
BIO RXNS: BY REDOX NATURE-2
 In
biochemistry redox reactions are usually recognized
by the following changes:
 Oxidation
occurs when a molecule loses two hydrogens
and/or gains an oxygen.
 Reductionoccurs when a molecule gains two
hydrogens and/or loses an oxygen.
BIO RXNS: BY REDOX NATURE-3
Oxidation
O O
C O C O
H C OH C O
CH3 NAD+ CH3
lactate NADH + H+ puruvate
Lactate is oxidized.
NAD+ is oxidizing agent.
BIO RXNS: BY REDOX NATURE-4
Reduction
O
CH3CH CH C S-ACP
NADPH + H+
The double bond
is reduced.
NADP+ NADPH is the
O reducing agent.

CH3CH2CH2C S-ACP
QUIZ
 Classify the reactions: by mechanism and by redox character.

O
CH3CH CH C S-ACP Mech: addition
OH O Not redox
CH3CH CH2C S-ACP (add 2H and 1 O)

OH O
CH3CH CH2C S-CoA Mech: elimination
Oxidation
O O
(remove 2H)
CH3C CH2C S-CoA
ENERGY
 Energy is the capacity to do work.
 Cells
generate most of their energy from redox
reactions.
 When electrons are transferred to an electron deficient
molecule, energy is lost. Several redox reactions
provide enough energy for ATP synthesis.
 Theultimate source of energy used by most organisms
on earth is the sun.
METABOLISM
 Metabolism is the sum of all the enzyme- catalyzed
reactions in a living organism.
 In
anabolic (biosynthetic) pathways large complex
molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules.
 Incatabolic pathways large complex molecules
are degraded into simpler products. A portion of
the energy produced drive anabolic reactions.
 BIOLOGICAL ORDER

 Processes can be classified in the following

categories.

1. Synthesis of biomolecules
 Many reactions are integrated into carefully
regulated pathways. Energy is supplied either
directly or indirectly by breaking phospho-anhydride
bonds of ATP.
 BIOLOGICAL ORDER-2
 2. Transport across membranes.
 Cell membranes regulate the passage of ions and
molecules from one compartment to another.
 Much of this is accomplished by membrane bound
proteins.
 3. Cell movement
 Examples include cell division, organelle movement and
even movement of enzymes along a DNA strand.
 BIOLOGICAL ORDER-3
 4. Waste removal

 Excess CO , H O, and NH must be removed.

2 2 3
CO is exhaled, H O is excreted by the kidneys,
2 2
and NH is converted to urea.
3
 Hydrophobic molecules such as the steroid
hormones are converted to water soluble
derivatives.
ALHAMDULILLAH …