GANGGUAN JIWA
Oleh:
Rusdi
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS PEKALONGAN
MANUSIA (Holistik)
01 Somato terapi:
Langsung mempengaruhi badan
02 Psikoterapi
Langsung mempengaruhi jiwa
manusia.
03 Manipulasi lingkungan
Lingkungan fisik (perumahan, cara
berpakaian, pekerjaan, dll), terutama
sosialnya (keluarga, teman, atasan, dll)
demi penyembuhannya.
1. TERAPI BIOLOGI / SOMATOTERAPI
Farmakoterapi:
Terapi pada Penggolongan
gangguan jiwa Berdasar :
Kesamaan efek Nama Gejala sasaran
PSikofarmaka /
thd penekanan Antipsikotik Psikotik : waham, halusinasi,dll
Psikotropika :
gejala sasaran Anti depresan Depresi : sedih, hilang minat, dll
obat yg Anti anxietas Anxietas: cemas : takut, dll
Perbedaan
mempunyai efek Anti manik Manik : euphoria, aktivitas
terapetik susunan kimia
berlebih,
langsung pada atau
Anti hiperkinetik Hiperkinetik pada anak
proses mental mekanisme
Anti insomnia Insomnia
pasien karena kerja
efeknya pada
otak.
ANTIPSIKOTIK
Penggolongan :
1.Tipikal
Chlorpromazine (Promactil), 50
mg - 1600 mg / hari
Levomepromazine (Nozinan), 50
mg - 300 mg / hari
Haloperidol (Serenace), 1,5 mg -
75 mg / hari
Trifluoperazine (Stelazine), 3 mg
- 45 mg / hari
2.Atipikal
Sulpiride (Dogmatil), 100 mg - 800 mg / hari
Clozapine (Clozaril), 15 mg - 75 mg / hari
Risperidone (Risperdal), 2 mg - 16 mg /hari.
Olanzapine (Zyprexa), 4 mg - 10 mg / hari (dosis tunggal)
Mekanisme keja :
Memblokade dopamin pada reseptor pasca neuron di otak.
Efek primer : Menekan sindrom psikotik.
Efek sekunder berupa Efek Otonomik / hormonal :
Sedasi dan hambatan psikomotor (cpz,levomepromazine).
Hipotensi ortostatik (terutama injeksi), mulut kering, kesulitan miksi & defekasi,
hidung tersumbat, mata kabur.
Takhikardia, ggn irama jantung
Ggn endokrin : amenorhoe, ginekomasti, galaktorhoe.
Sindroma neuroleptik malignan : suhu > 38 ° C, tensi naik, ekstrapiramidal efek +, perub
status mental, kesadaran menurun.
Efek neurologis :
Ggn ekstrapiramidal : parkinsonisme (jalan spt robot), tremor
Diskinesia : mata terputar ke atas (krisis okulogirik), torticolis, lidah terjulur keluar
(hipersalivasi), sukar menelan, semua karena spasme otot (> haloperidol).
Akatisia : tidak dapat duduk lama di satu tempat, ber jln2 spt gelisah (restless leg
syndrom).
Efek Lain-lain :
Alergi
Ikterus
Fotosensitivitas / hiperpigmentasi
Kenaikan berat badan
Lekopeni / agranulositosis
Efek primer :
Meredakan sindrom mania.
Efek samping :
Mulut kering, haus, ggn lambung (mual, muntah, diare), kelemahan otot,
Intoksikasi : Tremor kasar, mengantuk, bicara sulit, gaya berjalan tidak stabil,
kesadaran menurun - koma, hipertonia dan kejang-kejang.
Efek samping :
Mulut kering, haus, ggn lambung (mual, muntah, diare), kelemahan otot,
Intoksikasi : tremor kasar, mengantuk, bicara sulit, gaya berjln tidak stabil, kesadaran
menurun - koma, dg hipertonia & kejang2.
ANTI ANXIETAS
Contoh yang sering digunakan :
Diazepam (Valium), 6 mg - 60 mg / hari, inj 2 - 10 mg im/iv.
Chlordiazepoxid (Cetabrium), 15 mg - 30 mg, 2 – 3 x sehari
Lorazepam (Ativan), 2 – 3 x 1 mg / hari
Alparazolam (Xanax), 0,5 mg - 6 mg
Clobazam (Frissium), 2 – 3 x 10 mg / hari
Sulpirid (Dogmatil), 100 – 200 mg, 2 – 3 x sehari
Mekanisme kerja :
Anxietas terjadi krn hiperaktivitas sistem limbik SSP yang terdiri dari dopaminergik,
serotonergik neuron yang dikendalikan oleh Gabaergik neuron.
Anti anxietas memperkuat hambatan dr Gabaergik neuron, shg hiperaktivitas dpt
mereda berkurang.
Efek primer :
Mengurangi gejala-gejala cemas.
Efek samping :
Sedasi
Relaksasi otot
Ketergantungan -pemberian max. 3 bln (dlm dosis terapi).
ANTI HIPERKINETIK
Contoh :
Amphetamine, Metilphenidat, dosis 5 - 60 mg / hari.
Efek primer :
Menaikkan perhatian, menurunkan overaktivitas, impulsivitas, iritabilitas, distrakbilitas.
Efek samping :
Nyeri kepala, nyeri lambung, mual & insomnia.
Indikasi :
Depresi
Kataton - gaduh gelisah ataupun stupor
Manik - depresif
Skizofrenia akut
Kontra indikasi :
Decomp cordis, aneurisme aortae, peny. jantung lain.
Fraktur tulang, osteoporosis, peny tulang berat.
Tumor otak, peny di otak (mis, perdarahan).
Yang penting :
Berilah waktu kepada obat untuk bekerja secara optimal, jd jangan mengganti obat
sblm waktu tersebut hanya krn blm ada kemajuan (penting ada kerja sama yang baik
dg pasien).
Efek anti agitasi : waktu singkat sdh tercapai
Neuroleptik / anti cemas : perlu 2 – 3 minggu untuk efek optimal (Kaplan, 1997)
Setelah dicapai efek terapetik, anti cemas dipertahankan kira2 4 minggu, neuroleptik
sampai 3 bulan sesudah gejala hilang (tergantung keadaan penderita).
Yang penting :
Berilah waktu kepada obat untuk bekerja secara optimal, jd jangan mengganti obat
sblm waktu tersebut hanya krn blm ada kemajuan (penting ada kerja sama yang baik
dg pasien).
Efek anti agitasi : waktu singkat sdh tercapai
Neuroleptik / anti cemas : perlu 2 – 3 minggu untuk efek optimal (Kaplan, 1997)
Setelah dicapai efek terapetik, anti cemas dipertahankan kira2 4 minggu,
neuroleptik sampai 3 bulan sesudah gejala hilang (tergantung keadaan penderita).
Kronis tidak ditentukan lamanya & dosis naik turun (mirip hipertensi, DM).
Prinsip Pelaksanaan
Perawat sebagai terapis mendasarkan potensi yang dimiliki pasien sebagai
titik tolak terapi atau penyembuhan
Dasar Pemberian Terapi Modalitas
Gangguan jiwa tidak merusak seluruh kepribadian atau perilaku manusia
Tingkah laku manusia selalu dapat diarahkan dan dibina ke arah kondisi
yang mengandung reaksi( respon yang baru )
Tingkah laku manusia selalu mengindahkan ada atau tidak adanya
faktor-faktor yang sifatnya menimbulkan tekanan sosial pada individu
sehingga reaksi indv tersebut dapat diprediksi ( reward dan punishment )
Lanjutan….
Sikap dan tekanan sosial dalam kelompok
sangat penting dalam menunjuang dan
menghambat perilaku individu dalam kelompok
sosial
Terapi modalitas adalah proses pemulihan
fungsi fisik mental emosional dan sosial ke
arah keutuhan pribadi yang dilakukan secara
holistik
JENIS TERAPI MODALITAS
Terapi individual
Terapi lingkungan ( milleau terapi )
Terapi Biologi atau terapi somatic
Terapi kognitif
Terapi keluarga
Terapi kelompok
Terapi Perilaku
Terapi bermain
TERAPI INDIVIDUAL
Hubungan terstruktur yang dijalin antara perawat – klien uutuk
merubah klien
Untuk mengembangkan pendekatan unik penyelesaian konflik,
meredakan penderitaan emosional, mengembangkan cara yang
cocok untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
Melalui 3 fase ( oerientasi, kerja dan terminasi)
Intervensi :
Mengajar substitusi pikiran
Penyelesaian masalah
Memodifikasi percakapan diri negatif
Tujuan Terapi Kognitif
Mengembangkan pola pikir yang rasional
Menggunakan pengetesan realita
Membantu perilaku dengan pesan internal
Intervensi :
Mengajar substitusi pikiran
Penyelesaian masalah
Memodifikasi percakapan diri negatif
Pelaksanaan:
Mengajari pasien cara makan yang baik dan benar
Memberikan penghargaan kepada pasien terhadap perilaku positif yang
telah dilakukan pasien
Pasien mempelajari melalui praktik dan meniru perilaku adaptif
TERAPI BERMAIN
Premis : anak-anak akan berkomunikasi dengan baik melalui
permainan dari pada dengan kemampuan verbal
Perawat dapat mengkaji tingkat perkembangan, status
emosional, hipotesa diagnostik, intervensi terapeutik
Terapis membina hubungan yang hangat
Merefleksikan perasaan anak
Mempercayai anak dapat menyelesaikan masalah
Interpretasi perilaku anak
Indikasi : anak depresi, anak cemas, anak abuse, dewasa dengan
stres pasca trauma.
PRINSIP TERAPI BERMAIN
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