Fitoterapi

Tim Biologi Farmasi

Fakultas Farmasi UMP
 Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan
dengan benar tentang ruang lingkup
dan dasar-dasar fitoterapi serta prinsip
farmakologi herbal atau obat bahan
alam dengan benar.
2. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan
dengan benar sejarah, perkembangan
obat bahan alam dan sistem terapetik
herbal di Indonesia dan beberapa
negara lain dengan benar: 1. Klasifikasi
obat tradisional di Indonesia; 2. Bentuk
sediaan obat tradisional; 3. Cara
penggunaan obat tradisional; 4. Sifat
obat tradisionalDrugs from Biological
Origin
3. Mahasiswa mengetahui, memahami
dan menentukan terapi komplementer
dan/atau alternatif dari bahan alam
untuk penyakit TBC, Pneumonia dan
HIV-AIDSFitoterapi Penyakit-Penyakit
atau Gangguan Fungsi pada Sistem
Organ Pernafasan
4. Mahasiswa mengetahui, memahami
dan menentukan terapi komplementer
dan/atau alternatif dari bahan alam
untuk penyakit infeksi saluran kemih
dan infeksi saluran cerna
 Disampaikan pada
• Pertemuan ke empat : ruang lingkup dan dasar-
dasar fitoterapi serta prinsip farmakologi herbal
atau obat bahan alam dengan benar
• Pertemuan Kelima: sejarah, perkembangan obat
bahan alam dan sistem terapetik herbal di
Indonesia dan beberapa negara lain dengan
benar: 1. Klasifikasi obat tradisional di Indonesia;
2. Bentuk sediaan obat tradisional; 3. Cara
penggunaan obat tradisional; 4. Sifat obat
tradisional
• Pertemuan ke sepuluh: terapi komplementer
dan/atau alternatif dari bahan alam untuk
penyakit TBC, Pneumonia dan HIV-
AIDSFitoterapi Penyakit-Penyakit atau
Gangguan Fungsi pada Sistem Organ Pernafasan
• Pertemuan ke duabelas: terapi komplementer
dan/atau alternatif dari bahan alam untuk
penyakit infeksi saluran kemih dan infeksi
saluran cerna
terpotret dalam
berawal dari

menghasilkan

mengacu
diaplikasikan
 Pustaka
1. Mill, S and Bone, K., 2000, Principles and Practise of Phytotheraphy – Modern Herbal
Medicine, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg – Toronto
2. Ulbricht, C., Seamon, E., Natural Standard Herbal Pharmacotherapy: An Evidence-Based
Approach, Mosby Inc., St. Louis, 2010
3. Schule, V., Hansel, R., Tyler, V.E., 1997, Rational Phytotheraphy, Springer, Berlin.
4. Ebadi, M., 2002, Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
5. Mun’im, A., Hanani, E. 2011. Fitoterapi Dasar, Dian Rakyat, Jakarta.
6. Philp,R.B., 2004, Herbal – Drug Interactions and Advers Effects – An Evidence based Quick
Reference Guide, McGraw – Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York – Toronto.
 Definisi Fitoterapi

• Dan hubungannya dengan ilmu lain

 Fitoterapi adalah pencegahan dan
pengobatan penyakit dengan
menggunakan tanaman, bagian
dari tanaman atau ramuan (R.F. Herbal medicine, or
Weiss dan Fintellmann) phytotherapy, is the
science of using
herbal remedies to
treat the sick (R.F.
Phytotherapy is the study of the Weiss)
use of extracts from natural origin as
medicines of health-promoting
agents

Fitoterapi bukanlah pengobatan alternatif tetapi teruji secara saintifik dan merupakan
treatment yang terjamin yang sangat mendukung farmakoterapi modern
  Fitoterapi adalah
Farmakognosi dan Fitoterapi
pencegahan dan
pengobatan penyakit
dengan menggunakan
tanaman, bagian dari
tanaman atau ramuan

 Mempelajari penggunaan
klinis dari tumbuhan (obat
herbal)
 Fitofarmasi: sediaan
bahan alam, apakah
dalam bentuk alami
maupun bentuk
farmasetika
Fitoterapi sebagai suatu produk:

Obat Herbal
Fitofarmasetik
Fitomedisin
Prinsip Farmakologi Obat
Herbal
Tim Biologi Farmasi
Fakultas Farmasi UMP
Efek Sinergis dan Aditif
 Efek Sinergis

 Synergy applies if the action of a chemical mixture is

greater than the arithmetical sum of the actions of the
mixture’s components: the whole is greater than the sum
of the individual parts.

 there is a cooperative or facilitating effect between the

components for a specific outcome.

 components of plants that are not active themselves can

act to improve the stability, solubility, bioavailability or
half-life of the active components.
 Efek Aditif

• enhanced therapeutic activity

• are probably more common in phytotherapy.

SOMEHOW, BOTH OF THEM ARE DIFFICULT TO

BE DIFFERED.
 Contoh Efek Sinergis-Aditif
Obat Herbal

• ginkgolides A and B from ginkgo in terms of an anti-PAF (platelet

activating factor) effect on platelets in vitro.
• sennoside A and C from senna leaves as laxatives, mixture of
these compounds in the ratio 3:7 (which somewhat reflects the
relative levels in senna leaf) gave the lowest ED50 value.
• three major curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa)
were investigated for their in vitro nematocidal activity against
second stage larvae of Toxocara canis. Each of the three
curcuminoids was ineffective on its own, whereas any
combination of two, or all three together, was active. The
combination of all three demonstrated the highest activity.
 the antibacterial activity of geranial, neral, and myrcene
(inactive). However, when mixed with either of the other two
main components, myrcene enhanced their activity.
 cannabis extract demonstrated higher antispastic activity in
mice than the equivalent dose of pure tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
 the antiulcer activity of a fraction of ginger extract was found
to be 66 times that calculated from the individual
components of that fraction.
 analysis of the in vitro butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory
activities of essential oils of various Salvia species, which
revealed that the activities of isolated major components
could not account for the observed activity.
 Sinergisme dalam Ramuan
Obat Herbal

• The in vitro antitumour activity for combinations of

extracts of Corydalis and turmeric rhizomes (a
traditional formulation) demonstrated a synergistic
interplay.
• Berberine from Coptis chinensis and evodiamine from
Evodia rutaecarpa demonstrated synergistic
antitumour activity in vitro against a human
hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.
Secara in-vivo, sinergisme-aditif
berkaitan dengan bioavailibilitas
 The isoflavone glycoside daidzin given in the crude
extract of Pueraria lobata achieves a much greater
concentration in plasma than an equivalent dose of pure
daidzin.
 Ascorbic acid in a citrus extract was more bioavailable
than ascorbic acid alone.
 consumption of a preparation of fresh kiwi fruit resulted
in up to five times more effective ascorbate delivery to
tissues than when ascorbate was administered via the
drinking water to vitamin C-deficient mice.
 kava lactones appear to increase each other’s
bioavailability, especially when given as the herbal
extract.
 traditional Chinese formulation Huangqin-Tang
decoction, together with decoctions of its individual
herbal components, were studied in rats after oral
dosing. The constituents/ metabolites baicalin,
wogonoside, oroxylin-A-glucuronide, risidulin I and
liquiritin demonstrated higher overall bioavailability
from the compound formulation than from the
relevant single herb decoctions, due largely to a
longer residence time
 Efek Sinergis-aditif pada
Hypericum perforatum

 procyanidins in St John’s wort extract (Hypericum perforatum)

significantly increased the in vivo antidepressant activity of
hypericin and pseudohypericin, probably by a solubilising effect.
 flavonoids in St John’s wort have activity in an animal model of
depression, with hyperoside and isoquercitrin showing significant
activity.
 a flavonoid-enriched St John’s wort extract exhibited a more
significant influence on central neurotransmitters.
 a St John’s wort extract free of both hypericin and hyperforin still
exerted an antidepressant activity in rodent models.
 Hence, it seems that hypericin, procyanidins (indirectly),
hyperforin and the flavonoids can all contribute to the clinically
verified antidepressant activity of St John’s wort.
 The reduction of amphetamine-induced hypermotility was
studied in mice after a single oral dose of passionflower
extract (Passiflora incarnata, 250mg/kg), kava extract
(100mg/kg) or the two combined (250mg/kg+100mg/kg,
respectively). The combination yielded a much greater
reduction in hypermotility over 2 hours than each individual
herbal extract.
 A combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Ginkgo
has been extensively investigated in volunteers for its acute
and long-term impact on cognitive function. The effect of the
combination appears to be significantly greater than either
herb alone.
Aktivitas Multivalen
 Due to their chemical complexity, even a single
herbal extract is a nature-designedmulti-agent
medicine that can simultaneously target a range
of desirable pharmacological effects.
 This helps to explain why identifying the ‘active
constituent’ in many herbal extracts has proved to
be so difficult. For most if not all herbal extracts
the ‘active constituent’ is the whole extract itself.
 This also explain the apparent therapeutic
versatility of herbal extracts.
Selamat Belajar