Perbuatan Melawan Hukum

Unsur Kesengajaan

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 Konsekuensi unsur sengaja thd ganti rugi
• Ganti rugi aktual / actual damage: kerugian yang
benar-benar diderita secara aktual dan dapat
dihitung dengan mudah. Berlaku thd semua jenis
PMH.
• Ganti rugi penghukuman (punitive damage): ganti
rugi dalam jumlah besar yang melebihi dari
jumlah kerugian yang sebenarnya. Bermaksud
sebagai hukuman bagi pelaku.
• Ganti rugi nominal (nominal damages): ganti rugi
pemberian uang, meskipun kerugiannya
sebenarnya tidak dapat dihitung dengan uang.

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PMH berupa Pemukulan atau Melukai Orang Lain (Battery)

• Tindakan untuk memukul/melukai atau

mengakibatkan kontak secara ofensif terhadap
tubuh seseorang, sehingga menyebabkan
timbulnya kerugian atau bahaya bagi tubuh,
mental atau kehormatan dari pihak korban
• Defendant will have commited battery to Victim if
(1) he directly applied force to Victim; (2) he did so
intentionally or carelessly; and (3) he had no lawful
justification or excuse for acting in the way he did.

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• Battery is commited when one is deliberately applies
force to the body of another person
• Mengapa Battery diatur?
• basic right to have one’s body to be left alone by others

• Battery adalah mengenai contact /direct application of

force.
1. Contact yang menyebabkan kerugian fisik termasuk
kerusakan terhadap kondisi badan
2. Contacts yang tidak mengakibatkan kerugian fisik
tetapi hostile (kasar), offensive (serangan), atau
insulting (menghina)

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• Direct application of force:
• D will directly apply force to V if he voluntarily
touches V. So D will commit tort of battery if he dyes
V’s hair when he has no lawful justification or excuse
for doing so.
• D will directly apply force to V if V is hit by
something which D threw or propelled. It doesn’t
matter if D directed or not the thing to V
• D will directly apply force to V if he applies force to
something on which V is sitting with the result that V
is unseated and falls to the ground (assumed that D
will have no lawful justification or excuse for pulling
V’s chair out from under him)
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Unsur-unsur:
1.Adanya tindakan dari pelaku
2.Adanya maksud
3.Adanya sentuhan yang ofensif
4.Adanya hubungan sebab akibat
5.Tidak dengan persetujuan korban.

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 PMH berupa Ancaman untuk Penyerangan
dan Pemukulan terhadap Manusia
• Suatu maksud untuk melukai atau menyerang dari pelaku
yang akan dilakukan kepada korban yang disampaikan
atau dipertunjukkan kepada korban, sehingga merupakan
ancaman terhadap korban dan akibatnya korban
menderita rasa takut atau terganggu haknya untuk
merasa bebas dari setiap gangguan.
• Assault happens when one person deliberately brings
about a state of affairs that causes another person to fear
that a violent or humiliating contact with his body is
imminent then the person firstmentioned commits an
assault
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• assault melalui “berdiam diri”.
• Contoh: R v Ireland
• Defendant made series of malicious phone call to
three women, when they answered he will remain
silent. The women all developed psychiatric illnesses
as a result of their treatment at the hand of the
defendant. The defendant was charged with
commiting the offence of assault occasioning actual
bodily harm and was convicted. The House of Lords
upheld the conviction, holding that his silent phone
calls could have led the women in question to
believe they were about to be attacked by
whosoever was on the other of the line.
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• Unsur-unsur:
1. Tindakan dari pelaku
2. Maksud
3. Ketakutan dari korban
4. Hubungan sebab akibat
5. Tidak dengan persetujuan korban.

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 False Imprisonment
• False Imprisonment consists of totally
restraining (membatasi) movement by
deliberately confining (membatasi) persons or
preventing them from leaving the place where
they are. Application of force or body contact is
not a necessary element of the tort. An action
for false imprisonment can only succeed only
against the person who actually detains.
• The essential distinctive element is the total
restraint
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• Restraints in False Imprisonment:
1. Restraints must be total
2. Total restraints implies the absence of a
reasonable means of escape
3. Restraint may be total where D subjects P to
his/her authority with no option to leave
• Imprisonment
• D will imprison V if:
1. D completely restricts V’s freedom of
movement or
2. D restricts V’s freedom of movement to
within a defined area. 16
• Bird v Jones, a public right of way ran through
an enclosure created by defendant (tergugat)
for the purpose of watching a boat race.
Plaintiff (penggugat), in attempt to use the
way, entered the enclosure. The defendant
prevented him to walk through the enclosure
and instructed him to turn back and use
another route to reach his destination. The
plaintiff refused to move and stayed for half
and hour in the enclosure. Plaintiff sued the
defendant claiming that they had committed
the tort of false imprisonment.
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• The claim was rejected: defendant had done
nothing that completely restricted the
plaintiff’s freedom of movement within a
defined area. The plaintiff had been free at all
times to leave the enclosure and find another
way.

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• What if D has caused T to “imprison” V? Can we say that
D had imprisoned V?
• “Yes” if D persuaded, encouraged and requested T to
imprison V. if not, then the answer is “No”
• The store detective who was employed by the defendant
thought that the plaintiff had left the store with a
cassette for which she has not paid. The store detective
reported his suspicions to the police and they arrested
the plaintiff, thereby “imprisoning” her. In fact the
plaintiff did not steal the cassette because it was paid by
her friend. The plaintiff sued the defendant, claiming
that the store detective (employee) had falsely
imprisoned her. Do the defendant and store detective
commit tort of false imprisonment?
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• Unsur-unsur false imprisonment:
• Adanya tindakan
• Adanya maksud
• Adanya pengurungan
• Adanya hubungan sebab akibat
• Tidak dengan persetujuan korban

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 Trespass to Land

• This tort consists of the deliberate interference

(gangguan) with another’s land.
• A person become a trespasser on another’s
land if he enters it knowing the other has not
consented (memberi ijin) or fails to leave it
without knowing that he other has withdrawn
his consent.
• The plaintiff must be in possession of the land
(own or lease).
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• Trespass to land (penyerobotan tanah milik
orang lain) adalah tindakan kesengajaan yang
secara tanpa hak (1) masuk ke tanah milik
orang lain, (2) menyebabkan orang lain atau
benda lain untuk masuk ke tanah milik orang
lain, (3) meyebabkan seseorang atau orang
lain atau benda tertentu tetap tinggal di tanah
milik orang lain.

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• Model-model trespass to land:

1. masuk ke tanah orang lain

2. menyebabkan seseorang masuk ke tanah orang lain
3. menyebabkan benda (misalnya peliharaan) masuk ke tanah milik
orang lain. 
4. seseorang secara melawan hukum tetap tinggal di atas tanah milik
orang lain. Misalnya menyewa tanah/rumah yang sudah habis
masa kontraknya tetapi masih tetap tinggal di tempat tersebut.
5. menyebabkan orang lain secara tanpa hak tetap tinggal di atas
tanah milik orang lain
6. kegagalan seseorang untuk memindahkan sesuatu benda dari
tanah milik orang lain, padahal ia memiliki kewajiban hukum
untuk memindahkan benda tertentu dari tanah milik orang lain
tsb.

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