• Benda asing
• sekret, darah, gigi
• lidah jatuh ke belakang
• odema pada pharyng & laryng
AIRWAY : Gejala obstruksi
1. Sesak
dapat karena airway dan breathing
2. Pernafasan yang berbunyi
mrpk tanda pernafasan yang tersumbat
AIRWAY : Gejala obstruksi
• Sesak
– Mengeluh sesak (sadar)
– Tachipneu
– Retraksi
• Supra clavikula
• Suprasternal
• intercoste
AIRWAY : Gejala obstruksi
• Pernafasan berbunyi
– Gurgling (bunyi kumur-kumur)
Cairan
– Snooring (mengorok)
lidah
– Stridor Sumbatan
anatomis
PEMBEBASAN JALAN NAPAS
• TANPA ALAT • DGN ALAT
(MANUAL) – OROPHARINGEAL TUBE
– head tilt – NASOPHARENGIAL TUBE
chin lift – ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE
– CRICOTIROTOMI
– jaw thrust – SUCTION
– Modified
jaw thrust
Manuver utk membuka jln napas
• Tengadah kepala & angkat dagu (Head tilt
&chin lift)
• dorong mandibula (jaw thrust)
Pd pasien tidak sadar
Kartilago tiroid
Membrana
Kartilago krikoid
Trakea
Cricotirotomy dg jarum
Paling
kecil 14 G
Cricotirotom
i Surgical
Cricotirotomy
PEMBERIAN OKSIGEN
NASAL CANULA
– sistem aliran rendah
• Normal oxygenation
• PaO2: 100 mmHg
• Pulse oximetry
• Goal: maintain SpO2 >95%
• Monitor SpO2 with all trauma patients
• Monitor SpO2 with any respiratory
compromise
Supplemental Oxygen
% Oxygen Device Flow Rate
40–50% Simple Face Mask 10–12 lpm
60–90% NRB Face Mask 12–15 lpm
25–30% Nasal Cannula 2–6 lpm
40–50% BVM 12–15 lpm
90–100% BVM with Reservoir Bag 12–15 lpm
Normal Ventilation
• Tidal volume (VT)
– Amount moved with each breath
– 400 to 600cc (adult)
• VT x breaths/minute = Minute
volume
– 500cc x 12 breaths/min = 6 liters/min
(adult)
– Fast, shallow: 250cc x 24 breaths/min = 6
liters/min
– Slow, deep: 750cc x 8 breaths/min = 6 liters/min
Normal Ventilation
• Normal ventilation
• Carbon dioxide in blood (pCO2) 35–40 mmHg
• Abnormal ventilation
• Hypoventilation: pCO2 above 40 mmHg
• Hyperventilation: pCO2 below 35 mmHg
• Capnography
• End-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) relates directly to pCO2
When in
doubt,
give
oxygen!
Positive Pressure
• Ventilation rate
• 10–12 per minute Non-intubated
patient
• 8–10 per minute Intubated patient
O Obesity
O Older
patients
T
Toothlessness
S Snores or
stridor
RINGKASAN
INI PENTING DIKETAHUI PERAWAT
• bagaimana membuka &
mempertahankan jln napas dgn
tehnik sederhana
• bagaimana membantu & melakukan
intubasi
• komplikasi yang menyertai
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ika Setyorini, (2017), Dosen Keperawatan FKUB Malang.