FKUKI
TB Bronkopneumonia Pneumonia Bronkitis
lobaris kronik
• Pengobatan lengkap :
– Pasien TB yang telah menyelesaikan pengobatan secara lengkap dan secara klinis
membaik namun setelah akhir pengobatan tidak dapat dilakukan px sputum BTA
karena sudah tidak ada dahak lagi.
• Gagal :
– Pasien yang telah menyelesaikan pengobatan TB nya secara tuntas namun pada akhir
pengobatan sputum BTA nya tetap (+) atau kembali menjadi (+).
•
Klasifikasi Pasien TB
• Kasus baru :
– Pasien yang belum pernah mendapatkan pengobatan OAT.
– Pernah mendapatkan pengobatan OAT namun < 1 bulan (< 28 dosis).
• Kasus kambuh :
– Pasien dengan riwayat pengobatan TB teratur dan tuntas dan dinyatakan sembuh atau
pengobatan lengkap, dan saat ini didiagnosis TB berdasarkan px bakteriologis atau
klinis.
• Kasus gagal :
– Pasien yang pernah diobati dan dinyatakan gagal pada akhir pengobatan.
• TB pada kehamilan :
– Prinsip : Regimen dan lama pengobatan TB sama
seperti pada TB pada umumnya.
– Semua obat OAT aman kecuali obat golongan
aminoglikosid (Streptomisin dan Kanamisin)
karena dapat menembus barier plasenta dan
menimbulkan efek ototoksik yang permanen.
Pengobatan TB pada keadaan khusus
• TB pada ibu menyusui :
– Regimen dan lama pengobatan sama seperti pada TB
umumnya.
– Bayi tetap dapat diberikan ASI.
– Profilaksis primer pada bayi.
(-)/BTA tidak
jelas/tidak tahu
• Jenis bronkiektasis :
1. Tubular / cylindrical : berbentuk tabung.
2. Varicose : bentuk menyerupai varices pembuluh darah
vena.
3. Saccular / cystic :
Bentuk seperti kista, jenis yang paling berat.
Bila menyatu akan tampak gambaran honeycomb
appearance.
Jenis-jenis Bronkiektasis
Normal alveolus compared with injured alveolus in early phase of acute lung injury in ARDS
Managing exacerbations in primary care
PRIMARY CARE Patient presents with acute or sub-acute asthma exacerbation
Is it asthma?
START TREATMENT
SABA 4–10 puffs by pMDI + spacer, TRANSFER TO ACUTE
repeat every 20 minutes for 1 hour CARE FACILITY
WORSENING
Prednisolone: adults 1 mg/kg, max.
50 mg, children 1–2 mg/kg, max. 40 mg While waiting: give inhaled SABA
and ipratropium bromide, O2,
Controlled oxygen (if available): target
systemic corticosteroid
saturation 93–95% (children: 94-98%)
IMPROVING
FOLLOW UP
Reliever: reduce to as-needed
Controller: continue higher dose for short term (1–2 weeks) or long term (3 months), depending
on background to exacerbation
Risk factors: check and correct modifiable risk factors that may have contributed to exacerbation,
including inhaler technique and adherence
Action plan: Is it understood? Was it used appropriately? Does it need modification?
Beta2-agonists
Short-acting beta2-agonists (SABA) : Salbutamol, Fenoterol,Procaterol,
Terbutalin
Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) : Salmeterol, Formoterol
Anticholinergics
Short-acting anticholinergics (SAMA) : Ipratropium bromida
Long-acting anticholinergics (LAMA) : Tiotropium bromida
Combination short-acting beta2-agonists + anticholinergic in one inhaler
Combination long-acting beta2-agonist + anticholinergic in one inhaler
Methylxanthines
Inhaled corticosteroids
Combination long-acting beta2-agonists + corticosteroids in one inhaler
Systemic corticosteroids
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
© 2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
PRIMARY CARE Patient presents with acute or sub-acute asthma exacerbation
Is it asthma?
ASSESS the PATIENT Risk factors for asthma-related death?
Severity of exacerbation?
LIFE-THREATENING
Drowsy, confused
or silent chest
URGENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
While waiting: give inhaled SABA and
ipratropium bromide, O2, systemic
corticosteroid
Is it asthma?
ASSESS the PATIENT Risk factors for asthma-related death?
Severity of exacerbation?
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
CARE FACILITY
While waiting: give inhaled SABA and
ipratropium bromide, O2, systemic
corticosteroid
Is it asthma?
ASSESS the PATIENT Risk factors for asthma-related death?
Severity of exacerbation?
START TREATMENT
TRANSFER TO ACUTE
SABA 4–10 puffs by pMDI + spacer,
repeat every 20 minutes for 1 hour CARE FACILITY
WORSENING While waiting: give inhaled SABA and
Prednisolone: adults 1 mg/kg, max.
50 mg, children 1–2 mg/kg, max. 40 mg ipratropium bromide, O2, systemic
Controlled oxygen (if available): target corticosteroid
saturation 93–95% (children: 94-98%)
IMPROVING
IMPROVING
IMPROVING
FOLLOW UP
Reliever: reduce to as-needed
Controller: continue higher dose for short term (1–2 weeks) or long term (3 months), depending
on background to exacerbation
Risk factors: check and correct modifiable risk factors that may have contributed to exacerbation,
including inhaler technique and adherence
Action plan: Is it understood? Was it used appropriately? Does it need modification?
FEV1
Asthma
(after BD)
Normal
Asthma
(before BD) Asthma
(after BD)
Asthma
(before BD)
1 2 3 4 5 Volume
Time (seconds)
Note: Each FEV1represents the highest of
three reproducible measurements
Type 0f COPD :
• Chronic Bronchitis.
• Emphysema
Chronic
Bronchitis
Emphysema