SANWANCANA

Puji syukur penyusun ucapkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena
atas rahmat dan hidayah-nya karya tulis ini dapat diselesaikan.

Makalah dengan judul Point Artikulasi dan Tata Cara Artikulasi adalah salah
satu syarat untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Phonetics and Phonology.

Dalam kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:

1. Mrs. Eva Faliyanti,M.pd selaku dosen pengampu mata kuliah Phonetics

and Phonology.
2. Dan segenap teman teman dan orang tua yang telah membantu kami dalam
menyelesaikan Makalah ini.
Akhir kata penulis menyadari bahwa karya tulis masih jauh dari sempurna
dan perlu banyak perbaikan dan masukan, akan tetapi sedikit harapan
semoga Makalah yang sederhana ini dapat berguna dan bermanfaat bagi
kita semua.
Aamiin.
Kota Metro, November 2014

Penulis

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 BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

Di era globalisasi saat ini kemajuan dalam berbagai aspek aspek dunia
pendidikan sudah dapat dirasakan, berkat kemajuan dari IPTEK. Dalam
pengaplikasian dari IPTEK itu sendiri saat ini banyak menggunakan bahasa
Inggris sebagai media untuk menyalurkan metode dan cara dalam penggunakan
technology yang baru diluncurkan.

Di saat penggunaan bahasa Inggris yang saat ini telah mendunia dan juga
bahasa Inggris pun sudah menjadi bahasa International, ketika kita telah mengerti
dan memahami tentang bahasa Inggris otomoatis dalam penerapannya di lapangan
kita tentu saja tidak asal asalan dalam berbicara, melainkan mempelajari cara
berkomunikasi dengan baik sehingga tidak ada salah penafsiran dalam
berkomunikasi dengan orang lain.

Ponetics dan phonology adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang suara.

Sehingga kita dalam mengetahui bagaimana berbicara yang baik, dan bagaimana
suara itu dihasilkan.

Atas dasar itulah penulis tertarik untuk mempelajari phonetics dan phonologi
yang didalamnya terdapat apa itu places of articulation, manner of articulation,
vowel, and consonant.

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1.2 Rumusan Masalah
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Place of Articulation?
2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Manner of Articulation?
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Vowel and Consonant?

1.3 Tujuan
1. Untuk mengetahui apa itu Place of Articulation.
2. Untuk mengetahui apa itu Manner of Articulation.
3. Untuk Mengetahui apa itu Vowel and Consonant.

1.4 Manfaat
1. Sebagai sarana belajar bersama yang diterapkan dalam penulisan Makalah.
2. Sebagai penambah wawasan pengetahuan Mahasiswa UM Metro yang
penulis tuangkan melalui Makalah yang dibuat ini.
3. Sebagai sarana penguji kemampuan pemahaman tentang apa yang telah
dipelajari sebelumnya yang dibahas secara detail dalam Makalah ini
kemudian dibahas secara bersama sama.
4. Sebagai latihan dalam penerapan pembuatan Makalah.

DAFTAR ISI

Sanwacana................................................................................................................1

BAB I Pendahuluan..................................................................................................2

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Latar belakang .........................................................................................................2

Rumusan Masalah....................................................................................................3

Tujuan.......................................................................................................................3

Manfaat....................................................................................................................3

Daftar Isi...................................................................................................................4

BAB 2 Pembahasan..................................................................................................5

Placed Articulation.5

Manner of Articulation.............................................................................................9

Difference from Consonants..................................................................................14

Tongue Position..........................................................................................17

Lip Rounding.............................................................................................17

Nasality18

Diphthong..18

BAB 3Penutup..20

Daftar Pustaka.21

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

2.1 Places of Articulation

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 The active articulator usually moves in order to make the constriction. The
passive articulator usually just sits there and gets approached.

A sound's place of articulation is usually named by using the Latin ajective for the
active articulator (ending with an "o") followed by the Latin adjective for the
passive articulator. For example, a sound where the tongue tip (the "apex")
approaches or touches the upper teeth is called an "apico-dental". Most of the
common combinations of active and passive articulator have abbreviated names
(usually leaving out the active half).

These are the abbreviated names for the places of articulation used in English:

Bilabial
The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active
articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually
moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].

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Labiodental sound are made when the lower lip is raised toward are the upper
front teeth. Example are (f) safe and (v) save.

Dental sound are produced by touching the upper front teeth with the tip of the
tongue. Ecample oath and clothe.

alveolar
Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active
articulator may be either the tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip -- diacritic
symbols can be used if it matters which. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d],
[n], [s], [z], [l].

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Palatoalveloar Sound are made by raising the blade pf the tongue towards the part
of the palate just behind the alveolar ridge. Example when we say pressure, batch
and pleasure, badge.

palatal
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard
palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal.

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Velar Sound are made by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate,
called the velum. Example when we say back, bag,bang. Is a velar which is
accompanied with lip rounding.

Glotal Sound are produced when the air passes through the glottis as it is
narrowed : (h) as in high.

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2.2 Manner of Articulation

Nasal

Nasal consonants are created when you completely block air flow through
your mouth and let the air pass through your nose.

There are three nasal consonants in English.

/m/ - "mad" and "clam" - oral passage is blocked by closing the lips
(bilabial).

/n/ - "no" and "man' - oral passage is blocked by pressing tongue tip
against the alveolar ridge (alveolar).

// - "going" and "funk" - Oral passage is blocked by pressing the the

back of your tongue against the soft palate (velar).

Stop

Similar to nasal consonants, stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is
closed completely, but for stops the airflow is NOT redirected through the nose.
Instead, the air quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then
releases in a burst.

English contains the following stop consonants.

/p/ - purse and rap - oral passage is blocked by closing the lips (bilabial).

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 /b/ - "back" and "cab" - oral passage is blocked by closing the lips
(bilabial).

/t/ - "tab" and "rat" - oral passage is blocked by pressing the tongue tip
against the alveolar ridge (alveolar)

/d/ - "dip" and "bad" - oral passage is blocked by pressing the tongue tip
against the alveolar ridge (alveolar)

/k/ - "kite" and "back" - block airflow with the back of the tongue against
the soft palate (velar).

/g/ - "good" and "bug" - block airflow with the back of the tongue against
the soft palate (velar).

Fricative

Whereas nasal and stop consonants involve a complete blockage of the vocal tract,
fricative sounds involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has
to be forced through a narrow channel.

For example, the /t/ stop consonant is created when you block airflow completely
with your tongue against the alveolar ridge, but if you let up with the tongue a bit
and let the air seep through, you make an /s/ fricative consonant.

The English fricative sounds are as follows:

/f/ - "fro" and "calf"- air is forced through the upper teeth and lower lip
(labiodental)

/v/ - "vine" and "have" - air is forced through the upper teeth and lower lip
(labiodental)

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 // - "thick" and "bath" - air is forced through upper teeth and tongue
(dental)

// - "the" and "rather" - air is forced through upper teeth and tongue
(dental)

/s/ - "suit" and "bus" - air is forced through tongue and alveolar ridge
(alveolar)

/z/ - "zit" and "jazz" - air is forced through tongue and alveolar ridge
(alveolar)

// - "shot" and "brash" - air is forced through the tongue and point just
beyond alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)

// - "vision" and "measure" - air is forced through the tongue and point
just beyond alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)

/h/ - "happy" and "hope" - actually /h/ isn't a fricative. It's technically not
even a real consonant sound since there's no constriction/obstruction of
airflow. But I didn't want him to be lonely all by himself so I put him with
the fricative boys :)

Affricate

When stop consonants make sweet love to fricative consonants, the bastard
offspring is known as an affricate consonant. The Affricate consonants start as
stops with air building up behind an articulator which then releases through
a narrow channel as a fricative (instead of a clean burst as stops do).

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The English affricate sounds are:

/t/ - "chick" and "match" - air is blocked with tongue just beyond the
alveolar ridge (post-alveolar), then released as a fricative.

/d/ - "jam" and "badge" - air is blocked with tongue just beyond the
alveolar ridge (post-alveolar), then released as a fricative.

Approximant

Similar to how no one quite knows whether to classify a tomato as a fruit or a

vegetable, no one quite knows whether to classify approximant sounds as vowels
or consonants. Approximants are created when two articulators come close
together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence.

The resulting sound is more like a fast vowel than anything else. For example, the
/w/ approximant is essentially a fast /u/ sound (say /u/ + /a/ really fast and you get
the word "why"). So these guys really are going through an identity crisis.

There are three English approximants:

/w/ - "wet" and "howard" - back of tongue raises to velum (but not too
close!) and lips are rounded (velar)

/j/ - "yes" and "bayou" - tongue raises to hard palate (but not too close!)
(palatal).

The other approximant sound is the 'English r' sound (written as // in IPA), which
actually has different ways of being articulated in English depending on the
speaker. It's typically classified as an alveolar approximant, but I personally
articulate it by raising my tongue to my hard palate (I got a big tongue). Some

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people articulate their // in the post-alveolar region.

See if you can figure out where your // sound occurs. Notice how your tongue
never actually comes in contact with the top of your mouth, which is why it is
classified as an approximant.

Lateral

Lateral consonants are created when the tongue blocks the the middle of
your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides. There is one lateral consonant
in English - /l/ - ("luck") which is created when you place the tongue at the
alveolar ridge.
If you play close attention, however, you will notice that there are actually two
two distinct /l/ sounds in English. The second /l/ sound is called Dark L (which
would SOO be my rap name if my real name were "Leonard" or something), and
it is created by moving the back of your tongue toward the velum.

Listen to the difference:

Whew! That was a lot of information. You're probably going to want to come
back to this after you spend some more time thinking about your English sounds
and fidgeting around with your speech organ.

Why is this information important? Because these same phonetic concepts are
going to repeat in your target language. More importantly, your target language
is going to have sounds that are completely new to you, and the best way for you
to master the articulation of these new sounds is to understand the basic
mechanisms behind them.

Now that you can decipher the two basic features of manner of articulation and
place of articulation, the last feature we need to study is phonation.

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Plosives are sound in which there is a complete closure in the mouth, so that the
air is blocked for a fraction of a second and them released with a small burst of
sound, called a plosion (it sound like a very small explosion). Plosives may be
bilabial [p,b] park, bark, Alveloar [t,d] tar,dark or velar [k,g] car,guard.

Vowels

We shall first have a closer look at the way in which vowels differ from
consonants. Then we shall analyse vowels phonetically, i.e according to :

1. Tongue Position : How high in the mouth is the tongue, and which
part of the tongue is the highest.
2. Length : are the vowels long or short?
3. Rounding : are the lips rounded or not?
4. Nasality : is there free passage of air through the nose?
5. Dipthongs : are they steady or do they somehow change in
character?
6. Table of the vowels.

2.3 Difference from Consonants.

Creeksong is starting to head in the right direction but is a bit off in

definition.

If you get three or four terms straight, it's not too hard (and I hope I dont' make it
so!)

1) "CONSONANTS" are sounds made by severly restricting or stopping the flow

of air. Note that is not JUST those that stop the flow -- these sounds (like b,p, t,d,
k,g), fittingly called "STOPS" [another useful term] are only ONE type of
consonant. A great many consonants do not stop the flow, but they DO restrict it.

A way to remember this 'CONSonants CONStrict the air flow'.

2) "VOWELS" on the other hand, are characterized by how they SHAPE the

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sound --esp by positioning of the tongue and shape of the mouth-- without severly
constricting the air flow. This is why they are so important to carrying speech and
enabling us to open up our mouths and sing. Note that vowels almost always are
"voiced" (sounded with the vocal chords); in many (most?) languages (English
included) ALL vowels are voiced. A great many consonants --including those that
don't stop the air flow-- are not voiced. This characteristic use of the voice
(compare "vocal") is the origin of the term "vowel" itself.

So, what about consonants that DON'T stop the air flow? First, note that they DO
severly restrict it, unlike vowels. But it's also helpful to recognize a third term. . .

3) "CONTINUANTS". This is another way of grouping sounds. In contrast to

"stops" this includes all sounds which CONTINUE the air flow (do not stop it), so
that the sound can continue to be made. This category includes ALL the vowels as
well as MANY consonant-sounds. Some of the latter, like the "m"-sound, are
VERY singable. (Of course, any consonant which does not use the voice -- like
Creeksong's example of "s"-- cannot be sung. But this is because they do not use
the voice, NOT because they are consonants.)

These include the "fricatives" (consonants formed almost the same as the stops,
but letting some air slip through. For example: th (with or without the voice), f, v,
the 'ch' of Scottish "loch"; the various 'sibilants' (s-sounds) -- s, z, sh, zh [the
sound in "azure"]; the sounds of l,m,n and r.

On occasion there are sounds that sit on the vowel/consonant border, but usually
within a language it is clear. (Thus, some continuants that we would consider
consonants may be pronounced sligthly differently in other languages and may
actually be treated as vowel-sounds. This is the case with "r" in some Slavic
languages, for example.)

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So much for vowel and consonant SOUNDS. The other source of confusion has to
do with LETTERS.

Notice that the letters are one step removed from speech. For the most part our
"consonant"-letters match up with consonant-SOUNDS and "vowel"-letters with
vowel-sounds. What causes confusion is:

1) Spoken language and written language don't always change together... so that a
letter may be written that no longer matches the sound made. For example, silent
letters (mostly consonants) -- lamb, knight, soften.

Most people understand this, so the real issue is. . .

2) There is a set of sounds called "semi-vowels" on the "borderline" between
consonants and vowels. Based on how they combine with surrounding sounds
they may become one or the other. This accounts for the letter "y" being for a
consonant-sound in "yell" but for a vowel-sound in "shy" (and actually, the "y"
originally marked a VOWEL sound, and still is used in English for vowel sounds
much more often than for consonants). Similar is the letter "w" which at the
beginning of a syllable marks a consonant-sound ("well"), but latter in a syllable
marks a vowel. (In modern English this only happens in the vowel-combinations
['dipthongs'] "aw", "ew", "ow", though in words from Welsh it can stand alone
[like cwm, pronounced "coom"])

TONGUE POSITION

When we make a vowel sound, our tongue is in a specific position inside

our mouth. For example, if you make the vowel sound /i/ and then /u/, you will
notice that your tongue moves back, and if you make the sound /i/ and then /a/,
your tongue moves down. The following chart shows the position of the tongue
when we pronounce the English vowel sounds. You have to imagine that this chart
is inside the mouth. For each sound, there is one phonetic symbol that belongs to
the International Phonetic Alphabet.

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LIP ROUNDING

It refers to the position of our lips, when we make the vowel sounds. When
we make the sound /i/, the corners of our mouth are further apart, so we can say
that this is a spread vowel sound. When we pronounce /u/, our lips are rounded,
and for the sound /a/ our lips are neither spread nor rounded, so we say that it is an
unrounded vowel or neutral.

LENGTH

As you can notice in the chart, there are two types of /i/. One of them has a
colon (:), which means that it is a long sound. So there is a difference you may
perceive when you hear the words heat /hi:t/and hit /hIt/. The first one is longer.
The same happens with the other sounds that you can see in the chart.
Summarizing, we can give different labels to each vowel sound. For example, the
sound /i:/ is front, high, long and spread whereas the sound /i/ is front, high, short
and neutral.

NASALITY

There are no nasal vowel in British English, I,e. no vowels in which the air
also escapes through the nose.

DIPHTHONG

If you say the words hat and lip, you can hear that the vowel sound in each
is singular in nature; that is, each contains only one kind of sound. But if you say
the words out, bite, and toil, you will hear that the vowel sound of each, though
restricted to one syllable, is composed of two different kinds of sound. These dual
vowels are called diphthongs (literally, 'two voices' or 'two sounds'), as opposed to
the singular vowels, which are monophthongs ('one voice' or 'one sound')."

(Thomas E. Murray, The Structure of English. Allyn and Bacon, 1995)

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# The vowel [a] is heard in eastern New England speech in ask, half, laugh, and
path and in some varieties of Southern speech in bye, might, tired, and the like. It
is intermediate between [] and [], and is usually the first element of a diphthong
(that is, a two-vowel sequence pronounced as the core of a single syllable) as in
right and rout."

(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English
Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005)

# "'New York tawk features a diphthongal aw sound,' [Charles H.] Elster observes,
'that in heavy New Yorkese sounds almost disyllabic.' ( . . . [L]et me translate. A
diphthong is the gliding sound of combining vowels, as in the oy in the head-
smacking Yiddish oy veh. Disyllabic means 'having two syllables.') 'It's
impossible for me to transliterate this elongated aw here, but ask a dyed-in-the-
wool New Yorker to pronounce dog and coffee and you'll come close.

BAB III

PENUTUP

3.1 Simpulan

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 Setelah mempelajari tentang pembahasan diatas dapat ditarik simpulan yaitu
Dalam penerapan pengucapan bahasa inggris melibatkan point artikulasi seperti
Bilabial,Labiodental,Dental,velar,alveolar,palatoalveloar,glottal dsb.dan tata cara
artikulasi seperti Tongue Position,Lip Rounding,Nasality etc. dan tidak lupa juga
tentang perbedaan dari vocal dan consonants. Setelah kita mengetahui tentang
point and manner of articulation juga vocal and consonants dapat kita terapkan
dalam pengucapan Bahasa Inggris sehingga ketika kita berkomunikasi dapat
berjalan dengan lancer tanpa ada salah penafsiran.

3.2 Saran

Mungkin inilah yang dapat penulis paparkan, penulis menyadari Makalah ini
jauh dari sempurna, minimal kita dapat mengimplementasikan tulisan ini masih
banyak kesalahandari penulisan Makalah ini, karna penulis manusia biasa yang
tak luput dari kesalahan dan penulis mengharapkan saran dari pembaca guna
untuk menyempurnakan Makalah ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada dosen pengampu mata kuliah phonetics dan phonology Mrs.Eva
Faliyanti,M.Pd yang telah memberikan penulis tugas kelompok demi kebaikan
diri dan untuk bangsa dan negara.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Forel Claire & Puskas Genoveva (1986) Phonetics and phonology reader for first
year English linguistics University of Geneva, dept of English.

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Dardjowidjojo Soenjono (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology for Indonesia
Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

http://englishphonetics.wikispaces.com/Vowel+sounds

http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/VSANDCS.htm

http://www.bracesbylanghornechildrensdentist.com/dental-bites/tongue-thrust-
disorders/

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