1. HERLINA : 1840201210033
2. HERMAN FRANISHA : 1840201210034
3. HIKMAH : 1840201210035
4. INDAH NURHAYATI : 1840201210036
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Kelompok 9
A. Background
B. Results
There were no perioperative complications. Eigh-teen ureters showed a non-
obstructive pattern on MAG-3 renogram after the first endoscopic dilation,
representing a 90% success rate. One case required a second dilation, which proved
successful and two cases of recurrent lithi-asis required ureterotomy without
instances of obstruction. 2 patients had a febrile UTI and a ves-icoureteral reflux
was diagnosed in one. Renal function was preserved in 95% of patients.
The mean follow-up was 6.9 years (range 3.9e13.3 years). One patient was lost
after the procedure.
C. Discussion
In an era of minimally invasive techniques, the search for less invasive
procedures for treatment of POM has resulted in a variety of surgical options.
Angulo et al., in 1998 and our group described the first POM treat-ment with
endoscopic balloon dilation, which is believed to be a definitive, less invasive, and
safe treatment. Furthermore, should an endoscopic approach fail, reimplant surgery
can be performed. Few publications have reported short series with good results in
the short and medium term.
Torino et al. presented five cases in children aged less than 1 year, none of these
showed evi-dence of obstruction. Garcı´a-Aparicio et al. pre-sented a series of 13
patients treated with a success rate of 84.6%. Christman et al. added laser incision
in cases of narrowed ureteral segment 2e3 cm long and used double stenting. Good
outcomes were presented in 71%. Romero et al. reported improve-ment of drainage
within the first 18 months after treatment in 69% of patients.
The potential de novo onset of vesicoureteral reflux may be the source of some
controversy. We consider that dilation does not significantly alter the antireflux
mechanism. In VCUG is not systematically performed because it is an invasive test.
This re-stricts the conclusions that can be drawn from our findings. Nevertheless,
some groups continue to systematically perform VCUG.
D. Conclusions
Endoscopic balloon dilation for POM is a safe, feasible, and less invasive
procedure that shows good outcomes on long-term follow-up. However,
multicenter studies and prospective trials should be encouraged to provide more
definitive evidence on its benefits.
E. Objective
The objective of this report is to determine if endoscopic balloon dilation for
POM is effective in the long term as well as to assess complications of the
procedure.
G. Introduction
The management of progressive primary obstructive mega-ureter (POM) in
children remains controversial. While con-servative management is required for the
majority of megaureters, most cases of POM resolve spontaneously, or improve
without loss of function or appearance of symptoms [1]. Some megaureters are
associated with increasing dila-tation, UTI and deteriorating renal function, and
require surgical intervention. Ureteral tapering and reimplantation is an established
treatment for persistent or progressive POM; however, reimplantation of a grossly
dilated ureter into the small infant bladder is technically demanding and potentially
predisposes to bladder dysfunction [2]. Hence, less-invasive procedures have been
proposed as alternatives.
Since the first report of endoscopic balloon dilation for POM in children in 1998
by Angulo [3e9], several publica-tions have shown that the traditional open ureteral
reim-plantation and remodeling is no longer the only approach for this disorder,
and that endoscopic balloon dilation is feasible, safe and a less-invasive procedure
for very young patients [3e9]. The success rate of this procedure ranges over the
short-term and medium-term from 85 to 100%.
The objectives of the present study were to describe the long-term follow-up of
endoscopic balloon dilation for POM, to assess its effectiveness in the long-term,
and to review the literature concerning this approach.
mean follow-up was 6.9 years (range: 3.9e13.3 years). One patient was lost to
follow-up after the procedure (Table 1).
Eighteen of the ureters showed a non-obstructive pattern on MAG-3 renogram
after the first endoscopic dilation, and remained stable (T1/2 16.40 min). Statistical
analysis revealed significant differences before and after surgery in the average
time of elimination on the MAG-3 renogram (T1/2 69.56 min vs 16.40 min, P <
0.001). The overall rate of success was 90% after the first dilation. Pa-tient 14
required a second balloon dilation owing to persistence of obstructive
manifestations. This procedure was successful, increasing the success rate to 95%.
A cutting balloon was not required in any cases because the stenotic ring
disappeared immediately after endoscopic balloon dilation. Patient 6 showed no
improvement on MAG-3 renogram at six months; it was decided to adopt a wait-
and-see approach because the differential renal function was quite disturbed.
There was significant improvement in hydro-ureteronephrosis in all patients
except the one who required a second dilation. Significant differences were
observed in hydronephrosis grade before and after endo-scopic dilation (P < 0.001)
(Table 2).
Renal function was preserved in 18 patients (95%), without subsequent
deterioration. No significant differ-ences were observed in preoperative and
postoperative renal function (DRF 41.26% vs 41.50%, P Z 0.59).
It is worth noting that 14 months after the endoscopic dilation, patient 10 had a
febrile UTI, and a VUR (Grade II) was diagnosed by VCUG. Endoscopic injection
of a dextra-nomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux, Q-Med Scandi-navia,
Uppsala, Sweden) was necessary. At the last follow-up the patient was
asymptomatic, with no further episodes of infection and without loss of renal
function. Patient 15 also had a febrile UTI six months after the procedure and was
tested by a VCUG, which proved negative for reflux.
Two patients who initially had lithiasis had a recurrence after one year (not
obstructive renogram) (10.5%). A mean of three stones was found in the distal
ureter. Lithotripsy with holmium laser and ureterotomy were performed. Laser inci-
sion was performed along the 6 o’clock position within the ureter using a holmium:
YAG laser set on 0.6 joules and 6 hertz. The stones that had been formed were
calcium ox-alate dihydrate.
At the last follow-up, all patients remain asymptomatic and showed no signs of
UTI, lithiasis, or pyeloureteral dila-tion. No instances of obstruction were observed
on MAG-3 renogram.
J. Discussion
Since the initial description using the term ‘megaureter’ by Caulk in 1923
[10], the concept of POM management has
Figure 2 Flowchart after endoscopic balloon dilation for primary obstructive
megaureter. (EBD: endoscopic balloon dilation).
P : Problem / Population
Di era teknik invasif minimal, pencarian untuk prosedur yang kurang invasif
untuk pengobatan POM menghasilkan berbagai opsi bedah. Angulo et al., pada
tahun 1998 dan kelompok kami mendeskripsikan perawatan POM pertama dengan
dilatasi balon endoskopi, yang diyakini sebagai yang pasti, kurang invasif, dan
aman pengobatan. Selanjutnya, harus endoskopi pendekatan gagal, operasi
reimplant dapat dilakukan. Beberapa publikasi telah melaporkan seri pendek
dengan hasil bagus dalam jangka pendek dan menengah. Torino dkk. disajikan lima
kasus pada anak-anak berusia kurang dari 1 tahun, tidak satupun dari ini
menunjukkan bukti obstruksi. Garcı´a-Aparicio dkk. Disajikan serangkaian 13
pasien yang diobati dengan sukses tingkat 84,6%. Christman dkk. menambahkan
sayatan laser dalam kasus segmen ureter yang menyempit sepanjang 2-3 cm dan
menggunakan stenting ganda. Hasilnya bagus disajikan dalam 71%. Romero dkk.
peningkatan yang dilaporkan drainase dalam 18 bulan pertama setelahnya
pengobatan pada 69% pasien.
I : Intervensi ( Tindakan )
Dari Juni 2000 hingga Februari 2010, total 19 pasien dan 20 ureter diobati
dengan pelebaran balon endoskopi untuk POM. Para pasien terdiri dari 16 anak
laki-laki dan 3 perempuan, dengan usia rata-rata saat operasi 17 bulan (kisaran: 1-
44 bulan). Sepuluh kasus dibiarkan, delapan sisi kanan dan satu bilateral. Sebelas
kasus didiagnosis prenatal.
Selain itu, serupa ROI ditempatkan di sekitar ginjal dan ureter menghitung
kurva waktu waktu diuresis. Drainase yang bagus keluar dari ROI 30 menit setelah
injeksi 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG-3) dianggap sebagai ketiadaan
bukti obstruksi. Jika drainase yang buruk terdeteksi, furosemid (1 mg / kg)
diberikan secara intravena, dan drainase urin total dihitung selama 20 menit
setelahnya suntikan. Sebuah diuretik T1 / 2> 20 menit setelah furosemid injeksi
diklasifikasikan sebagai obstruksi.
(Gambar 2). Untuk analisis statistik, tes Chi-kuadrat atau Fisher tes digunakan
untuk variabel kualitatif dan uji t Student dan uji Wilcoxon untuk analisis
kuantitatif. Analisisnya dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 18.
C : Comparison
A. PENGERTIAN
Megaureter adalah anomali medis dimana ureter dilatasi
secara abnormal. Megaureter kongenital adalah kondisi tidak umum yang
lebih sering terjadi pada laki-laki, mungkin bilateral, dan sering dikaitkan
dengan anomali kongenital lainnya. Penyebabnya dianggap aperistalsis dari
ureter distal, yang menyebabkan dilatasi. (Tublin,2016). Megaureter adalah
sebuah anomali ureter dengan ureter melebar lebih dari 7-8 mm (Shokeir and
Nijman, 2000).
B. ETIOLOGI
1. Refluks vesicoureteral
2. Penyakit obstruktif
C. PATOFISIOLOGI
Perjalanan penyakit megaureter tergantung dari klasifikasinya, yaitu :
1. Refluxing megaureter
D. PATHWAY
Terlampir
E. MANIFESTASI KLINIK
1. Tanda dan gejala secara umum :
c. Mungkin asimptomatis
e. Nyeri panggul
f. Demam
g. Muntah
2. Gambaran klinis :
F. PROGNOSIS
Pronosis dari megaureter berkisar dari uteretactis stable derajat ringan hingga
hydroureteronephrosis berat, jarang meningkat ke gagal ginjal. Bahkan bisa
meningkat seiring dengan waktu (10-30 % dari kasus)
G. PEMERIKSAAN PENUJANG
1. Laboratorium
Urinalisis: Hematuria, Pyuria, Urolitiasis
2. Pencitraan
a. USG : Ultrasonografi dapat membedakan antara obstruksi
ureteropelvic junction dan megaureter. Ureter pada anak biasanya
lebar kurang dari 5 mm.
b. IVP : Urography dapat membedakan antara obstruksi
ureterojunction dengan mega ureter.
c. Voiding Cystourethrogram : Konfirmasi dari refluks vesicoureteral
dan mendeteksi katup uretra posterior.
d. Renal Scintigraphy : Menentukan fungsi ginjal (glomerulus laju
filtrasi). Dalam kombinasi dengan diuretik, skintigrafi ginjal dapat
membedakan antara obstruksi nyata dan idiopatik megaureter.
Wash out setelah 20 menit injeksi furosemide harus lebih dari 50%.
e. Retrograde Pyelography : Apabila teknik lain tidak jelas, di gunakan
teknik retrograde pyelography.
f. Whitaker’s Perfusion Test : Tes Whitaker diindikasikan jika
scintigraphy ginjal tidak jelas, terutama dalam fungsi ginjal yang
buruk akan lakukan dengan nefrostomi.
H. PENATALAKSANAAN MEDIS
Pada kasus-kasus ringan dari megaureter obstruktif, dokter umumnya
akan memonitoring gejala, melakukan pemeriksaan radiologi serial, dan
memasukkan antibiotik profilaksis. Adanya pertumbuhan atau progres penyakit
yang konstan atau stabil biasanya prognosis (8 tahun dengan follow up) secara
keseluruhan baik. Pemberian antibiotik: Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Cephalexin
(pada pasien kurang dari 3 bulan), Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfamethoxazole-
trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), Nitrofurantoin (pada pasien dengan usia lebih dari
3 bulan)
I. ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
Pengkajian
h. Biodata
1) Identitas Klien
c) Jenis kelamin
d) Agama
e) Pendidikan
f) Pekerjaan
i. Riwayat
j. Pengkajian Keperawatan
k. Pengkajian Fisik
8) Thorax
Jantung : Ictus cordis tidak tampak dan tidak kuat angkat, batas
jantung dalam batas normal, S1>S2, regular, tidak ada suara
tambahan.
Paru-paru : tidak ada ketinggalan gerak, vokal fremitus kanan = kiri,
nyeri tekan tidak ada, sonor seluruh lapangan paru, suara dasar
vesikuler seluruh lapang paru, tidak ada suara tambahan.
9) Abdomen :
Palpasi: ada nyeri tekan, hepar dan lien tidak teraba, tidak teraba
massa.
Diagnosa
a. Gangguan rasa nyaman berhubungan dengan obstruksi akut
Perencanaan
a. Diagnosa 1 : Gangguan rasa nyaman berhubungan dengan obstruksi
akut
Intervensi:
Intervensi :
Intervensi:
Panas/demam
Bereaksi
Anorexia,
dengan HCL di
mual,
sistem
muntah
pencernaan
Hipertermi
Gangguan nutrisi
kurang dari
kebutuhan tubuh
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Shokeir, A., Nijman, R.J. 2000. Primary megaureter: currretn trends in diagnosis and
treatment. BJU International, 86, 861-868.