Variabel Rata-rata Standar Deviasi Rerata +- 2 SD Abnormalitas

SGOT/SGPT 26,29 13,923 26,29 + 2(13,923) =54,13 54,13+ 0,05 = 54,18

Hb 12,472 0,3238 12.472- 2(0.3238) =11,82 11,82-0,05 = 11,77

Trigliserid 115,30 20,047 115,30+2 (20,047) = 155,4 155,45
Kolesterol 137,24 32,405 137,24+ 2(32,405)= 202,05 202,1
HDL 89,44 17,119 89,44- 2(17,119)= 55,2 55,15
LDL 74,64 13,634 74,64+ 2(13,634)= 101,9 101,95

NOMOR 1
Kalo ujian, bikin langsung aja ga usah pake rumus
Nyari mean dan Standar Deviasi
 Di SPSS file -open data abnormalitas: Analyze-deskriptif-frequencies-seluruh variabel
dimasukkan-statistics: SD dan mean

Statistics

SGOT/SGPT
Laki-laki Hemoglobin Trigliserid Total Kolestrol HDL LDL

N Valid 200 200 200 200 200 200

Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean 26.29 12.472 115.30 137.24 89.44 74.64

Std. Deviation 13.923 .3238 20.047 32.405 17.119 13.634

 Rerata ditambah 2 untuk HDL dan Hb. Rerata dikurang 2 untuk

SGOT/SGPT,Trigliserid,Kolesterol dan LDL.
 Untuk data bnormalitas, ditambah 0,05 untuk 2 angka dibelakang koma. Ditambah
0,5 untuk 1 angka dibelakang koma
 Rerata +- 2 SD = RataRata (+ atau -) 2xSD
 Intepretasi: Hb abnormal jika kurang dari 11,77. SGOT/SGPT abnormal jika lebih
dari 54,18

NOMOR 2
2.1 Tabel PICO
P (the patient/problem) Older adults with early signs/symptoms of cognitive
impairment
I (intervention) Mini-Cog
C (Comparative MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)
intervention)
O (the Outcome) Menilai apakah Mini-Cog memiliki nilai akurasi yang sama
dengan MMSE dalam mendeteksi penyakit Alzheimer atau
 demensia
OR
Accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or dementia
 Ini kasus uji diagnostik.
 Intevention itu alat uji baru. Comparative intervention itu alat gold standard.

2.2 Cinical Question

Apakah mini-cog lebih akurat mendiagnostik Alzheimer atau demensia dibandingkan
MMSE?
OR
In older adult with early signsimptoms of cognitive impairment, is the Mini-Cog as
accurate as MMSe in diagnosing Alzheimer or Dementia?

2.3 Search term:

Mini-cog OR minicog AND (Mini-mental state exam * OR MMSE OR SMMSE) AND

(Alzheimer*OR dementia)
OR

(Mini-cog OR minicog) AND (mini-mental state exam OR SMMSE) AND (Alzheimer

OR dementia)

2.4 Lakukan Searching

 Search di tripdatabase.com
 Di kotak search ketik 'Mini-cog OR minicog AND (Mini-mental state exam*OR
MMSE OR SMMSE) AND (Alzheimer*OR dementia)'
 Keluarlah artikelnya
 Klik artikelnya

2.5 Pastekan
 Kalo bisa download di download, kalo ga bisa kopi abstraknya aja.
 Copy dalam bentuk word
 Isi di lembar diagnosis worksheet yang sudah diprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Alzheimer's disease and related forms of dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent with the aging of many populations. The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease relies on tests to evaluate
cognition and discriminate between individuals with dementia and those without dementia. The Mini-Cog is a brief, cognitive screening test that is frequently used to evaluate cognition in older
adults in various settings.

OBJECTIVES:
The primary objective of this review was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Mini-Cog for detecting Alzheimer's disease dementia and related dementias in a community setting.Secondary
objectives included investigations of the heterogeneity of test accuracy in the included studies and potential sources of heterogeneity. These potential sources of heterogeneity included the
baseline prevalence of dementia in study samples, thresholds used to determine positive test results, the type of dementia (Alzheimer's disease dementia or all causes of dementia), and aspects
of study design related to study quality. Overall, the goals of this review were to determine if the Mini-Cog is a cognitive screening test that could be recommended to screen for cognitive
impairment in community settings.

SEARCH METHODS:
We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), PsycINFO (Ovid SP), Science Citation Index (Web of Science), BIOSIS previews (Web of Science), LILACS (BIREME), and the Cochrane
Dementia Group's developing register of diagnostic test accuracy studies to March 2013. We used citation tracking (using the database's 'related articles' feature, where available) as an additional
search method and contacted authors of eligible studies for unpublished data.

SELECTION CRITERIA:
We included all cross-sectional studies that utilized the Mini-Cog as an index test for the diagnosis of dementia when compared to a reference standard diagnosis of dementia using standardized
dementia diagnostic criteria. For the current review we only included studies that were conducted on samples from community settings, and excluded studies that were conducted in primary care
or secondary care settings. We considered studies to be conducted in a community setting where participants were sampled from the general population.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:

Information from studies meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted including information on the characteristics of participants in the studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the
QUADAS-2 criteria and summarized using risk of bias applicability and summary graphs. We extracted information on the diagnostic test accuracy of studies including the sensitivity, specificity,
and 95% confidence intervals of these measures and summarized the findings using forest plots. Study specific sensitivities and specificities were also plotted in receiver operating curve space.

MAIN RESULTS:
Three studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 1620 participants. The sensitivities of the Mini-Cog in the individual studies were reported as 0.99, 0.76 and 0.99. The specificity of the Mini-
Cog varied in the individual studies and was 0.93, 0.89 and 0.83. There was clinical and methodological heterogeneity between the studies which precluded a pooled meta-analysis of the results.
Methodological limitations were present in all the studies introducing potential sources of bias, specifically with respect to the methods for participant selection.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:
There are currently few studies assessing the diagnostic test accuracy of the Mini-Cog in community settings. The limited number of studies and the methodological limitations that are present in
the current studies make it difficult to provide recommendations for or against the use of the Mini-Cog as a cognitive screening test in community settings. Additional well-designed studies
comparing the Mini-Cog to other brief cognitive screening tests are required in order to determine the accuracy and utility of the Mini-Cog in community based settings.

Catatan: * --> untuk menyintak

2.6 Critical Appraisal

 Was the study valid?
Were the result clinically importance?
Could we apply to tour patient?

 Jawab di kertas worksheet. bingung yg importance tahu drmn interpretasinya

3. MEDCALC
3.1 Buatlah grafik titik potong diagnostik dan pastekan pada lembar jawaban
MEDCALC
 File-Open- ganti jadi .sav - Data diagnostik
 All-Ok
 Mencari titik potong secara visual
Statistik-ROC curves-plot versus criterion - Variable: kreatinin kinase- Classificaion
variabel: MCI-OK
 Klik kanan -copy graph- paste

3.2 Perkirakan secara visual titik potong diagnostik dan interretasikan

 Liat titik potong antara sensitivity dan specificity- liat nilai y - interpretasikan
 Perkiraan secara visual: 92
 Hasil: Nilai titik potong diagnotstik = 92

 Mencari titik potong secara statistik:

Statistik-ROC curves- ROC curves analysis - varibael: kreatinin_kinase - Classification
variable: MCI - OK - Nilai itu yg 69(associated criterion)

 Titik
potong secara analitik: 69,1098
 Hasil: Nilai titik potong secara satatistik adalah 69,1098
 Interpretasi: cut-off point adalah >69,1098.

3.3 Hitung keseluruhan nilai diagnostik memakai Medcalc dan Epicalc buatlah
kesimpulan
 MEDCALC:
Liat dari grafik kedua
Ketik sendiri 9 nilai diagnostik, yg ga tau nilainya hitung sendiri pake epicalc
 EPICALC
Mau pake epicalc harus dari SPSS dulu.
Caranya dari SPSS:
 Mencari nilai diagnostik harus tabel 2x2.
 Menjadikan data numerik jadi ketagorik berdasarkan titik potong
 Transform-Recode into different variable - new values: KK - lowest - 69,1098
value:0 - Else value: 1 OK
 Ganti di dataset - value:0 label <=69,1098 - value:1 label >69,1098
Ini cuma mau ngebandingin aja yg di excel sama di medcalc:(nyamainnya sama yg
di 9 nilai diagnostik itu)
 Buka spss data diagnostik - Analyze-ROC curve-variabel: kreatinin kinase| state
variabel : MCI (value 0 negatif, 1 positif ) jadi isi 1- displaynya klik semua - OK
 Copy ‘coordinate of the curve - copy ke word dulu - copi ke excel
 Yang dari word-kopi ke excel -buat kolom sampingnyo - ‘Spesifisitas’ - =1-(1-
spesifisitas) - enter - sampek muncul tanda panah tarik ke bawah.
  1-spesifisitasnya - klik format - hide column
 Klik sensitifitas dan spesifisitas - Insert - 2 line -paling awal - muncul grafiknya
 (Kalo di macbook - chart - line)
 Anggap titik potongnya 69,1098

PAKE SPSS
Buat kolom 2x2
Analyze-dekriptive - crosstab- row: K- column: MCI -ok
Karena datanya terbalik, a kan harusnya positif-positif jadi bikin tabel 2x2 di word.
KK MCI
+ -
> 69,1098 13 7
<=69,1098 0 80

BUKA EPICALC
 Klik kanan di untitled- tabel - 2x2 unstratified- muncul tabel- isi
 catat sebagai tambahan dari (screening 95% CI)
Klo pake statcalc
Statcalc- clinical table - ada tabel all purpose calculator - ganti nilainya sesuai tabel kita -

Kesimpulan: seseorang dikatakan sakit apabla lebih dari cut-off point yaitu 69,1098

4.
Sama kayak nomor 3 mulai dari SPSS bikin crosstabs.
Masukin angkanya ke statcalc
Jadilah
liat skill lab kak devi TAPI KOTAKNYA SALAH, HARUSNYA YANG MENINGGAL
JADI A.
Kesimpulan: (harusnya ada 9 kesimpulan)
 Ace inhibitor efektif mencegah kematian akibat mci (RRR sebesar 53,8%)=DARI
DR.RIDWAN BILA ACE INHIBITOR DIBERIKAN MAKA JUMLAH
APSIEN MCI YANG MENINGGAL DAPAT DIKURANGI SEBESAR 54%
 Untuk mengurangi risiko satu pasien meninggal, diperlukan 7,14 pasien atau 7
pasien yang diobati dengan ace inhibitor
 ANALYZE -DEKRIPTIF- CROSSTAB- ROW KELOMPOK- COLUMN
OUTCOME-OK
 LANGSUNG DAPET DATA
5.
sama kayak nomor 4