Stabil
Faisal Yunus
• Pertemuan ilmiah dan materi dalam pertemuan ini diselenggarakan dan disponsori oleh PT.
AstraZeneca Indonesia.
• Pertemuan ilmiah ini adalah pertemuan yang bersifat promosi.
• Pembicara dalam pertemuan ilmiah ini menerima honoraria dari PT. AstraZeneca Indonesia.
2
Pendahuluan
Asma adalah penyakit kronik saluran napas
Asma sering tidak terdiagnosis dengan tepat sehingga
tidak mendapatkan pengobatan yang tepat
Penatalaksanaan asma bertujuan menjadikan asma
terkontrol
Alamat Website GINA
www.gina.org
Patofisologi Asma
Gangguan otot Inflamasi jalan
polos napas
Gejala / Eksaserbasi
Hipereaktivitas
Normal Asma
Akut
Berat
FAKTOR PENCETUS ASMA
Faktor Pencetus Asma
Sangat bervariasi
Bersifat individual
Mencetuskan serangan asma
Faktor Pencetus
❖ Alergen di dalam dan luar ruangan
❖ Polusi udara, asap rokok
❖ Infeksi saluran napas
❖ Latihan fisis dan hiperventilasi
❖ Perubahan cuaca
❖ Sulfur dioksida, bahan iritan
❖ Makanan aditif
❖ Emosi berlebihan
Gambar Tungau debu rumah
KLASIFIKASI ASMA
Klasifikasi Asma Stabil 2003
Ditentukan oleh
Frekuensi serangan
Serangan asma malam
Gangguan aktivitas
Nilai faal paru (VEP1 atau APE)
Variabilitas harian
Asma Intermiten
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2019. Available from: www.ginashtma.org
www.asthmacontroltest.com
7
Asma Control Test (ACT)
➢ Terkontrol Total = 25
➢ Terkontrol Sebagian = 20-24
➢ Tidak Terkontrol = 5-19
PENATALAKSANAAN ASMA
STABIL
Tujuan Penatalaksanaan Asma
Mencapai asma terkontrol sehingga pasien dapat
beraktivitas normal
Menurunkan risiko eksaserbasi dan efek samping obat
Tujuan Pengobatan Asma Jangka Panjang
Sangat penting untuk membuat pasien memperhatikan tujuan jangka panjang asma
Gejala / Eksaserbasi
Obat Obat Asma
Bersifat bronkodilator
Obat Pelega Napas
◼ Agonis 2 kerja singkat inhalasi
◼ Kortikosteroid sistemik
◼ Antikolinergik inhalasi
◼ Teofilin kerja singkat
◼ Agonis 2 kerja singkat oral
Normal Asma
Akut
Berat
Obat Pengontrol
Anti inflamas
Obat Pengontrol
❖ Kortikosteroid inhalasi ❖Anti IgE
agonis +
Glucocorticoid
❖ Meningkatkan sintesis reseptor receptor +
Anti-inflammatory effect Bronchodilatation
❖ Efek sinergi
EFEK KOMBINASI STEROID DAN LABA PADA ASMA
COMBAT study
Asma sedang: VEP1 ~75% pred pd ~1000µg ICS
390
380
Budesonide + formoterol
370 (400 + 12 µg b.d)
Budesonide
(400µg b.d.)
360
350
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Hari pengobatan
GOAL STUDY: TOTAL CONTROL: Time to Achieve Control
Salm/FP 59/250
Probability of control
1.0 FP 500
0.8
0.6
TOTAL CONTROL achieved earlier
0.4
with Salm/FP
0.2 Week 21 Week 45
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52
Time to first TOTAL CONTROL week
Patients previously on low-dose ICS
STEP 5
STEP 4
Other Consider low Med/high dose ICS Add tiotropium* Add low
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)
controller dose ICS Low dose ICS+LTRA High dose ICS dose OCS
Low dose theophylline*
options (or + theoph*) + LTRA
(or + theoph*)
>1 dari 4 pasien di kelompok dengan status Tidak Terkontrol & Terkontrol
Sebagian (menurut GINA) dikaitkan dengan kejadian eksaserbasi1,2
80
eksaserbasi asma akut dalam 12 bulan terakhir
% pasien dengan >1 periode terapi OCS karena
70
63% Risiko Eksaserbasi dialami oleh
60 seluruh pasien asma,
50
baik asma ringan, sedang, berat3
40
~31%
• Semakin tinggi tingkat keparahan asma, maka
30 risiko eksaserbasi semakin besar3
~24%
• Semakin tinggi kejadian eksaserbasi
20
sebelumnya, maka risiko eksaserbasi berulang
10 semakin besar3
0
Terkontrol Terkontrol sebagian Tidak terkontrol
n = 1604 n = 2785 n = 3611
N = 8000 orang dewasa (18–50); 11 negara Eropa; Dengan ≥2 peresepan obat asma dalam 2 tahun terakhir
47 1. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2020. Available from: www.ginashtma.org
2. Price D, et al. Asthma control and management in 8,000 European patients: the REcognise Asthma and LInk to Symptoms and Experience (REALISE) survey. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2014;24:14009.
3. Suruki RY, et al. The frequency of asthma exacerbations and healthcare utilization in patients with asthma from the UK and USA. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:74
Penggunaan SABA berlebih (≥3 SABA kanister/tahun) dikaitkan dengan
peningkatan risiko eksaserbasi dan kematian akibat asma1,2
SABINA Programme Swedish Asthma Population: Pasien yang diresepkan SABA ≥3 kanister/tahun mengalami
peningkatan kejadian eksaserbasi, rawat inap, dan kunjungan ke poli dibandingkan dengan pasien yang
diresepkan SABA 0-2 kanister*2
*The association of SABA use and asthma exacerbation risk in a nationwide Swedish asthma population as part of the SABINA study was evaluated by linking nationwide mandatory drug-and patient-registries.2
48 †Asthma-related exacerbations included hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and/or oral corticosteroid claims. 2SABA = short-acting β2-agonist; SABINA = SABA use IN Asthma; PY = patient years.
1. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2020. Available from: www.ginashtma.org. 2. Nwaru BI, et al. Overuse of short-acting β2-agonists in asthma is associated with
increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J. 2020. 55: 1901872
Penggunaan SABA berlebih (≥3 SABA kanister/tahun) dikaitkan dengan
peningkatan risiko eksaserbasi dan kematian akibat asma1,2
381,741 pasien di Swedia dengan> 2 peresepan SABA dalam waktu 12 bulan (2006-2014) dinilai dengan rata-rata 85,4 bulan
Dispensing of ≥12 salbutamol canisters per year is associated with a markedly increased risk of asthma-related death3
– Risk of death with fenoterol 200mcg/actuation was 2–5 times higher than salbutamol
49 1. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2020. Available from: www.ginashtma.org; 2. Nwaru BI, et al. Overuse of short-acting β2-agonists in asthma is associated with
increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J. 2020. 55: 1901872; 3. Suissa S, et al. A Cohort Analysis of Excess Mortality in Asthma and the
Use of Inhaled β-Agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:604–10
Pasien Lebih Banyak Menggunakan SABA Daripada ICS
Dalam 4 minggu terakhir sebelum penelitian, lebih banyak pasien yang menggunakan
β2-agonist (63%) dibanding ICS (23%)
ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; MI, mild intermittent; MP, mild persistent; MOP, moderate persistent; SABA, short-acting β2-agonist; SP, severe persistent.
The AIRE survey was conducted in 1999. Of the 73,880 households screened, one or more current asthma patients were identified in 3,488 households.
Full interviews were completed by 2,803 (80.4%) respondents.
50 1. Rabe KF et al. Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study. Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 802–7.; 2. O’Byrne PM et all. The paradoxes of asthma management: time for a
new approach? Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 170110
Penatalaksanaan Asma Stabil Dewasa dan Anak umur 12+ (GINA 2019)
35 NS
25
15
Kuna, P. et al., Effect of Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy on asthma exacerbations,
Clin Practice, 2007 (Compass study)
PERUBAHAN MENDASAR DARI GINA 2019
53 Ref: 1. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2019. Available from: www.ginashtma.org; 2. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma
Management and Prevention, 2020. Available from: www.ginashtma.org
GINA 2020, Box 3-4A © Global Initiative for Asthma, www.ginasthma.org
PERUBAHAN PENTING DALAM TATALAKSANA ASMA
UNTUK KEAMANAN, TERAPI DENGAN SABA TUNGGAL TIDAK LAGI DIREKOMENDASIKAN
PELEGA ANTI-INFLAMASI ADALAH PELEGA PILIHAN YANG DIREKOMENDASIKAN
HDM: Tungau debu rumah; ICS: Kortikosteroid inhalasi; LABA: agonis β2 kerja panjang; LAMA: Antagonis muskarinik kerja panjang; LTRA: antagonis
ICS-formoterol adalah
reseptor leukotriene; OCS: kortikosteroid oral; SABA: agonis β2 kerja singkat; SLIT: imunoterapi sublingual. PELEGA PILIHAN
© 2021 Global Strategy Asthma Management and Prevention, all right reserved. Use is by express permission from the owner. pada asma ringan, sedang, maupun berat
55 References:
1. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2018. Available at: http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2021. Available at: http://www.ginasthma.org/.
BAGAIMANA MENGINISIASI TERAPI?
Terapi Inisial:
Berdasarkan
gejala
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2021. Available from: www.ginashtma.org
Personalisasi Penatalaksanaan Asma (GINA 2021)
Dewasa dan remaja 12+ tAhun
1. The same results were first published in Woolcock AJ. Clin Exper Allergy Rev 2001;1:62−64. This graph has been independently created by GSK from the original; 2. Reddel HK et al. Eur Respir J 2000;15:226-235.
NON-FARMAKOLOGI PADA
ASMA
NON-FARMAKOLOGI
❖ Menghindari faktor pencetus dan polusi
❖ Tidak merokok
❖ Vaksinasi
❖ Termoplasti bronkus
Meningkatkan Kebugaran Jasmani
induces Asthma)
Yunus F, Anwar J, Fachrurodji H, Wiyono WH, Jusuf A, Pengaruh senam asma Indonesia
terhadap penderita asma. J. Respir. Ind. 2002; 22:118-25.
Desain Penelitian
• Studi paralel acak, tersamar dan buta ganda
Melakukan Senam
Asma Indonesia
selama 8 pekan (20
subjek)
2 kelompok
Tidak melakukan
Senam Asma
Indonesia selama 8
pekan (20 subjek
Hasil Penilitian
Subjek yang melakukan Senam Asma Indonesia:
Mengurangi frekuensi serangan
Mengurangi gejala asma
Mengurangi pemakaian obat pelega
Meningkatkan VO2maks
The Effect of Asrhma Exercise on Cortisol
Hormone and Interlukin 5 in Indonesian Patients
with Persistent Asthma
Handayani RN, Yunus F, Rengganis I, Ilyas E, Nurwidya F. The effect of asthma exercise on cortisol hormone
and interleukin 5 in Indonesian patients with persistent asthma. J Nat Sc Biol Med 2019;10 :193-6
Subjek dan Cara Kerja
1. Suruki RY, et al. The frequency of asthma exacerbations and healthcare utilization in patients with asthma from the UK and USA. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:74; 2. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2020. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. http://www.ginasthma.org. 3. Nwaru BI, et al. Overuse of short-acting β2-agonists in asthma is
associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J. 2020. 55: 1901872; 4. Harrison, T., et al. Variability in airway inflammation, symptoms, lung function and reliever use in asthma:
anti-inflammatory reliever hypothesis and STIFLE study design. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6: 00333-2019; 5. O’Byrne PM, et al. Inhaled Combined Budesonide–Formoterol as Needed in Mild Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1865–1876; 6. Seberová E, Andersson A. Respir
Med. 2000;94(6):607–611; 7. O’Byrne PM, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. supplementary appendix. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1865–1876. 8. Beasley R, Holliday M, Redel HK, et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2020–2030. 9. Rabe KF, Atienza T, Magyar P, et al. Lancet.
2006;368:744–753. 10. Vogelmeier C, D’Urzo A, Pauwels R, et al. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:819–828. 11. Kuna P, Peters MJ, Manjra AI, et al. Int J Clin Bousquet J, Boulet LP, Peters MJ, et al. Respir Med. 2007;101:2437–2446.
Pract. 2007;61:725–736. 12.
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