1.1 Definisi
Policystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) merupakan sindroma disfungsi metabolik dan
terdapat kelainan endokrin heterogenpadawanita usia reproduktif. Policystic Ovary
Syndrome ditandai oleh terdapatnya hiperandrogenisme, hiperinsulinemia, hipersekresi
Luteinizing Hormon (LH), disfungsi menstruasi, hirsutisme, infertilitas, dan komplikasi
neonatal dan kehamilanserta ditemukannya ovarium polikistik pada Ultrasonography
(USG). Pasien PCOS memiliki kadar Follicle StimulatingHormon (FSH) serum lebih
rendah dari orang normal. Defisiensi FSH akan menyebabkan penumpukan folikel kecil
yanglebih banyak menyebabkan berhentinya proses pematangan secara dini dan folikel
gagal menjadi folikel yang matang. Resistensi insulin diduga memiliki peran penting
dalam patofisiologi dengan merangsang produksi androgen ovarium. Ketidaksuburan
yang terjadi pada PCOS disebabkan oleh penurunan kualitas oosit akibat produksi
hormon androgenyangberlebihan dan resistensi insulin yang mempengaruhi ekspresi dari
Glukosa Transporter (GLUT)
1.2 Gejala
Gejala sindrom ovarium polikistik bisa timbul ketika wanita mengalami haid
pertama kali di masa pubertas. Meski gejala PCOS sering muncul saat remaja, ada juga
penderita PCOS yang baru mengalami gejalanya setelah dewasa atau saat periode
tertentu, misalnya saat berat badannya naik secara signifikan.
Berikut adalah gejala PCOS:
Ganguan menstrubasi
PCOS kerap ditandai dengan periode menstruasi yang tidak teratur atau
berkepanjangan. Sebagai contoh, penderita PCOS hanya akan mengalami haid kurang
dari 8–9 kali dalam 1 tahun. Jarak antar haid dapat kurang dari 21 hari atau lebih dari
35 hari, atau darah menstruasi mengalir deras.
Gejala akibat kadar hormon androgen yang meningkat
Peningkatan kadar hormon androgen pada wanita dengan PCOS dapat
menyebabkan munculnya gejala fisik seperti pria, seperti tumbuhnya rambut yang
lebat di wajah dan tubuh (hirsutisme), serta munculnya jerawat yang parah
dan kebotakan.
1.3 Penyebab
Hingga saat ini, belum diketahui secara pasti apa yang menyebabkan PCOS.
Namun, ada beberapa faktor yang diduga terkait dengan PCOS, yaitu:
Kelebihan hormon insulin
Hormon insulin adalah hormon yang menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah.
Kadar insulin yang berlebihan menyebabkan peningkatan produksi hormon androgen
dan penurunan sensitivitas tubuh terhadap insulin.
Faktor genetik
Hal ini karena sebagian penderita PCOS juga memiliki anggota keluarga yang
menderita PCOS.
PCOS sulit dicegah, tetapi dengan menjaga berat badan ideal, gejala dan risiko
komplikasinya dapat dikurangi. Berikut adalah cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menjaga
berat badan ideal:
Batasi konsumsi makanan manis
Perbanyak konsumsi serat
Olahraga secara teratur
1.6 Percakapan
Perawat : “Selamat pagi buk N. Nama saya Deni dan saya yang bertugas pagi ini
untuk merawat ibu di ruangan ini”
Pasien : “Selamat pagi mas Deni”
Perawat : “Bagaimana keaadaan ibu hari ini?”
Pasien : “Saya merasa baik mas, tapi masih merasa sedikit lemas”
Perawat : “Apakah ibu sudah makan?”
Pasien : “Ya, saya sudah makan dan sudah minum obat”
Perawat : “Itu bagus sekali ibu, apa ibu merasa tidak enak badan?”
Pasien : “Ya saya merasa tidak enak badan saat belum makan tadi, tapi sekarang
baikan setelah makan dan minum obat”
Perawat : “Mari kita tunggu satu sampai dua hari lagi dan ibu akan lebih baik. Saya
akan mengukur tekanan darah ibu dulu oke?”
Pasien : “Ya, silahkan mas, dan terimakasih ya mas”
Penjelasan: PCOS adalah singkatan dari Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, sebuah kondisi
hormonal pada wanita yang dapat memengaruhi siklus menstruasi dan fungsi
ovarium.
a) Tes kehamilan
c) Pemeriksaan gigi
a) Meningkatkan kesuburan
b) Tidak berpengaruh
1.7.2 Essay
Jawaban: Menstruasi
Penjelasan: PCOS dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik dan resistensi insulin
pada tubuh.
1.8.2 Essay
1. Bagaimana PCOS dapat memengaruhi kesuburan wanita?
2. Ovarium pada wanita dengan PCOS dapat terlihat memiliki banyak kista kecil,
yang disebut …?
Policystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) merupakan sindroma disfungsi metabolik dan terdapat
kelainan endokrin heterogenpadawanita usia reproduktif. Policystic Ovary Syndrome
ditandai oleh terdapatnya hiperandrogenisme, hiperinsulinemia, hipersekresi Luteinizing
Hormon (LH), disfungsi menstruasi, hirsutisme, infertilitas, dan komplikasi neonatal dan
kehamilanserta ditemukannya ovarium polikistik pada Ultrasonography (USG). Pasien
PCOS memiliki kadar Follicle StimulatingHormon (FSH) serum lebih rendah dari orang
normal.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
KUNCI JAWABAN
A. Pilihan Ganda
Penjelasan: Polycystic ovaries merujuk pada ovarium dengan banyak kista kecil,
salah satu ciri PCOS.
B. Essay
Penjelasan: Perubahan gaya hidup, termasuk diet sehat dan olahraga, merupakan
bagian penting dari manajemen PCOS
4. Jawaban: Jantung
1.1 Definition
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic dysfunction syndrome and
heterogeneous endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome is characterized by the presence of hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia,
hypersecretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), menstrual dysfunction, hirsutism,
infertility, and neonatal and pregnancy complications as well as the discovery of
polycystic ovaries on Ultrasonography (USG). PCOS patients have lower serum Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels than normal people. FSH deficiency will cause the
accumulation of more small follicles, causing the maturation process to stop prematurely
and the follicles will fail to become mature follicles. Insulin resistance is thought to have
an important role in pathophysiology by stimulating ovarian androgen production.
Infertility that occurs in PCOS is caused by a decrease in oocyte quality due to excessive
production of androgen hormones and insulin resistance which affects the expression of
the Glucose Transporter (GLUT)
1.2 Symptoms
Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome can appear when a woman experiences
her first menstruation during puberty. Although PCOS symptoms often appear during
adolescence, there are also PCOS sufferers who only experience symptoms after
adulthood or during certain periods, for example when their weight increases
significantly.
The following are the symptoms of PCOS:
Menstrual disorders
PCOS is often characterized by irregular or prolonged menstrual periods. For
example, PCOS sufferers will only experience menstruation less than 8-9 times in 1
year. The interval between menstruation can be less than 21 days or more than 35
days, or menstrual blood flows heavily.
• Symptoms due to increased androgen hormone levels
Increased levels of androgen hormones in women with PCOS can cause physical
symptoms similar to men's, such as the growth of dense hair on the face and body
(hirsutism), as well as the appearance of severe acne and baldness.
Multiple ovarian cysts
In PCOS sufferers, cyst sacs can be found around the egg cells (ovaries).
Skin color darkens
Some parts of the body of PCOS sufferers can become dark, especially in fold
areas, such as the neck, groin and under the breasts.
1.3 Cause
Until now, it is not known for certain what causes PCOS. However, there are
several factors that are thought to be related to PCOS, namely:
Excess insulin hormone
The insulin hormone is a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels. Excessive
insulin levels cause increased production of androgen hormones and decreased body
sensitivity to insulin.
Genetic factors
This is because some PCOS sufferers also have family members who suffer from
PCOS.
1.6 Conversation
Nurse : "Good morning Miss N. My name is Deni and I am on duty this morning to look
after you in this room."
Patient : "Good morning, Deni"
Nurse : "How is mother today?"
Patient : "I feel good, sir, but still feel a little weak"
Nurse : "Have you eaten, mother?"
Patient : "Yes, I have eaten and taken medicine"
Nurse : "That's very good, mother, are you feeling unwell?"
Patient : "Yes, I didn't feel well before I ate, but now I'm better after eating and taking
medicine."
Nurse : "Let's wait one to two more days and mother will be better. I will take your
blood pressure first, okay?”
Patient : "Yes, please sir, and thank you, sir"
Explanation: Genetic factors and insulin resistance may play a role in the
development of PCOS.
a) Pregnancy test
c) Dental examination
a) Increase fertility
b) No effect
Explanation: PCOS can cause hormonal imbalances that affect female fertility
1.7.2 Essay
1. What is the abbreviation for PCOS?
Explanation: The ovaries in women with PCOS often experience the growth of
small cysts, which can interfere with the normal function of the ovaries.
Answer: Menstruation
1.8 Exercises
1.8.1 Multiple Choice
a) Nothing to do
a) There is no correlation
a) No risk
5. When should a person seek medical help if they suspect they have PCOS?
1.8.2 Essay
1. How can PCOS affect a woman's fertility?
2. The ovaries in women with PCOS may appear to have many small cysts,
called…?
4. How can PCOS affect the risk of other diseases, such as...?
5. When should a person seek medical help if they suspect they have PCOS?
GLOSSARY
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic dysfunction syndrome and
heterogeneous endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Polycystic
Ovary Syndrome is characterized by the presence of hyperandrogenism,
hyperinsulinemia, hypersecretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), menstrual
dysfunction, hirsutism, infertility, and neonatal and pregnancy complications as
well as the discovery of polycystic ovaries on Ultrasonography (USG). PCOS
patients have lower serum Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels than
normal people.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
ANSWER KEY
A. Pilihan Ganda
1. Answer: c) Ovaries with many small cysts
Explanation: Polycystic ovaries refer to ovaries with many small cysts, one of
the characteristics of PCOS.
2. Answer: c) Through lifestyle changes and a healthy diet
Explanation: PCOS management involves lifestyle changes, including a healthy
diet and exercise.
3. Answer: b) PCOS can cause insulin resistance
Explanation: PCOS can trigger insulin resistance, which can worsen the
condition.
4. Answer: c) Yes, PCOS can increase the risk of heart disease
Explanation: Women with PCOS have a higher risk of developing heart disease.
5. Answer: c) As quickly as possible for proper evaluation and treatment
Explanation: It is important to seek medical help immediately if you suspect you
have PCOS so that it can be treated appropriately.
B. Non-Pilihan Ganda
Explanation: PCOS can cause a hormonal imbalance that can hinder a woman's
ability to get pregnant.
Explanation: Polycystic ovaries refer to ovaries with many small cysts, one of
the characteristics of PCOS.
3. Answer: Lifestyle
4. Answer: Heart
Explanation: Women with PCOS have a higher risk of developing heart disease.