A. Thioamides
Obat antitiroid Iodida garam menghambat iodinasi dari rilis tirosin dan hormon tiroid,
garam-garam ini juga mengurangi ukuran dan vaskularisasi kelenjar tiroid hiperplastik.
Karena garam iodida menghambat pelepasan serta sintesis hormon, onset aksi mereka terjadi
dengan cepat, dalam waktu 2-7 hari. Namun, efek sementara kelenjar tiroid “escapes” dari
blok iodida setelah beberapa minggu pengobatan. Garam iodida digunakan dalam
pengelolaan badai tiroid dan untuk mempersiapkan pasien untuk reseksi bedah dari tiroid
hiperaktif. Sedian obat ini adalah larutan Lugol (yodium dan kalium iodida) dan larutan
jenuh kalium iodida. Efek samping termasuk ruam, obat demam, rasa logam, gangguan
perdarahan, dan, jarang, reaksi anafilaksis.
C. Pembagian obat-obat penting untuk pengobatan tirotoksikosis adalah β blocker. Agen ini
sangat berguna dalam mengendalikan takikardia dan kelainan jantung lainnya dari badai
tirotoksikosis. Propranolol juga menghambat konversi perifer T4 ke T3 pada dosis lebih
besar dari 160 mg /hari.
Obat Mekanisme Penggunaan Farmakokinetik Toksikasi,
Kerja Interaksi obat
Referensi :
Katzung, B G dan et-al, Pharmacology Examination. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drug. McGraw-Hill
Education, 2019, hal. 324-327
Dosis obat
Drug class Recommended drug Dosage Mechanism of Continue postoperatively?
action
β‐Adrenergic Propranolol 40–80 mg PO 3–4 β‐Adrenergic Yes
blockade times/day blockade; decreased
T4 to T3 conversion
(high dose)
or
Esmolol 50–100 μg/kg/min β‐Adrenergic Change to PO propranolol
blockade
Thionamide Propylthiouracil 200 mg PO every 4 h Inhibition of new Stop immediately after near‐
thyroid hormone total thyroidectomy; continue
synthesis; decreased after non‐thyroidal surgery
T4 to T3 conversion
or
Methimazole 20 mg PO every 4 h Inhibition of new Stop immediately after near‐
thyroid hormone total thyroidectomy; continue
synthesis after non‐thyroidal surgery
Oral Iopanoic acid 500 mg PO twice a day Decreased release of Stop immediately after
cholecystographic thyroid hormone; surgery
agent decreased T4 to T3
conversion
Corticosteroid Hydrocortisone 100 mg PO or i.v. every 8 Vasomotor stability; Taper over first 72 h
h decreased T4 to T3
conversion
or
Dexamethasone 2 mg PO or i.v. every 6 h Vasomotor stability; Taper over first 72 h
decreased T4 to T3
conversion
or
Betamethasone 0.5 mg PO every 6 h, i.m. Vasomotor stability; Taper over first 72 h
or i.v. decreased T4 to T3
conversion
Fever: external cooling; acetaminophen, 325–650 mg PO/PR every 4–6 h (aspirin is contraindicated as
it releases thyroxine from protein binding sites)
Dehydration: i.v. isotonic saline (use dextrose containing isotonic saline if blood sugar low)
Nutrition: glucose, multivitamins, thiamine, and folate can be considered (deficient secondary to
hypermetabolism)
Methimazole, 40 mg given PO as loading dose followed by 25 mg every 4 h. Total daily dose: 120
mg/day. If given PR, 40 mg should be crushed in aqueous solution. Alternative: carbimazole 40–60
mg given PO initially, followed by maintenance between 5–20 mg daily (avoid methimazole and
carbimazole for pregnant women in first trimester as they have a teratogenic effect. It can only be used
in second and third trimesters of pregnancy)
or
PTU, a loading dose of 600–1,000 mg given PO followed by 200–250 mg every 4 h. Total daily dose:
1,200–1,500 mg/day. Drug can be given through nasogastric tube or PR. PTU also blocks peripheral
conversion of T4 to T3 (avoid in patients with liver disease or in second or third trimester of
pregnancy)
or
or
I.v. iopanoic acid, 1 g every 8 h for first 24 h, then 500 mg twice a day
or
Ipodate, 0.5–3 g/day PO (especially useful with thyroiditis or thyroid hormone overdose).
Referensi
Acute and emergency care for thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm. Alzamani Mohammad Idrose. PubMed
Central Journal, 2015, Vol. 2(3): 147–157 Juli 2015