PENGANTAR BJM

FUNGI

DR. NUNIEK INA RATNANINGTYAS, M.S.

(dari berbagai sumber)
 SILABUS
Mempelajari :
• Kelompok-kelompok , contoh dan peran
• Kebutuhan nutrien
• Fisiologi
• Ekologi
• Reproduksi
Buku Bacaan
1. Alexopoulos, C.J.; C.W. Mims and M. Blackwell, 1996.
Introductory Mycology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York.
2. Carlile, M.J. and S.C. Watkinson, 1994. The Fungi.
Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company, Publisher,
London.
3. Dix, H.J. and J. Webster, 1995. Fungal Ecology. First
Ed., Chapman & Hall, London.
4. Griffin, D.H. 1994. Fungal Physiology. Second Ed.,
Wiley-Liss. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, New
York.
5. Ingold, C.T. and H.J. Hudson, 1993. The Biology of
Fungi. Chapman & Hall, London.
6. Moore, E. and Landecker, 1996. Fundamental of The
Fungi. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
 I. PENDAHULUAN
Menurut Alexopoulos, Mims & Blackwell (1996),
definisi secara pasti untuk Fungi sangat sulit,
namun definisi yang mendekati adalah :
Fungi merupakan organisme eukariotik,
memproduksi spora, tidak mempunyai klorofil,
mengambil nutrisi secara absorbsi, umumnya
reproduksi secara seksual & aseksual, struktur
somatik terdiri atas filamen yang bercabang-
cabang, dinding sel terdiri dari khitin, selulosa
atau keduanya.
Mikologi = Mykes : jamur
Logos : ilmu
PENGERTIAN /BATASAN

• JAMUR ?
• CENDAWAN
• KAPANG
JAMUR (=FUNGUS,FUNGI)
Istilah umum untuk jasad eukariot sel
tunggal atau sel majemuk (bentuk
benang) yang heterotrof.
CENDAWAN (mushroom)

 Jamur yang
membentuk tubuh
buah (tampak)
seperti payung, tapal
kuda atau bentuk
lain
KAPANG (=MOLD)

 Jamur yang tampak tubuh buahnya seperti

kapas atau serbuk
 KLASIFIKASI JASAD HIDUP
SISTEM LAMA
1. Sistem 2 Regnum
– Regnum Plantae (Tumbuhan)
– Regnum Animalia (Hewan)
 Jamur termasuk Tumbuhan
2. Sistem 3 Regnum
– Regnum Protista (Bakteri)
– Regnum Plantae (Tumbuhan)
– Regnum Animalia (Hewan)
 Jamur termasuk Tumbuhan (=Divisi Mycota)
 KLASIFIKASI JASAD HIDUP
3. Sistem 5 Regnum
– Regnum Plantae (Tumbuhan)
– Regnum Animalia (Hewan)
– Regnum Fungi (Jamur)
– Regnum Monera (Ganggang)
– Regnum Protista (Bakteri)
 ALEXOPOULOS (1962)
JAMUR
• Termasuk Regnum Plantae
• Merupakan Divisi Mycota yg dibagi
menjadi 2 sub-divisi
– Subdivisi : Myxomycotina (= jamur lendir)
– Subdivisi : Eumycotina (= jamur sejati)
 WHITTAKER (1969)
• Melakukan terobosan dgn suatu sistem 5
kerajaan (regnum) dlm klasifikasi jasad hidup
– Berdasarkan hubungan kekerabatan monofiletik
• Kerajaan (regnum)
– Regnum Monera : Bakteri
– Regnum Protista : Ganggang
– Regnum Plantae : Tumbuhan
– Regnum Animalia : Hewan
– Regnum Fungi : Jamur
 Jamur sebagai Kerajaan #5 (The Fifth Kingdom)
Whittaker (1969)
 Regnum Fungi (Whittaker, 1969)
• Regnum Fungi dibagi menjadi :
1. Divisi Oomycota
2. Divisi Chytridiomycota
3. Divisi Ascomycota
4. Divisi Basidiomycota
5. Divisi Zygomycota
 ALEXOPOULOS & MIMS (1979)
JAMUR
• Regnum tersendiri = Regnum Fungi (Myceteae)
• Dibagi menjadi 3 Divisi :
– Filum Gymnomycota (jamur lendir)
– Filum Mastigomycota (mengahasilkan zoospora)
– Filum Amastigomycota (tidak menghasilkan spora)
 ALEXOPOULOS ET AL (1996)

• Jamur yang sudah dikenal ternyata tidak

selalu mempunyai hubungan evolusi
kekerabatan
- kesamaan dalam morfologi,nutrisi,
ekologi
• Jamur terdiri atas
- Regnum Protista : jamur lendir
- Regnum Stramenophila : jamur dari ganggang
- Regnum Fungi : jamur sejati
 JAMUR
Regnum Myceteae (Fungi)
• Filum Chytridiomycota
• Filum Zygomycota
• Filum Ascomycota
• Filum Basidiomycota
Regnum Stramenophila
• Filum Oomycota
• Filum Hyphochytridiomycota
• Filum Labyrinthulomycota
Regnum Protista
• Filum Plasmodiophoromycota
• Filum Dictyostellomycota
• Filum Acrasiomycota
• Filum Myxomycota
KLASIFIKASI BRUNS ET AL. (1993)

Berdasarkan data analisis urutan sub-

unit asam deoksiribonukleat dalam
ribosom (rDNA)
- Plasmodiophoromycota masih
masalah
 Fungi are more closely related to
animals than plants:

 Animals and fungi have flagellate cells

 Example: chytrid gametes and spores
 Propel themselves with single posterior
flagellum

 Like animal cells, fungal cells have plate-

like cristae in their mitochondria
 How many species of fungi
exist?

80,000 species of fungi described

1,700 new species described
each year
Estimating the number of fungal
species
• Hawksworth, D. L. (1991). The fungal
dimension of biodiversity: magnitude,
significance, and conservation.
Mycological Research 95: 641-655
• Hawksworth, D.L. (2001) The magnitude
of fungal diversity: the 1.5 million species
estimate revisited. Mycological Research
105 (12): 1422-1432.
 Kingdom Fungi

• The characteristics
of fungi
• The evolution of
the fungi
• Fungal
classification
• Fungal life styles All photographsin this presentation © Pearson Education or Fred M. Rhoades
 The Characteristics of Fungi
• Fungi are NOT plants

• Hyphae = tubular units of construction

• Heterotrophic by absorption
• Reproduce by spores
• Ecologically pivotal roles
 Hyphae

• Tubular
• Hard wall of chitin
• Crosswalls may
form compartments
(± cells)
• Multinucleate
• Grow at tips
Heterotrophic by Absorption
• Fungi get carbon from organic sources
• Hyphal tips release enzymes
• Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
• Products diffuse back into hyphae

Nucleus hangs back

and “directs”

Product diffuses back

into hypha and is used
Modifications of hyphae
Fig 30.2 (don’t worry
about the terms)
 Hyphal growth
• Hyphae grow from their tips
• Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae

• Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of

fungi
This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches

Video of time lapse growth in a Zygomycote, Phycomyces

 Reproduce by spores
• Spores are reproductive cells
* Sexual
* Asexual
• Formed:
* Directly on hyphae
* Inside sporangia
* Fruiting bodies

Penicillium hyphae

Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body
 Hyphal growth from spore

germinating
spore
mycelium

• Mycelia have a huge surface area

Fig 31.1
fruiting bodies

both are
composed
of hyphae

mycelium
 Fungal Ecology
• Saprobes
* Decomposers
* Mostly of plants, some animals
• Parasites
* Harm host
* Mostly on plants, some animals
• Mutualists
* Lichens
* Mycorrhizas
* Others
Evolution of the fungi
Fig 28.8
 asci
basidia
zygosporangia

motile spores Classification

& Phylogeny
Fig 31.4
Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”

• Simple fungi
• Produce motile spores
• Mostly saprobes and
parasites in aquatic
habitats
• Could just as well be
Protists

Fig 31.5 Chytridium growing on spores

Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”

• Sex - zygosporangia
• Asex - common
• Hyphae have no cross
walls
• Grow rapidly Fig 31.6 Rhizopus on strawberries

• Mycorrhizas
 Sexual zygsporangium
with one zygospore

Asexual sporangium
with spores inside

Fig 31.7 Life cycle of Rhizopus

You are not responsible for this life cycle
Life cycle is predominantly haploid
 Ascomycota – “sac fungi”

• Sex. – asci
• Asex. – common
• Cup fungi, morels,
truffles
• Important plant
parasites & saprobes
• Yeast - Saccharomyces
• Most lichens
A cluster of asci with spores inside
 Sac fungi
diversity

• Note general
comments about
habitats and roles
• Enjoy looking at some
amazing organisms
• This smaller-sized
PPT file lacks
diversity slides
 Basidiomycota – “club fungi”
• Sex – basidia
• Asex – not so common
• Long-lived dikaryotic
mycelia
• Rusts & smuts – primitive
plant parasites
• Mushrooms, polypores,
puffballs
• Enzymes decompose wood
• Mycorrhizas
SEM of basidia and spores
 Hyphal fusion mycelium and fruiting
of haploid body are dikaryotic
haploid
mycelia
mycelium

Mushroom
Life Cycle
N 2N N+N

Meiosis
Nuclear
fusion in
basidium
young basidia - the Fig 31.12
only diploid cells
 Club fungi
diversity

• Check out Taylor

Lockwoods,
“Treasures from the
Kingdom Fungi”!
• This smaller-sized
PPT file lacks
diversity slides
 • Yeasts
• Molds
• Mycorrhizas
A rust growing
on a•currant
Lichens
leaf

0.5 cm
 Yeasts
• Single celled fungi
• Adapted to liquids
* Plant saps
* Water films
* Moist animal tissues

Candida
Saccharomyces
Schizosaccharomyces
octospora – fermenter
of Palm Wine

10 μm
 Molds
• Rapidly growth
• Asexual spores
• Many human importances
* Food spoilage
* Food products
* Antibiotics, etc.

Noble Rot - Botrytis

Fig 31.21 Antibiotic activity
 Associations
• Fungi form symbiotic
relationships with a
number of organisms:
– Lichens
– Mycorrhizas
– Endophytes
 Mycorrhizas
• “Fungus roots”
• Mutualism between:
* Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)
* Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)
• Several kinds
* Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells
* Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but
don’t penetrate cells

• Extremely important ecological role of fungi!

“Ecto”mycorrhizas

Russula
mushroom
mycorrhizas on
Western
Hemlock root
Mycorrhiza cross sections

Fungal hyphae
around root and
between cells
 Lichens
• “Mutualism” between
* Fungus – structure
* Alga or
cyanobacterium –
provides food
• Form a thallus
* Foliose
* Fruticose
* Crustose

Fig 31.16
Lichen internal structure
Fig 31.17

Lobaria
 Lichens as biomonitors
• Thalli act like sponges
• Some species more sensitive
• Which species are present can indicate air quality
• (Most resistant species can also be analyzed for
pollutants)
• Northwest Air Net Project
* Species chart
* Table of sensitivities
 Lichen
diversity
• Check out my 3-D
cryptogam site!
• More pictures of:
* Lichens
* Mushrooms
* Bryophytes
* Slime molds

• This smaller-sized PPT

file lacks diversity slides
Decomposers
• As saprotrophs,
particularly as
decomposers, fungi
are essential
components of the
carbon cycle and are
among the few
organisms that can
break down lignin
 Pathogens
• Fungi are important
as pathogens of
animals and plants.
– Over 70% of all plant
diseases are caused
by fungi