Peran Bioteknologi Untuk Peningkatan Produksi Pangan Di Lahan Marginal Kel.7

Peran Bioteknologi untuk
Peningkatan Produksi Pangan

di Lahan Marginal
Present By:
Oleh: Suyanto Pawiroharsono

Pusat Teknologi Bioindustri, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
Pokok Bahasan
PENDAHULUAN
Pengembangan Varietas
Toleran Berpotensi untuk
Perbaikan Hasil
Pengertian Lahan
Marginal . Perbaikan Kondisi
Agroekosistem Lahan
Suboptimal
Peran Bioteknologi
Pertanian Untuk
Pemanfaatan Lahan Hasil Riset , Implementasi
Marginal dan Pembahasan
Portfolio
Pendahuluan
Ketahanan pangan di Indonesia selama ini dinilai belum kokoh. Hal ini
ditandai oleh besarnya volume impor produk pangan. Kebijakan pangan
yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah dengan melakukan importasi ini dinilai
masuk pada tahap membahayakan, dimana nilai impor pada tahun 2011
telah mendekati Rp. 60 trilyun (Permana, 2011).
Upaya peningkatan produksi pertanian pada prinsipnya dapat

dilakukan melalui dua cara, yaitu intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi.
Usaha intensifikasi selama ini telah banyak dilakukan dan dinilai
cukup berhasil. Namun, upaya peningkatan produksi melalui
intensifikasi tersebut belum cukup untuk mengejar laju kebutuhan
pangan yang terus meningkat. .
Pengertian Lahan Marginal
Lahan Marginal
atau lahan sub-optimal adalah
lahan yang memiliki mutu lebih Lahan marginal di Indonesia
rendah karena memiliki beberapa tersebar di seluruh kepulauan
faktor pembatas jika digunakan terutama di Sumatera, Kalimantan,
untuk lahan pertanian. Faktor Sulawesi dan Papua. Lahan-lahan
pembatas tersebutperlu diketahui ini sudah banyak dimanfaatkan
lebih dahulu, sehingga dapat terutama untuk tanaman
diberikan perlakuan-perlakuan perkebunan, namun baru sedikit
tertentu untuk mengatasinya. dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung
Lahan marginal atau sub-optimal produksi
di Indonesia cukup luas. Jenis
lahan marginal, luasan dan
kharakteristiknya.
Pengertian
Bioteknologi dan
Peranannya
Bioteknologi adalah perpaduan
ilmu pengetahuan biokimia,
mikrobiologi atau dan rekayasa
untuk menghasilkan proses,
produk ataupun jasa yang dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk manusia.
Pemanfaatan bioteknologi di bidang
pertanian ditandai dengan banyaknya
penemuan tanaman kultivar/varietas baru
yang disebut tanaman transgenik, yang
mempunyai sifat-sifat tertentu. Diantara
tanaman tersebut adalah tanaman yang
adaptif terhadap berbagai cekaman, baik
cekaman biologis maupun cekaman non-
biologis. Termasuk pada kriteria ini adalah
tanaman yang toleran tumbuh di lahan
marginal, yang potensial untuk
dikembangkan dalam upaya peningkatan
produk pertanian.
Pemanfaatan bioteknologi untuk lahan
marginal dalam rangka peningkatan
produksi pertanian pada dasarnya dapat
dilakukan melalui dua pendekatan yaitu
pengembangan varietas toleran berpotensi
untuk perbaikan hasil dan perbaikan
kondisi agroekosistem lahan sub-optimal.
Peran Bioteknologi
Pertanian Untuk
Pemanfaatan Lahan
Marginal
varietas toleran perbaikan kondisi

berpotensi untuk 30
agroekosistem
perbaikan hasil lahan sub-optimal
Dalam upaya peningkatan hasil produk pertanian, bibit dan benih tanaman adalah salah satu
aspek penting untuk perbaikan produktivitas tanaman.
varietas Di Indonesia, pengembangan varietas di lahan marginal adalah tatangan di bidang pertanian,
toleran mengingat luasnya lahan marginal dan tututan peningkatan produktivitas pertanian dalam
rangka ketahanan pangan.
berpotensi Pada dasarnya, perakitan varietas adalah menggabungkan sifat-sifat unggul dari dua tanaman
atau lebih yang dilaksanakan dengan pemindahan unsur-unsur genetik dari satu tanaman ke
untuk tanaman lain, baik secara konvensional maupun secara moderen guna mendapatkan tanaman
baru yang mempunyai sifat-sifat unggul dan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi manusia (Lubis,
perbaikan 2005).
hasil Perakitan varietas secara konvensional dapat dilakukan melalui dua metode.
. Pertama, perakitan varietas melalui teknik persilangan dengan memanfaatkan bunga jantan
(benang sari/polen) dan bunga betina (putik) dari tanaman yang mempunyai sifat unggul yang
kita inginkan
Kedua, pengembangan varietas melalui teknik mutasi baik secara kimia maupun melalui
radiasi.
Definisi agroekosistem sangat bervariasi dan sangat tergantung pada lingkup lingkungan dan
riset yang dilakukan. Untuk itu, lingkungan tersebut perlu dimodifikasi ataupun diolah
sedemikian rupa agar cocok dengan tanaman yang akan ditumbuhkan.
Perbaikan kondisi agroekosistem pada lahan marginal adalah pendekatan yang dilakukan
Perbaikan melalui rekayasa lahan marginal, supaya faktor pembatas pada lahan marginal dapat
dieliminasi dan lahan tersebut kemudian dapat digunakan sebagai lahan pertanian yang
Kondisi subur untuk budidaya tanaman pangan.
Agroekosistem sebelum lahan marginal ditanami perlu dilakukan berbagai penelitian awal lebih dahulu
Lahan antara lain untuk mengetahui jenis lahan (kering, rawa, pasang-surut), jenis tanah (gambut,
mineral endapan, pirit, mineral berpasir, mineral bergambut), dan jenis cekaman (naungan,
payau, kering, kandungan mineral, masam
Suboptimal
Kontribusi bidang bioteknologi untuk perbaikan lahan marginal dapat dilakukan dengan
pemberian pupuk hayati berupa berbagai mikroorganisme atau jasad renik yang dapat
berperan untuk meningkatkan kesuburan lahan yaitu dengan memperbaiki kandungan
unsur hara ataupun memperbaiki kondisi tanaman misalnya untuk mempermudah
penyerapan unsur hara dan resistensi terhadap serangan hama.
SDA Berdasarkan Sifatnya
SDA SDA SDA
Dapat Diperbaharui Tidak Dapat Diperbaharui Tidak terbatas
Sumber daya alam ini Sumber daya alam ini tidak Sumber daya alam yang
dapat diusahakan kembali dapat diperbaharui bahkan dapat tidak terbatas
dapat punah ataupun jika dapat
keberadaannya sehingga jumlahnya sehingga tidak
diperbaharui membutuhkan
dapat dimanfaatkan secara dapat habis dalam jangka
waktu jutaan tahun lamanya
terus menerus. Contoh : untuk membentuk sumber daya waktu yang sangat panjang
hewan dan tumbuhan. alam tersebut kembali. Contoh : serta dapat dipakai secara
minyak bumi, batu bara. terus-menerus.Contoh : air,
cahaya matahari, udara.
Hasil Riset dan
Implementasi
Hasil-hasil riset bioteknologi untuk peningkatan produksi di lahan marginal sudah banyak dilakukan. Berbagai
riset di bidang bioteknologi telah dilakukan untuk pemanfaatan lahan marginal dan telah banyak hasil riset yang
siap diimplementasikan. Hasil-hasil riset untuk pengolahan lahan marginal, antara lain adalah:
berbagai teknologi penyuburan lahan marginal; dan (ii) varietas unggul hasil pemuliaan baik secara
konvensional dan non-konvensional (bioteknologi) yang adaptif terhadap cekaman di lahan marginal
1. Penyuburan Lahan Marginal
Untuk penyuburan tanaman pada lahan marginal telah dihasilkan
beberapa pupuk hayati dan bioinsektisida
2. Perakitan Varietas Toleran
Berbagai varietas toleran baru hasil pemuliaan yang berpotensi untuk mendukung produksi pangan
adalah varietas padi, kedelai, jagung, talas, dan sorgum
Pembahasan
Upaya peningkatan produksi pertanian pada prinsipnya dapat dilakukan melalui dua cara, yaitu
intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi. Selama ini usaha intensifikasi dinilai sangat berhasil, namun
produktivitas tanaman sudah mengalami saturasi. Disisi lain, upaya pemerintah melalui ekstensifikasi
selama ini dirasakan sangat lambat dan belum dapat mencukupi kebutuhan pangan yang terus
meningkat Data Biro Pusat Statistik menunjukkan bahwa sejak tahun 1980 sampai dengan tahun
1990 tercatat bahwa ekstensifikasi berhasil meningkatkan luasan sawah dari 7,262 juta hektar
menjadi 8,482 juta hektar, atau naik16,8 persen. Kemudian sejak tahun 1990 luas sawah terus
menurun. Pada tahun 2000 luasan sawah menjadi 8,158 juta hektar dan pada tahun 2009 turun lagi
menjadi 8,107 juta hektar (Koespramoedyo, 2011).
Berdasarkan hal di atas, maka upaya ekstensifikasi merupakan pilihan yang berat mengingat bahwa
untuk ekstensifikasi ini lahan yang tersedia banyak di luar Jawa dengan memanfaatkan lahan marginal
yang kurang subur. Untuk pengolahan tanah di kawasan tersebut diperlukan investasi yang lebih mahal,
sementara produktivitas tanaman relatif lebih rendah atau tidak seoptimal pada lahan subur. Disamping
itu, pemanfaatan lahan marginal untuk peningkatan produksi pangan juga bersaing dengan tanaman
perkebunan yang lebih menguntungkan dan pengelolaan lahannya relatif lebih mudah.
Permasalahan umum yang dihadapi dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas yang belum optimal antara
lain adalah: (i) Kondisi lahan dengan medan yang berat; (ii) Tenaga kerja terbatas; (iii) Infrastruktur
pengelolaan lahan dan air terbatas; (iv) Hama penyakit; dan (v) Varietas lokal yang masih dominan.
Oleh karena itu, kondisi ini juga perlu adanya kebijakan pemerintah, misalnya dukungan pengembangan
mekanisasi dengan menggunakan peralatan mesin yang dirasakan sudah sangat mendesak.
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Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed.

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