The Drill String

U N I V E R S I TA S I S L A M R I A U
Contens
Drill Pipe
Tool Joints
Heavy Wall Drill Pipe
Drill Colars
Other Drill String Components
Drill String Design
Introduction
Instilah drillstring digunakan untuk tubular dan aksesoris yang mana drillbit dijalankan menuju ke
dasar borehole.
Drillstring berisikan : Drillpipe, Drillcollar, Kelly dan peralatan lain yang bervariasi seperti stabilizer
dan reamer.

Dimensi dari suatu drillstring 10.000 ft yang umum :

Introduction (Cont’d)
Fungsi-fungsi dari drillstring adalah :

Menggantung bit
Mengirim torsi putaran dari Kelly menuju bit
Menyediakan saluran untuk circulating drilling fluid menuju bit
Drillpipe
Merupakan komponen utama dari drillstring dan umumnya merupakan 90-95% dari seluruh
panjang dari drill string.

Drillpipe adalah pipa seamless dengan sambungan ulir, yang dikenal dengan tool joint. “jantan”
dikenal dengan Pin, dan “betina” dikenal dengan Box. Ketebalan dinding tooljoint ini lebih tebal
dari badan utamanya.
 Drillpipe (Cont’d)
Biasanya nya setiap potongan disebut dengan Joint atau Single, dengan standard API sebagai
berikut :

API Length
Range (ft)
1 18-22
2 27-30
3 38-45

Panjang Drillpipe tiap joint

Dimensi Drillpipe
Drillpipe (Cont’d)

Kualitas material Drillpipe

Spesifikasi di atas mempengaruhi kekuatan : Brust, collapse tensile dan torsional dari drillpipe
Specifications of Various Sizes of Drillpipe
Buoyancy Factor
Buoyancy Factor using mud weight in ppg

Buoyancy Factor (BF) = (65.5 – mud weight in ppg) ÷65.5

Note: 65.5 ppg is density of steel.

Example: Determine the buoyancy factor for a 13.0 ppg fluid:

BF = (65.5 – 13.0) ÷ 65.5
BF = 0.8015
Tugas 1
Hitung berat suatu Drillpipe di udara jika panjangnya 30 ft, OD 5” dan gradient beratnya 19.5
lb/ft, kualitas Grade G dengan 4 ½” IF Connection!

Hitung Drillpipe di atas jika direndam dengan lumpur 12 ppg!

Clue : Slide no.9

Drillpipe Stress dan failure
Tension, merupakan daya Tarik yang diterima setiap joint dari drillpipe hingga ribuan pound.
Beban tension tambahan bertambah disebabkan Overpull yaitu ketika menarik string ke luar
lubang.

Torque, efek dari putaran yang diterima drillpipe ketika drilling, jumlahnya bisa bertambah pada
kondisi lubang yang bermasalah.

Cyclic Stress Fatigue, di lubang miring, dinding pipa terkena kekuatan tekan dan tarik pada titik-
titik lentur dalam lubang. Saat string diputar setiap sendi menopang siklus kekuatan tekan dan
tarik. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan kelelahan pada dinding pipa
Beban Cyclic
Drillpipe Stress dan failure (Cont’d)
Korosi pada drillstring dengan menggunakan water based mud disebabkan gas yang larut, garam
yang larut dan acid pada wellbore, Seperti :

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Dissolved Salts
Hydrogen sulphide
Organic acids
Drillpipe Stress dan failure (Cont’d)

Summary of inspection techniques

TOOL JOINTS
Terletak pada ujung tiap panjang dari drillpipe dan menyediakan sekrup yang berulir untuk
menghubungkan tiap joint-nya.
API tool joints
HEAVY WALL/WEIGHT DRILLPIPE
(HWDP)
HWDP digunakan untuk menyerap stress yang disebabkan dari drill collar yang kaku menuju
drillpipe yang fleksibel. Keuntungan :

Ketebalan dinding yang lebih

Joint yang lebih panjang
Menghadapi formsi yang keras
Memiliki upset section sentral yang panjang
“Heavyweight” drillpipe
DRILL COLLARS
Drill Collars berbentuk pipa yang memiliki diameter luar lebih besar dan umumnya diameter
dalam lebih kecil dari drill pipe.
Drillstring umumnya dapat terdiri atas 9” OD x 2, 13/16” ID drill collar dan 5” OD x 4.276” ID
drillpipe. Fungsinya :

Menyediakan beban yang cukup pada bit untuk drilling yang efisien
Menjaga drillstring pada tension-nya, dengan demikian mengurangi stress dan failures karena
kelelahan logam.
Menyediakan kekakuan lebih pada BHA untuk directional control.
Lb/ft = 2.67 (OD2 – ID2)
DRILL COLLARS (Cont’d)
Seperti Drillpipe, collar juga ditujukan untuk menghadapi stress yang disebabkan :

Tekanan tekuk dan tekanan membengkok

Tarikan
Getaran
Kompresi bolak balik.
Numbered connections
 Tugas 2
a. Berapa berat di udara drill collar dengan panjang 200 ft dari 9 ½” x 2-13/16”?
b. Berapa berat drillcollar di atas ketika dimasukkan kedalam lumpur 13 ppg?
c. Tidak umum untuk 5” 19.5 lb/ft drillpipe digunakan pada rangkaian yang sama dengan
drillcollar 8 ¼” x 2-13/16”, bandingkan nominal ID dari ukuran drillpipe dan drillcollar dan
catat perbedaan pada ketebalan dinding dari pipa-pipa tersebut!

Clue : Slide no.21

DRILL COLLARS (Cont’d)
Tipe-tipe collar yang khusus :

Anti-wall stick
Square collars
Monel collars
OTHER DRILLSTRING
COMPONENTS
Stabilisers
OTHER DRILLSTRING
COMPONENTS (Cont’d)
Roller Reamer
OTHER DRILLSTRING
COMPONENTS (Cont’d)
Shock sub
DRILL STRING DESIGN
Design of a Stabilised String
Bending Moments in String Design
Length of Drillcollars
Drill Pipe Selection
Design Procedure
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Design of a Stabilised String

Drilling melewati lapisan-lapisan yang berbeda

DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)

BHA pada umumnya

DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Momen pembengkokan pada desain rangkaian
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Momen pembengkokan pada desain rangkaian
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Panjang drillcollar

L = WOB/w

Dimana :
WOB = Weight On Bit
w = Bouyant Weight (berat apung)
Tugas 3
You have been advised that the highest rate of penetration for a particular 12 1/4” bit will be
achieved when 25,000lbs weight on bit (WOB) is applied to the bit. Assuming that the bit will be
run in 12 ppg mud, calculate the length of drillcollars required to provide 25,000 lbs WOB.
a. Calculate the weight (in air) of 10000 ft of 5” 19.5 lb/ft Grade G drillpipe with 4 1/2” IF
connections.
b. Calculate the weight of this string in 12 ppg mud.
c. Calculate the length of 9 1/2” x 2 13/16” drillcollars that would be required to provide
25,000lbs WOB and keep the drillpipe in tension in 12 ppg mud.
 DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Pemilihan Drill Pipe :
a. Beban Collaps

Pc = 0.052 x MW x TVD

where:
Pc = collapse pressure (psi)
MW = mud weight (ppg)
TVD = true vertical depth (ft) at which Pc acts

b. Beban Tension
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Pemilihan Drill Pipe :

b. Beban Tension
Ratings for New Drillpipe
Ratings for Class 2 Used
Drillpipe
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
When selecting the drillpipe, the maximum tensile load that the string could be subjected to will
have to be considered. In addition to the design load calculated on the basis of the string hanging
freely in the wellbore the following safety factors and margins are generally added:

Design Factor
Margin of Overpull, The MOP may be 50,000 - 100,000 lbs.
Safety Factor
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Safety Factor
a safety factor for slip crushing is generally added to the loading line calculated above. This allows
for the interaction of hoopstress (Sh) caused by the slips and the tensile stress (St) caused by the
weight of the string. This effect reduces the allowable tension load by a factor (Sh/St) which can
be calculated as follows:
Lateral load factor of slips
Beban Axial Pada Drillstring
DRILL STRING DESIGN (Cont’d)
Design Procedure
A graphical approach to drillstring design is recommended. If one section of the string does not meet
requirements it must be upgraded. The procedure is as follows:
1. Choose a weight and grade of pipe to satisfy the collapse conditions
2. Using the pipe chosen in 1. calculate the tension loading, including buoyancy effects. Draw the
tension loading line and also the maximum allowable load line.
3. Modify the tension load as given in 2. by applying a design factor, MOP and Sh/St factor. Three
design lines are thus generated.
4. If any of these design lines exceed the maximum allowable load, a higher rated drillpipe must be
used for that section of pipe.
5. Calculate the new tension loading line for the new drill string and repeat steps 3. and 4.
Design Example
Design Example :
Design a 5” 19.5 lb/ft drill string using new pipe to reach a TD of 12000 ft in a vertical hole. The
BHA consists of 20 drill collars 6 1/4” x 2-13/14” (82.6 lb/ft) each 30 ft long. For design purposes
assume the following:
MW = 10 ppg
MOP = 100000 lbs
Length of slips = 12”
Design factors = 1.125 (collapse)
= 85% (tension)
1. Collapse loading
at 12000’ Pc = 0.052 x 10 x 12000 = 6240 psi

choose: 19.5 lb/ft grade E drill pipe (ID = 4.276”)

 Design Example
2. Tension loading line
at 12000’ F1 = (P x A)
where: P = 0.052 x 10 x 12000 = 6240 psi
A = π/4 (6.252 - 2.8122) = 24.47in2
F1 = (6240 x 24.47) = 152693 lbs
W1 = 20 x 30 x 82.6 = 49560 lbs

at 11400’ F2 = (P x A)
where: P = 0.052 x 10 x 11400 = 5928 psi
A = π/4 (6.252-52) + π/4 (4.2762-2.81252) = 19.19 in2
F2 = (5928 x 19.19) = 113758 lbs.
W2 = 11400 x 19.5 = 222300 lbs (Nominal weight used as approximation)
 Design Example
3. Construct Design loading lines:
a. multiply actual loads by 1.3 to obtain the design loads (Td)
at surface Td = 1.3 x 232925 = 302802 lbs
at 11400’ Td = 1.3 x 10625 = 13812 lbs
b. add 100000 MOP to obtain Td
at surface Td = 232925 + 100000 = 332925 lbs
at 11400’ Td = 10625 + 100000 = 110625 lbs
c. apply slip crushing factor
at surface Td = 1.59 x 232925 = 370351 lbs
at 11400’ Td = 1.59 x 10625 = 16894 lbs
Design Example
Calculating the tension at the top and bottom of each section:
at bottom of collars T = -152693 lbs
at top of collars T = -152693 + 49560 = -103133 lbs
at bottom of drill pipe T = -103133 + 113758 = 10625 lbs
at top of drillpipe T = 10625 + 222300 = 232925 lbs

Plot these figures on a graph, along with the maximum allowable load = 0.85 x 395000 = 335750
lbs
Calculated Tension Loading on Drillpipe
4. Above 2000’ the design loading line exceeds the maximum allowable tensile load, therefore
a stronger section of pipe must be used from 0 - 2000’.

Choose 25.6 lb/ft grade E drill pipe.

Revised Tension Loading on Drillpipe
6. Final design

In practice two grades of drill pipe are usually available on the rig. In the North Sea 5”, 19.5 lb/ft.
grade E and 5”, 19.5 lb/ft, grade G are common. The combination of these two grades plus HWDP
will meet most requirements.